瘋馬
疯马,(拉科塔語:Tȟašúŋke Witkó;英語:Crazy Horse);約1845年-1877年9月5日,是北美洲原住民印第安人民族苏族的酋長和军事家[1] [2] [3]。
目录
簡介
『瘋馬』是拉科塔語,這名字並不表示他的馬瘋了,黑麋鹿解釋道:「而是他的馬在夢中以古怪的方式跳舞」。
瘋馬,原名Tashunca-Uitco(蘇語:Tȟašúŋke Witkó),後改稱Crazy Horse,是北美洲原住民民族蘇族奧格拉拉部落首領,軍事家,北美印第安战争的靈魂人物之一。
他在美國西部地區抵抗白人的入侵,以作戰勇敢著稱。最有名的戰役是在蒙大拿州小巨角河戰役,他的印第安人軍隊殲滅了美國白人卡斯特的軍隊並殺死卡斯特。後來又率領印第安人打了幾次戰役,他在1877年被美國士兵暗殺。
蘇族
蘇族根據方言劃分為達科塔、納科塔、拉科塔三個主要種群,但其下還有很多分支。蘇族人的騎術非常高超,因能夠一邊騎著馬快速賓士,一邊準確地射箭和開槍而著名。蘇族人沒有馬鐙,但絲毫不影響他們超的騎術和精準的騎射,加之又得到了一部分火器(包括當時非常先進的連發步槍),被認為是世界上最優秀的騎兵——但也是最後一個馬背上的民族。
生平
瘋馬曾與奧格拉拉族頭目「紅雲」、薩滿巫師「坐牛」一同在美西地区抵抗白人的入侵。其參與過最有名的战役是为了保护圣地而战的小大角战役。
他們率領數千名印第安人,以優勢兵力,在黑山山谷中歼灭了知名的美國第1騎兵師第7騎兵團(美國第7騎兵團)兩百餘騎兵,擊殺了該騎兵團指揮官卡士達,並伐取了其首級。
延伸閱讀
- Ambrose, Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer: The epic clash of two great warriors at the Little Bighorn. 1975.
- Bray, Kingsley M. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life. 2006. ISBN 0-8061-3785-1
- Clark, Robert. The Killing of Chief Crazy Horse: Three Eyewitness Views by the Indian, Chief He Dog the Indian White, William Garnett the White Doctor, Valentine McGillycuddy. 1988. ISBN 0-8032-6330-9
- Marshall, Joseph M. III. The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. 2004.
- Guttmacher, Peter and David W. Baird. Ed. Crazy Horse: Sioux War Chief. New York Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1994. 0–120. ISBN 0-7910-1712-5
- McMurtry, Larry . Crazy Horse (Penguin Lives). Puffin Books. 1999. ISBN 0-670-88234-8
- Pinn, Lionel Kitpu'se. Greengrass Pipe Dancers. 2000. ISBN 0-87961-250-9
- Powers, Thomas . The Killing of Crazy Horse. Random House, Inc. 2010. ISBN 978-0-375-41446-6.
- Sandoz, Mari . Crazy Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography. 1942. ISBN 0-8032-9211-2
- "Debating Crazy Horse: Is this the Famous Oglala". Whispering Wind magazine, Vol 34 #3, 2004. A discussion on the improbability of the Garryowen photo being that of Crazy Horse (the same photo shown here). The clothing, the studio setting all date the photo 1890–1910.
- The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree. DVD. William Matson and Mark Frethem, producers. Documentary based on over 100 hours of footage shot of family oral history detailed interviews and all Crazy Horse sites. Family had final approval on end product. Reelcontact.com, 2006.
- The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part Two: Defending the Homeland Prior to the 1868 Treaty'. DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers. Reel Contact Productions, 2007.
- Russell Freedman, The Life and Death of Crazy Horse. Holiday House. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8234-1219-8
外部链接
- Final Days and Death of Crazy Horse
- PBS Biography of Crazy Horse
- Newly Discovered Alleged Photo of Crazy Horse
- A timeline of Crazy Horse's life
- Trimble: What did Crazy Horse look like?, Indian Country Today
- William Bordeaux's Crazy Horse sketch at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library
- Complete Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger