皮质醇查看源代码讨论查看历史

皮质醇，由肾上腺分泌的荷尔蒙，在应付压力中扮演重要角色，故又被称为“压力荷尔蒙”。皮质醇会提高血压、血糖水平和产生免疫抑制作用。在药理学，人工合成的皮质醇称作氢羟肾上腺皮质素（hydrocortisone），除了补充皮质醇不足外，也会用作治疗过敏症和发炎。最初被用作治疗类风湿性关节炎时，皮质醇被称作Compound E（合成物E）。

生理反应

血液中皮质醇含量在日中会变化，早上的水平最高，下降至午夜时最低。刚出生婴孩的皮质醇日中含量变化并非跟随上述规律；相关规律成形于两周至九个月大。^[1] 有关昼夜节律的讯息，相信由视网膜传送至下丘脑的视交叉上核（suprachiasmatic nuclei）。

研究发现，特定的皮质醇水平变化与失常的促肾上腺皮质素水平、忧郁症、压力有关，也与血糖过低、疾病、发热、创伤、敬畏、痛楚和极端温度等会引起因压力而来之生理反应的事件有关。

作用

正常含量的皮质醇（如其他糖皮质激素）有助身体在压力下回复体内平衡。长期压力会导致长时间分泌皮质醇。

胰岛素: 皮质醇提高糖原分解和脂类、蛋白质的分解，促进制造肝外胺基酸和酮类，变相中和胰岛素作用。这会间接增加血液中的葡萄糖含量，肝脏也会增加分解糖原。^[2] 长期分泌皮质醇会导致多糖症。

胺基酸: 皮质醇通过抑制胶原质形成、减低肌肉吸收胺基酸和抑制蛋百质合成，提升血清中的胺基酸含量。^[3]

消化系统分泌: 皮质醇会刺激胃酸分泌^[4]，从而增加腹泻时钾和酸的流失。

钠: 皮质醇有助哺乳类动物抑制钠从肠流失。^[5] 但钠的流失不影响皮质醇分泌^[6]。

钾: 皮质醇会导致钾从细胞流失，主要通过补回同等数目的钠来实现。^[7] 这较不会影响身体pH值，因为正常来说每3个钾离子流失只会有2个钠离子补回。

水: 皮质醇是利尿剂荷尔蒙，肠部一半的利尿作用由它控制。^[8]

铜: 皮质醇可增加免疫作用中铜的含量，从而刺激含铜的酵素^[9]，包括超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase）^[10]，该种酶用作抵抗细菌。

免疫系统: 皮质醇可削弱免疫系统的活动，妨碍T细胞的繁殖^[11]

参考资料

↑ de Weerth C, Zijl R, Buitelaar J. Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy. Early Hum Dev. 2003, 73 (1-2): 39–52. PMID 12932892.
↑ Freeman, Scott (2002). Biological Science. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0-13-218746-9.
↑ Manchester, K.L., “Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism. p. 229”, Mammalian Protein [Munro, H.N., Ed.]. Academic Press, New York. On p273.
↑ Soffer, L.J.; Dorfman, R.I.; Gabrilove, J.L,. “The Human Adrenal Gland”. Febiger, Phil.
↑ Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.
↑ Mason, P.A.; Fraser, R.; Morton, J.J. (1977) “The Effect of Sodium Deprivation and of Angiotensin II Infusion on the Peripheral Plasma Concentration of 18 Hydroxycorticosterone, Aldosterone, and Other Corticosteoids in Man”. Steroid Biochemistry 8: 799,
↑ Knight, R.P., Jr.; Kornfield, D.S.; Glaser, G.H. & Bondy, P.K. (1955) “Effects of Intravenous Hydrocortisone on Electrolytes in Serum and Urine in Man”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 15: 176-181,.
↑ Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.
↑ Weber, C.E (1984). “Copper Response to Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Medical Hypotheses 15: 333-348, on p337,.
↑ Flohe, L.; Beckman, R.; Giertz, H.; Loschen, G. “Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation. p. 405”, Oxidative Stress (Sies H, ed) Academic Press, New York.
↑ Palacios R., Sugawara I. Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor. Scand J Immunol. 1982, 15 (1): 25–31. PMID 6461917. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x.

[1] Weerth C, Zijl R, Buitelaar J. Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy. Early Hum Dev. 2003, 73 (1-2): 39–52. PMID 12932892.

[2] Freeman, Scott (2002). Biological Science. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0-13-218746-9.

[3] Manchester, K.L., “Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism. p. 229”, Mammalian Protein [Munro, H.N., Ed.]. Academic Press, New York. On p273.

[4] Soffer, L.J.; Dorfman, R.I.; Gabrilove, J.L,. “The Human Adrenal Gland”. Febiger, Phil.

[5] Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.

[6] Mason, P.A.; Fraser, R.; Morton, J.J. (1977) “The Effect of Sodium Deprivation and of Angiotensin II Infusion on the Peripheral Plasma Concentration of 18 Hydroxycorticosterone, Aldosterone, and Other Corticosteoids in Man”. Steroid Biochemistry 8: 799,

[7] Knight, R.P., Jr.; Kornfield, D.S.; Glaser, G.H. & Bondy, P.K. (1955) “Effects of Intravenous Hydrocortisone on Electrolytes in Serum and Urine in Man”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 15: 176-181,.

[8] Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.

[9] Weber, C.E (1984). “Copper Response to Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Medical Hypotheses 15: 333-348, on p337,.

[10] Flohe, L.; Beckman, R.; Giertz, H.; Loschen, G. “Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation. p. 405”, Oxidative Stress (Sies H, ed) Academic Press, New York.

[11] Palacios R., Sugawara I. Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor. Scand J Immunol. 1982, 15 (1): 25–31. PMID 6461917. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x.

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皮质醇查看源代码讨论查看历史

目录

生理反应

作用

参考资料