尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特
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尤利西斯·S·格兰特(英语:Ulysses S Grant;1822年4月27日-1885年7月23日),美国上将、政治人物,第18任美国总统。作为美国重建时期的重要总统,八年任期政绩平平,政府更因贪污腐败、收受贿赂、对南方奴隶主的妥协而遭批评。但他作为南北战争的战争英雄,对维护联邦统一的贡献,因为军事身份和爱国主义而成为50元美金上所绘人物。
尤利西斯·S·格兰特 Ulysses S Grant | |
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File:Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg | |
第18任美国总统 | |
任期 1869年3月4日-1877年3月4日 | |
副总统 |
斯凯勒·科尔法克斯(1869年-1873年) 亨利·威尔逊(1873年-1875年) 空缺(1875年-1877年) |
前任 | 安德鲁·詹森 |
继任 | 拉瑟福德·B·海斯 |
个人资料 | |
出生 |
1822年4月27日 美国俄亥俄州波恩特普里山特 |
逝世 |
1885年7月23日 美国纽约州威尔顿 | (63岁)
墓地 | 格兰特将军国家纪念堂 |
国籍 | 美国 |
政党 | 共和党 |
配偶 | 茱莉亚·格兰特 |
专业 | 陆军上将 |
宗教信仰 | 卫理宗 |
签名 | 尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特的签名 |
目录
生平
早年生涯
生于美国俄亥俄州一个小业主的家庭,1843年于西点军校(陆军军官学校)毕业,并参加过美墨战争,1854年退役。
南北战争
1861年南北战争爆发后,格兰特于伊利诺伊州乔戴维斯县加利纳协助招募并训练军队。先后担任志愿军的团长、旅长,作战于西部战场。1862年2月,率军攻克南军的亨利堡及多纳尔森堡,从此名声大震,并升任少将。4月在西罗之役(Battle of Shiloh)中击败并重创南军。1863年4至7月率田纳西州军队迂回包抄密西西比河畔南军最重要的堡垒维克斯堡,经历了外围作战和攻坚战,最终迫使南军投降,俘获南军3.1万人。11月率部挫败进攻查塔努加的南军。
1864年起,格兰特被任命为南北战争联邦军总司令,同威廉·薛曼制定东西战线协同作战,分割歼敌的计划。5月率主力军在弗吉尼亚州同罗伯特·李率领的南军主力决战,并命令薛曼进攻佐治亚州,南军遭受重创。1865年4月2日,攻克美利坚联盟国“首都”里士满,南军被迫于4月9日在阿波马托克斯投降。
在整个南北战争期间,格兰特将军的表现被视为富有政治胆识,意识到废除奴隶制和黑人武装的重要;善于整体把握战争,指挥坚决果断,无惜代价地,主动采取进攻来消灭敌方的有生力量,破坏了敌方的战争潜力。他为内战北方的胜利作出了卓越的贡献。
1865年4月9日,格兰特接受李将军投降,长达四年的南北战争结束。在接受南方军队投降时,北方军营响起庆贺的炮声,但随即遭到格兰特的制止,他说:“叛乱者现在又是我们的同胞了。”双方随后互致军礼。[1]
南北战争结束后,1866年4月,格兰特晋升陆军上将。1867年8月至1868年1月任陆军代理部长。
总统生涯
1868年的总统选举,由于在内战时期彪炳的战功,格兰特赢得执政的共和党提名,成功当选美国总统,并于1872年的总统选举,再次击败获民主党支持的激进共和党人成功连任,而选举期间,因对手在选举人团投票前去世,导致出现大量不忠选举人的情况。
作为美国重建时期的重要总统,八年任期政绩平平,政府更因贪污腐败、收受贿赂、对奴隶主的妥协而遭批评,激进共和党人批评他对南方妥协太多,而南方及民主党则批评其领导的联邦政府对南方实行剥削。卸任前与南方达成的协议,使南方民主党人得以在重建时期后重新控制南方近一个世纪。
卸任后
格兰特1877年3月卸任后,于5月偕妻开始环游世界,曾到埃及参观金字塔,在英国受到热烈欢迎,直到1879年12月回到美国。
1878年,格兰特成为美国第一位到达日本和中国的总统,会见明治天皇,并与当时中国清朝北洋大臣李鸿章合照,李鸿章并且称两人是当代伟大的人。时值日本强迫琉球国王退位,设置冲绳县,并将琉球并入日本版图,中国清朝总理各国事务衙门大臣恭亲王委请格兰特为调解人,格兰特欣然同意前往日本调解此事。但赴日后则被日方以《中日北京专约》为由搪塞,只好力劝中日互让,以免失和。美国非正式地提出试探性“琉球三分案”,即琉球南部归中国,中部归琉球,北部归日本。由于日本当时尚未做好对华开战准备,1880年只好暂且接受格兰特的调停,但不接受“琉球三分案”,日本因此提出“分岛改约案”,将宫古岛以南诸岛归还琉球国,但未获中国同意,最后不了了之。琉球南部由中国控制,北部由日本控制,直至甲午战争爆发。
1880年,在共和党人士及支持者的推动下,他计划第三度参选总统,欲打破华盛顿以来总统不担任多过二任的习惯,但最后在共和党大会初选三十六轮投票中落败。
1881年,格兰特的儿子巴克(Buck)与瓦德(Ferdinand Ward)在华尔街成立“格兰特与瓦德”公司,他被儿子说服参与投资,但因瓦德诈欺,“格兰特与瓦德”公司于1884年倒闭,导致格兰特的生活陷入贫困。
1885年在纽约州去世,终年63岁。
电影
著作
- 《U.S. 格兰特的个人回忆录》
参见
参考文献
- ↑ 学者谈祭奠国民党抗战烈士:党争息,民族兴. 凤凰网. [2012-04-13] (中文(简体)).
文献
Biographical and political
- American Annual Cyclopedia... 1868. Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873.
- Bunting III, Josiah. Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Times Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8050-6949-5.
- Dunning. William. Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865–1877 (1905), vol 22.
- Cox, Jacob Dolson. How Judge Hoar Ceased to be Attorney General. Atlantic Monthly Making of America (Cornell University Library). July 1895, 76 (454): 162–173 [2012-05-20].
- Garland, Hamlin. Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character. New York, Doubleday & McClure co., 1898.
- Hardy, William E. "South of the Border: Ulysses S. Grant and the French Intervention," Civil War History Vol. 54#1 (2008) pp 63+. online edition
- Hesseltine, William B. Ulysses S. Grant, Politician. New York, F. Ungar Pub. Co. [1957, 1935]. ISBN 978-1-931313-85-8.
- Longacre, Edward G. General Ulysses S. Grant The Soldier And The Man. Cambridge, Massachusetts: First De Capo Press. 2006. ISBN 0-306-81269-X.
- Mantell, Martin E. Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction. New York, Columbia University Press, 1973.
- McFeely, William S. Grant: A Biography. Norton. 1981. ISBN 0-393-01372-3.; Pulitzer Prize
- McFeely, William S. C. Vann Woodward, 编. Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York, New York: Delacorte Press. 1974. ISBN 0-440-05923-2.
- Nevins, Allan, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration. New York, Dodd, Mead, 1936, 2 vol.
- Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6 and 7, 1920.
- Sarna, Jonathan. When General Grant Expelled the Jews. New York, NY: Nextbook Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8052-4279-9.
- Scaturro, Frank J. President Grant Reconsidered. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998.
- Simpson, Brooks D., Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
- Simpson, Brooks D. The Reconstruction Presidents. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
- Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0-395-65994-9.
- Simon, John Y. "Ulysses S. Grant". in Henry Graff, ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (2nd ed. 1997), pp. 245–260.
- Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. 2001. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
- Waugh, Joan. U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth. The University of North Carolina Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8078-3317-9.
Historiography
- Skidmore, Max J. "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: A Reconsideration". White House Studies (Feb 2005), 5#2, pp. 255–270
- Rafuse, Ethan S. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006", Journal of Military History (July 2007) 71#3, pp. 849–874,
- Wilentz, Sean. Who's Buried in the History Books?. The New York Times. March 14, 2010 [11-04-2011].
- Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 131–173 on Grant's Memoirs.
Military
- Badeau, Adam. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April 1861, to April 1865. New York: D. Appleton, 1881.
- Ballard, Michael B. Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8078-2893-9.
- Bearss, Edwin C.. The Vicksburg Campaign. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1991. ISBN 978-0-89029-308-9.
- Bonekemper III, Edward H. A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius. Washington, DC: Regnery. 2004. ISBN 0-89526-062-X.
- Bonekemper III, Edward H. The butcher's bill: Ulysses S. Grant is often referred to as a 'butcher,' but does Robert E. Lee actually deserve that title?. Civl War Times. April 2011, 52 (1): 36–43.
- Carter, Samuel III. The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg, 1862–1863. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
- Catton, Bruce. Grant Moves South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. ISBN 978-0-316-13207-7; Grant Takes Command. (1968). ISBN 978-0-316-13210-7; U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition. 1954.
- Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel. The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25 – August 6, 1864. Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1989.
- Davis, William C. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1986. popular
- Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-84944-7.
- Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.. Grant and Lee, a Study in Personality and Generalship. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. ISBN 978-0-253-13400-4.
- Farina, William. Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7864-2977-6.
- Isbell, Tim. Fort Donelson Victory Brings Forth 'Unconditional Surrender' Grant. Sun Herald (Biloxi-Gulfport and South Mississippi: SunHerald.com). 2012-02-13 [2012-02-13].
- Gott, Kendall D. Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8.
- Korda, Michael. Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero. New York: Atlas Books/HarperCollins, 2004.
- Lewis, Lloyd. Captain Sam Grant. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1950. ISBN 978-0-316-52348-6.
- McWhiney, Grady. Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee. Fort Worth: Ryan Place Publishers, 1995.
- McDonough, James Lee. Shiloh: In Hell Before Night. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977.
- McDonough, James Lee. Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
- Maney, R. Wayne. Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864. Shippensburg, Pa., US: White Mane Pub. Co., 1994.
- Matter, William D. If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
- Miers, Earl Schenck. The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg. New York: Knopf, 1955.
- Mosier, John. Grant. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4039-7136-4.
- Rafuse, Ethan Sepp. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006," Journal of Military History, Volume 71, Number 3, July 2007, pp. 849–874 in Project MUSE
- Rhea, Gordon C. The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864. Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1873-3.
- Rhea, Gordon C. The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864. Louisiana State University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8071-2136-8.
- Rhea, Gordon C. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8071-2535-9.
- Rhea, Gordon C., Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864. Louisiana State University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8071-2803-9.
- Schenker, Carl R., Jr. "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and 'The Turning Point of the War'". Civil War History (June 2010), vol. 56, no. 2, p. 175.
- Simpson, Brooks D. "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant". The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
- Simpson, Brooks D. "After Shiloh: Grant, Sherman, and Survival". The Shiloh Campaign. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009.
- Steere, Edward. The Wilderness Campaign. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Co., 1960.
- Walsh, George. "Whip the Rebellion": Ulysses S. Grant's Rise to Command (2005) 480pp ISBN 978-0-7653-0527-5; popular narrative
- Williams, Kenneth P. Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. New York, Macmillan, 1959 (volume 5).
- Williams, T. Harry, McClellan, Sherman and Grant. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1962.
- Woodworth, Steven E. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 – 1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 978-0-375-41218-9.
Primary sources
- Simon, John Y. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Southern Illinois University Press. 1967–2012, 32 vol. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05).
- Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. C.L. Webster & Co., 1885.
- Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. pp. 131–173 for commentary
- Grant, Ulysses S. Memoirs and Selected Letters (Mary Drake McFeely & William S. McFeely, eds.) The Library of America, 1990. ISBN 978-0-940450-58-5
- Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York, 1887–88.
- Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1897.
- Sherman, William Tecumseh, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1875.
- First Inaugural Address
- Second Inaugural Address