小大角战役查看源代码讨论查看历史

小大角战役 图片来自中文百科知识

小大角战役，（Battle of the Little Bighorn），是北美印第安战争之一场战役 。

简介

小大角战役，在达科达州美国与印第安人之间发生了冲突，美国原住民苏族人在此役中全歼进攻的美军卡斯特部。

小巨角河战役发生在1876年6月25日的蒙大拿州小比格霍河附近，美军和北美势力最庞大的苏族印第安人之间的战争，被称作是“最惨烈的”美军与印第安人之间的战役。

• 日期:1876年6月25-26日，
• 地点:美国蒙大拿州大角县小巨角河，
• 结果:苏族人决定性胜利。
• 参战方兵力：
  • 美军:647人
  • 印第安:900—1800人
• 伤亡情况：
  • 美军死亡268人
  • 印第安死亡36—136人
• 主要指挥官：
  • 乔治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特，
  • 坐牛，
  • 疯马。

历史

19世纪，美国淘金热风潮大起，大批白人拓荒者蜂拥至中西部淘金，却时常遭到当地苏族人袭击，在南北战争中闻名的美国第1骑兵师第七骑兵团团长乔治·阿姆斯壮·卡斯特中校奉命进兵绥剿。

1876年6月25日，卡斯特自领两百馀骑兵，与马库斯·雷诺少校、弗雷德里克·本廷上尉分兵三路，进攻蒙大拿州黑山山谷。卡斯特的计画是俘虏原住民的妇女与小孩当成人质，迫使战士为不伤及家人而投降。不料雷诺与本廷遇阻，自行退却。卡斯特部孤军进攻，遭酋长“疯马”与萨满“坐牛”率领的二千名苏族勇士全歼。

酋长“疯马”因击溃名将，一战成名，但其后美军立刻大规模迫害苏族人，并且将大平原上的美洲野牛赶尽杀绝，断绝他们的食物来源。

为了保全部落，在1877年的五月初，疯马等酋长在内布拉斯加州罗宾逊堡投降。其后于1877年九月被指称有越狱嫌疑，遭美军处死。萨满“坐牛”则流亡加拿大，后投降美军，获得特赦。不久后美国政府以印第安部落特殊宗教仪式“鬼舞”有叛乱嫌疑为理由，派遣警察拘捕，于1890年12月15日之枪战中身亡。

此战役曾被拍成电影《卡斯特将军》，也成为电脑游戏《世纪帝国III：群酋争霸》的战役“火焰及阴影”章节中的第二幕最终关卡（游戏中会支援游戏玩家的可操控角色为疯马）。美国橄榄球员电影《攻其不备》亦曾提及。

延伸阅读

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• Chiaventone, Frederick J. A Road We Do Not Know: A Novel of Custer at the Little Bighorn. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1996. ISBN 0-684-83056-6. 
• Connell, Evan S. Son of the Morning Star. New York: North Point Press. 1984. ISBN 0-86547-510-5. 
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• Dickson, Ephriam D. III. Prisoners in the Indian Camp: Kill Eagle's Band at the Little Bighorn (PDF). Greasy Grass: 3–11. [2020-06-25]. OCLC 38114524. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-26）. 
• Donovan, James. A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn. Little, Brown, and Co. 2008-03-24. ISBN 978-0-316-15578-6. 
• Dustin, Fred. The Custer Tragedy: Events Leading Up to and Following the Little Big Horn Campaign of 1876. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers. 1939. OCLC 4387990. 
• Elliot, M.A. Custerology: The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer. University of Chicago Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-226-20146-7. 
• Connell, Evan S. Son of the Morning Star: Custer and The Little Bighorn. New York: North Point Press. 1984. ISBN 0-86547-510-5. 
• Evans, Alun. Brassey's Guide to War Films. Brassey's. 2000. ISBN 1-57488-263-5. 
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• Fox, Richard Allan, Jr. Archaeology, History, and Custer's Last Battle. 
• Gallear, Mark. Guns at the Little Bighorn. Custer Association of Great Britain. 2001. 
• Goodrich, Thomas. Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 1997. ISBN 0-8117-1523-X. 
• Graham, Col. William A. The Custer Myth: A Source Book for Custeriana. New York: Bonanza Books. 1953. OCLC 944258. 
• Gray, John S. Custer's Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8032-7040-2. 
• Grinnell, George Bird. The Fighting Cheyennes Reprint. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press. 1956 [1915]. ISBN 0-7394-0373-7. 
• Hammer, Kenneth. Nichols, Ronald H., 编. Men with Custer: Biographies of the 7th Cavalry: June 25, 1876. Hardin, Montana: Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association. 2000. ISBN 1-892258-05-6. 
• Hammer, Kenneth (编). Custer in '76: Walter Camp's notes on the Custer Fight. Provo: Brigham Young University. 1976. ISBN 0-8061-2279-X. 
• Hardorff, R. G. (编). Camp, Custer and the Little Big Horn. El Segundo, California: Upton and Sons. 1997. ISBN 0-912783-25-7. 
• Hatch, Thom. Custer and the Little Bighorn: An Encyclopedia. London: McFarland & Company, Inc. 1997. ISBN 0-7864-0154-0. 
• Hardorff, R. G. Hokahey! A Good Day to Die! The Indian Casualties of the Custer Fight. University of Nebraska Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8032-7322-3. 
• Keegan, John. Warpaths. London: Pimlico. 1996. ISBN 1-55013-621-6. 
• Lawson, Michael L. Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4. 
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• Mails, Thomas E. The Mystic Warriors of the Plains: The Culture, Arts, Crafts and Religion of the Plains Indians. New York: Marlowe & Co. 1996. ISBN 1-56924-538-X. 
• Michno, Gregory F. The Mystery of E Troop: Custer's Grey Horse Company at the Little Bighorn. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing. 1994. ISBN 0-87842-304-4. 
• Miller, David, H. Custer's Fall: The Native American Side of the Story. University of Nebraska Press. 1985. ISBN 0-452-01095-0. 
• Neihardt, John G. (编). Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux. University of Nebraska Press. 1979. ISBN 0-8032-8359-8. 
• Nichols, Ronald H. (编). Reno Court of Inquiry. Hardin, Montana: Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association. 1996. OCLC 45499454. 
• Panzeri, Peter. Little Big Horn, 1876: Custer's Last Stand. London, UK: Osprey. 1995. ISBN 1-85532-458-X. 
• Perrett, Bryan. Last Stand!: Famous Battles Against the Odds. London: Arms & Armour. 1993. ISBN 1-85409-188-3. 
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• Reno, Marcus A. The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876. University of Wisconsin Digital Collections. 1951 [2020-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-02）. 
• Rice, Earle Jr. The Battle or the Little Bighorn. World History Series. San Diego: Lucent Books. 1998. ISBN 978-1-56006-453-4. 
• Sandoz, Mari. The Battle of the Little Bighorn. 
• Robbins, James S. The Real Custer; From Boy General to Tragic Hero. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-1-62157-209-1. 
• Robinson, Charles M. III. A Good Year to Die: the story of the great Sioux war. New York: Random House. 1995. ISBN 0-679-43025-3. 
• Sarf, Wayne Michael. The Little Bighorn Campaign: March–September 1876. 
• Scott, Douglas D.; Connor, Melissa. Context Delicti: Archaeological Context in Forensic Work. (编) Haglund, W.D.; Sorg, M.H. Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1997: 27–38. ISBN 978-0-8493-9434-8. 
• Sklenar, Larry. To Hell with Honor, General Custer and the Little Big Horn. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2000. ISBN 0-8061-3472-0. 
• Tucker, Phillip Thomas. Death at the Little Bighorn: A New Look at Custer, His Tactics, and the Tragic Decisions Made at the Last Stand. Skyhorse. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63450-800-1. 
• Utley, Robert M. The Lance and the Shield: the life and times of Sitting Bull. New York: Henry Holt & Company. 1993. ISBN 0-8050-1274-5. 
• Utley, Robert M. Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier Revised. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2001. ISBN 0-8061-2292-7. 
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外部连结

• Custer Battlefield Museum, Garryowen, Montana
• Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association
• Kenneth M. Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn