特林吉特人查看源代码讨论查看历史
特林吉特人,(英语:Tlingit, IPA:ˈklɪŋkɨt 或 ˈtlɪŋɡɨt;也写作 Tlinkit),或译特林基特人,是北美洲太平洋西北海岸原住民的一支[1] [2] [3]。
简介
特林吉特人、海达人、钦西安人和埃雅克人已居住在阿拉斯加东南部超过一万年。过去的特林吉特人主要以渔、猎为生。操阿塔巴斯卡语(Athabascan)系的特林吉特语。有著极高的编织和雕刻技术。
- 分布地区:美国阿拉斯加州,与加拿大英属哥伦比亚省、育空地区。
- 总人口:15,200,(14,000在美国,1,200在加拿大)。
- 语言:英语、特林吉特语。
- 宗教信仰:基督教(其中以东正教为主),及其他。
早在16世纪俄国就开始了向阿拉斯加的扩张,当时的特林吉特人就是身披这种铠甲与俄国人对抗的。 特林吉特人对图形的概括能力极强,他们设计的图案夸张但又形象突出,富有动感,设计感十分强。
他们自称为 Lingít(IPA:-all ɬɪŋkɪ́t)[4],其意思是“潮汐之人[5]。
特林吉特人的俄语名称“Колоши”(来自Sugpiaq-Alutiiq语“kulut'ruaq”,指的是女人们用的唇饰)和德语名称“Koulischen”历史上也曾用到,例如格里戈里·切利科夫1796年绘制的俄属北美地图上就曾出现这些名字[6]。
特林吉特人是在阿拉斯加东南部的温带雨林中发展出来的母系氏族[7]。他们采取以渔业为主的半定居式的生活,并结合狩猎采集为生[8]。
内陆地区的特林吉特人称作“内陆特林吉特人”(Inland Tlingit),他们生活在卑诗省西北部和育空地区南部。
延伸阅读
- The Tlingit Indians , George Thornton Emmons (Contributors Frederica De Laguna &Jean Low), University of Washington Press, 1991, ISBN 0295970081, 9780295970080, 488 pp.
- The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741-1867: 1741-1867 , Andrei Val'terovich Grinev, Richard L. Bland, Katerina G. Solovjova, Translated by Richard L. Bland, Katerina G. Solovjova, Contributor Richard L. Bland, Katerina G. Solovjova, U. of Nebraska Press, 2005, ISBN 0803222149, 9780803222144, 386 pp.
外部连结
- Map and list of Tlingit Kwaans and territories
- Tlingit Language and Culture Resources, Alaska Native Knowledge Network
- Anash Interactive—An online destination where users create comics, write stories, watch webisodes, download podcasts, play games, read stories and comics by other members, and find out about the Tlingit people of Canada.
- Tlingit Myths and Texts, John R. Swanton, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 39, 1909
- Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
注释
- ↑ 北美洲的特林吉特人(klingit),哔哩哔哩BiliBili,2019-01-22
- ↑ 742 Tlingit Photos and Premium High Res Pictures,Getty Images
- ↑ Pritzker, 162
- ↑ "Lingít Yoo X'atángi: The Tlingit Language."Sealaska Heritage Institute. (retrieved 3 December 2009)
- ↑ Pritzker, 208 "People of the Tides"
- ↑ Shelikhov, Gregorii Ivanovich and Richard A. Pierce. A Voyage to America 1783–1786. Kingston: Limestone Press, 1981.
- ↑ Pritzker, 210
- ↑ Moss, 27
参考文献
- de Laguna, Fredericæ. "Tlingit." Suttles, Wayne, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7: Northwest Coast. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1990: 203-28. ISBN 0-87474-187-4.
- Boyd, Robert Thomas. The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-295-97837-6.
- Moss, Madonna. Northwest Coast: Archaeology as Deep History. Washington, D.C.: Society for American Archaeology, 2011.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000: 286-7. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Kan, Sergei. "Shamanism and Christianity: Modern-Day Tlingit Elders Look at the Past." Klass, Morton and Maxine Wiesgrau, eds. Across The Boundaries Of Belief: Contemporary Issues In The Anthropology Of Religion. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8133-2695-5.