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海达语

海达语
图片来自汉语词典

海达语，(英语:Xaat Kí)，是海达族的语言[1] [2] 。

目录

简介

海达语，这种语言有8个元音和超过30个辅音，联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言(极度危险)。

语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔曾在1915年把海达语归为纳－德内语系，该提议随即受到诸多语言学家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，详见参考文献列表）的支持；然而，今天大多数语言学家将海达语看作是一个孤立语言。[3]

2008年语言学界提议美洲的纳－德内语系和北亚（中西伯利亚）的叶尼塞语系同源并构成德内－叶尼塞语门，[4]却没有任何迹象表明海达语属于该语门。

大约100年前，全体海达族都使用海达语，[5]但今天海达语却是极度濒危语言，只有20个人在使用，[6] 而其几乎都是老人家。[7][8]

语音

（参见书写系统一节）按北部方言Kaigani土语ANLC系统、北部方言Masset土语恩里科系统、南部方言Skidegate土语恩里科系统。

书写系统

海达语语有两套基于拉丁字母的书写系统：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系统，用来书写南海达语；在美国常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族语言中心（：Alaska Native Language Center）（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系统，用来书写北海达语。

  • ANLC系统区分两个同位异音[t͡ʃ]（英语的ch）和[ts]（汉语拼音的c）。
  • 恩里科系统是一种跨方言文字（尽管只跨了两个加拿大方言），它在不同方言中给了不同的语音影射，使得在两种方言中发音相同的词有著不同的写法，而写法相同的词有著不同的发音。[9]

此外还有一个不常用的系统，由John R. Swanton给出。[9]它更像是基于语音的，而不像是基于音位的。

注释

延伸阅读

  1. Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
  2. Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
  3. Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
  4. Dawson, George M. Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1880 [2012-08-26]. 
  5. Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
  6. Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
  7. Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
  8. Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
  9. Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  10. Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
  11. Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  12. Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
  13. Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
  14. Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  15. Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
  16. Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
  17. Harrison, Charles; Royal Society of Canada. Haida grammar (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1895 [2012-08-26]. 
  18. Hibben & Carswell. Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language. Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1865 [2012-08-26]. 
  19. Keen, John Henry. A grammar of the Haida language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1906 [2012-08-26]. 
  20. Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
  21. Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
  22. Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
  23. Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
  24. Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
  25. Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
  26. Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
  27. Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
  28. Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
  29. Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
  30. Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  31. Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

相关影视

外部连结

参考文献

  1. ↑ 只剩20个人会说！加拿大导演拍片护原民族语，DQ 地球图辑队，2019-04-01
  2. ↑ 海达语是什么意思，汉语词典-KM查询
  3. ↑ Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997: 257. ISBN 1559634804. 
  4. ↑ Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）. 
  5. ↑ UBC World Language Fair’s HAIDA webpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-13）. 
  6. ↑ 只剩20个人会说！加拿大导演拍片护原民族语. [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）. 
  7. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code:hdn. [2008-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-08）. 
  8. ↑ Haida Language Mainpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ways of Writing Haida. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-05）. 
取自“https://factpedia.org/index.php?title=海達語&oldid=4437624”