吠陀
吠陀 |
中文名: 吠陀 文 體:讚美詩、 釋 義:意為明、知識 性 質:印度最古老的 文獻材料和文體形式 英 譯veda 經典示例:《梨俱吠陀》、 |
吠陀(梵語:वेद,轉寫:Veda,又譯為韋達經、韋陀經、圍陀經等),是婆羅門教和現代的印度教最重要和最根本的經典。「吠陀」意思是「知識」、「啟示」。 廣義的「吠陀」文獻包括很多種性質不同的經典,即吠陀本集、梵書、森林書和奧義書。[1]
目錄
吠陀本集
四部吠陀本集是:
四部吠陀本集中以《梨俱吠陀》最早,最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年時代,正值印度河文明的時期,雅利安人大體居住在印度的西北印度河兩岸的時期。其他三卷吠陀經皆是《梨俱吠陀》的衍生作品,相繼成書於後,最晚集結完成的為《阿闥婆吠陀》。後三卷吠陀經中的神曲,不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的複述,便是在它基礎上的發展而來。吠陀神曲有長有短,長曲是一曲多頌。短曲是一曲數頌或僅有一頌。多數頌由四句構成,少數由三句構成。
梵書
森林書
本質上和奧義書沒有什麼區別的一類著作,據說是「隱居在林中無法從事複雜的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人」的作品。存世的森林書很少。
奧義書
注釋
- ↑ 《印度通史》,第63頁
參考文獻
- 《印度通史》,商務印書館,書號:11017·224
- Apte, Vaman Shivram, The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 4th revised & enlarged, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965, ISBN 81-208-0567-4.
- Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9
- Harold G. Coward. Karl Potter, 編. The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 5. Princeton University Press. 1990 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-21).
- Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain, Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature, (編) Chemla, Karine; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; 等, History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004, ISBN 9781402023200[失效連結]
- Flood, Gavin, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-43878-0
- Flood, Gavin (編), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-3251-5
- Holdrege, Barbara A. Veda and Torah. SUNY Press. 1995. ISBN 0-7914-1639-9.
- MacDonell, Arthur Anthony, A History of Sanskrit Literature, New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1900, OCLC 713426994 (full text online Template:Wayback)
- Mahadevan, T. M. P, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia; Dhirendra Mohan Datta, 編, History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western, George Allen & Unwin, 1952, OCLC 929704391
- Michaels, Axel, Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-691-08953-1
- Monier-Williams, Monier (編), Dictionary, English and Sanskrit, London: Honourable East-India Company, 1851 [2016-11-16], OCLC 5333096, (原始內容存檔於2020-08-14) (reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1-881338-58-4)
- Muir, John. Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India. Williams and Norgate. 1861.
- Müller, Max. Chips from a German Workshop. New York: C. Scribner's sons. 1891..
- Patrick Olivelle. Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. 1999 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-21).
- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles A. (編), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy 12th Princeton Paperback, Princeton University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-691-01958-4
- Staal, Frits, The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company, 1986
- Smith, Brian K., Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and 'Varṇa' in Ancient Indian Texts, History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press), 1992: 103–125, doi:10.2307/1062753
- Sullivan, B. M., The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Summer 1994, 62 (1): 377–401, doi:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377
- Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. 2011 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-3-11-018159-3. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-10).
- Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997
- Zaehner, R. C., Hindu Scriptures, London: Everyman's Library, 1966
延伸閱讀
- 概論
- J. Gonda, Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, A History of Indian literature. Vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads (1975), ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2.
- J. A. Santucci, An Outline of Vedic Literature (1976).
- S. Shrava, A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature — Brahmana and Aranyaka Works, Pranava Prakashan (1977).
- 深入報告
- M. Bloomfield, A Vedic Concordance (1907)
- Vishva Bandhu, Bhim Dev, S. Bhaskaran Nair (eds.), Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa: A Vedic Word-Concordance, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1963–1965, revised edition 1973-1976.
- 會議論文
- Griffiths, Arlo and Houben, Jan E. M. (eds.), The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002, Groningen Oriental Studies 20, Groningen : Forsten, (2004), ISBN 90-6980-149-3.
外部連結
- Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas http://www.jstor.org/stable/592303 |date=20201118074547 , Edward Vernon Arnold, Journal of the American Oriental Society
- On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf |date=20160910144104 , Michael Witzel
- GRETIL etexts http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Veda |date=20101107022605
- A Vedic Concordance, Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906)
- An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html |date=20201123043644 , Harvard University
- The Vedas at sacred-texts.com http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas |date=20180709224417