椰香蘭檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史

椰香蘭

原圖鏈接 來自植物智

中文名:椰香蘭 拼 音:yē xiāng lán 學 名:Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 界:植物界 亞 界:綠色植物亞界 總 門:輪藻總門 門:木賊門（有胚植物門） 亞 門:木賊亞門（維管植物亞門） 綱:木蘭綱（被子植物綱） 亞 綱:百合亞綱 超 目:天門冬超目 目:天門冬目 科:蘭科 屬:蘭屬 種:椰香蘭

椰香蘭(yé xiāng lán，學名 Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe:T. K. Yen，異名：Cymbidium finlaysonianum var. atropurpureum Cymbidium pendulum var. purpureum Cymbidium atropurpureum var. olivaceum Cymbidium pendulum var. atropurpureum)，蘭科，蘭屬植物，產於海南省。

生態特徵

Cymbidium pendulum (Roxburgh) Swartz var. atropurpureum Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1854: 287. 1854; C. atropurpureum var. olivaceum J. J. Smith; C. finlaysonianum Wallich ex Lindley var. atropurpureum (Lindley) Veitch; C. pendulum var. purpureum W. Watson.

Plants epiphytic or rarely lithophytic, autotrophic. Pseudobulb ovoid, often weakly inflated, bilaterally flattened, to 10 × 6 cm, enclosed in persistent leaf bases and ca. 4 scarious cataphylls. Leaves usually 7-9, arching, ligulate, to 50-90(-125) × 1.5-4 cm, leathery, rigid, articulate to a broadly sheathing base to 15-20 cm, apex obtuse and unequally bilobed; shortest leaves reduced to cataphylls with an abscission zone near apex and a short blade. Inflorescence arising from within cataphylls, arching or pendulous, 28-75 cm; peduncle 5-16 cm, covered basally by 6-8 overlapping, cymbiform, acute, spreading sheaths to 7 cm; rachis pendulous, pale green, often flushed with purple, 20-55 cm, (7-)10-33-flowered; floral bracts triangular, 1-4 mm. Flowers usually coconut-scented, 3.5-4.5 cm in diam.; pedicel and ovary 15-26 mm, pale green, often flushed with purple; sepals deep maroon to dull yellow-green, strongly stained maroon; lip white, becoming yellow with age, lateral lobes stained maroon-purple, mid-lobe yellow in front of callus ridges and with maroon blotches; callus ridges bright yellow toward apex, stained maroon below; column deep maroon, sometimes paler at apex, anther cap white or pale yellow. Dorsal sepal spreading, suberect, narrowly ligulate-elliptic, 28-33 × 7-10 mm, margin revolute, apex obtuse; lateral sepals pendulous, similar, falcate, oblique. Petals weakly porrect, narrowly elliptic, 25-30 × 7.5-11 mm, margins sometimes revolute, apex obtuse or subacute; lip 21-25 × 13-15 mm when flattened, not fused to basal margins of column, 3-lobed, usually broadest across mid-lobe; lateral lobes erect, much shorter than column, apices obtuse and appearing truncate; mid-lobe weakly recurved, broadly ovate to rhombic, 11-13 × 13-14 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse to emarginate; disk minutely papillose to minutely pubescent (hairs longest on tips of lateral lobes), with a callus of 2 sigmoid raised ridges rounded and confluent at their apices and merging gradually with base of mid-lobe. Column arcuate, 16-18 × ca. 3.5 mm, winged; pollinia 2, triangular, 2-2.5 mm, deeply cleft, borne on a broadly triangular viscidium, tapering to acuminate apices. Fl. Mar-May.

生境產地

Forks of forest trees, occasionally on rocks, evergreen and riverine forests; sea level to 1200 m. Hainan [Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines, S Thailand, S Vietnam].

辨析

Cymbidium atropurpureum may be a naturalized species in China. The present authors have seen no Chinese specimens in any herbarium; nor have they seen any living plants in the wild, although one of us (Cribb) has seen a photograph by Gloria Siu of a wild plant of C. atropurpureum in Hainan. The species was misidentified as C. bicolor subsp. obtusum (a synonym of C. mannii in the present treatment) in S. Y. Ding and J. M. Yin (Ill. Wild Orchids Hainan Island, 36. 2005).Cymbidium atropurpureum may be a naturalized species in China. The present authors have seen no Chinese specimens in any herbarium; nor have they seen any living plants in the wild, although one of us (Cribb) has seen a photograph by Gloria Siu of a wild plant of C. atropurpureum in Hainan. The species was misidentified as C. bicolor subsp. obtusum (a synonym of C. mannii in the present treatment) in S. Y. Ding and J. M. Yin (Ill. Wild Orchids Hainan Island, 36. 2005).

生長習性

蘭花一般生長在深山幽谷的山腰谷壁，透水和保水性良好的傾斜山坡或石隙，稀疏的山草旁，次生雜木林陰下。或有遮陰，日照時間短或只有星散漏光的地方。空氣濕度大且空氣能流通的地方，有時也生于山溪邊峭壁之上。 蘭花宜種植於空氣流通的環境。性喜陰，忌陽光直射，喜濕潤，忌乾燥，15℃至30℃最宜生長。35℃以上生長不良。5℃以下的嚴寒會影響其生長力，這時，蘭花常處於休眠狀態。如氣溫太高加上陽光曝曬則一兩天內即出現葉子灼傷或枯焦。如氣溫太低又沒及時轉移進屋裡，則會出現凍傷的現象。 蘭花是肉質根，適合採用富含腐殖質的砂質壤土，排水性能必須良好，應選用腐葉土或含腐殖質較多的山土。微酸性的鬆土或含鐵質的土壤，pH值以5.5-6.5為宜。

繁殖方式

在春秋兩季均可進行，一般每隔三年分株一次。凡植株生長健壯，假球莖密集的都可分株，分株後每叢至少要保存5個連結在一起的假球莖。分株前要減少灌水，使盆土較於。分株後上盆時，先以碎瓦片覆在盆底孔上，再鋪上粗石子，占盆深度1/5至1/4，再放粗粒土及少量細土，然後用富含腐殖質的沙質壤土栽植。栽植深度以將假球莖剛剛埋入土中力度，盆邊緣留2厘米沿口，上鋪翠雲草或細石子，最後澆透水，置陰處10-15天，保持土壤潮濕，逐漸減少澆水，進行正常養護。

病蟲防治

通常在葉的上下表面，較少在莖上出現凸起的小皰，內含黃色、橙色、銹色或甚至紫黑色的粉狀孢子。鏽病並不致命，葉亦不至死亡，但使植株生長衰弱。防治方法除剪去病葉外，可用65%代森鋅粉劑500-600倍液或含銅殺菌劑噴灑。

多發生於霉雨季節。初發病時、葉基布滿白色茵絲．導致根莖腐爛。防治方法：去掉帶菌盆土，撒上五氯硝基苯粉劑或石灰。根治方法：注意通風透光，盆土排水良好。嚴重的病株要燒毀。

終年都有，高溫多雨季節更為猖撅，而以建蘭感染尤多。病斑先從葉尖向根莖處延伸，初為褐色，然後逐漸擴大增多，出現許多干黑點，嚴重時導致整株死亡。防治方法：除積極改菩環境條件外，在發病期內，可先用50%甲基托布津可濕性粉劑800-1500倍液噴治，每7-10天一次；然後再輔以1%等量式波爾多液，每半月一次，連續噴3-5次。

俗稱「蘭虱」。在高溫多濕、空氣流動不暢的情況下，繁殖最快。可於孵化期內用1%氧化樂果或1500倍50%馬拉硫磺噴治。如盆數不多，亦可人工刷除。

植物文化

蘭花是中國最古老的花卉之一，早在帝堯之世就有種植蘭花的傳說。古人認為蘭花「香」、「花」、「葉」三美俱全，又有「氣清」、「色清」、「神清」、「韻清」四清，是「理想之美，萬化之神奇」。最早賦予蘭花一定人文精神的是孔子，據東漢蔡邕《琴操》載：孔子自衛反魯，隱谷之中，見幽蘭獨茂，蔚然嘆曰：「蘭當為王者香」。

真正的蘭花文化則起源於戰國時期楚國的愛國詩人屈原，他種蘭、愛蘭、詠蘭，以蘭花為寄託，千百年來一直影響着後人。後世詩人在詠蘭時，也有許多的名句，比如陳子昂的「歲華盡搖落，芳意竟何成」。劉克莊的「一從夫子臨軒顧，羞伍凡葩鬥豔濤」。詩人們將蘭花的高潔與人格的完美聯繫起來，使得蘭花文化不斷得以拓展和延續。

蘭花以高潔、清雅、幽香而著稱，葉姿優美，花香幽遠。自古以來，蘭花都被譽為美好事物的象徵，已廣泛在民間人格化了。蘭花對社會生活與文化藝術發生了巨大的影響。父母以蘭命名以表心，畫家取蘭作畫以寓意，詩人詠蘭賦詩以言志。蘭花的形象和氣質久已深入人心，並起着潛移默化的作用。古代舞劇以「蘭步」、「蘭指」為優美動作，把優秀的文學作品和書法作品稱為「蘭章」，把真摯的友誼叫做「蘭交」，把人的芳潔、美慧喻為「蘭心蕙質」。又把傑出人物的去世比作「蘭摧玉拆」。蘭花在中國人民心目中，已經成為一切美好事物的寄寓和象徵。