鸭嘴兽
鸭嘴兽[1](学名:Ornithorhynchus anatinus;Platypus,偶称Duck-billed platypus)是原兽亚纲单孔目鸭嘴兽科鸭嘴兽属(Ornithorhynchus)的唯一一种动物。鸭嘴兽是少有的卵生哺乳动物,栖地在澳大利亚东部地区和塔斯马尼亚州。当其的标本初次被送到博物馆时,奇怪的外观使得当时欧洲的生物分类学家认为这是人类设计出来捉弄人的物种。鸭嘴兽是为数不多的有毒哺乳类动物,雄性鸭嘴兽的后肢有尖刺,可分泌有毒物质。此外也是少数拥有电磁感应的哺乳动物。鸭嘴兽的独特性使它成为演化生物学研究的重要对象。
鸭嘴兽已成为澳大利亚的象征,常作为全国性活动的吉祥物。直到20世纪初,它们仍因为人类对毛皮需求而被猎杀。虽然圈养计划失败与及鸭嘴兽易受环境污染影响,但是在人工保护下,它们目前还未走向灭绝。
目录
命名由来
1798年新南威尔士总督约翰·亨特将鸭嘴兽的皮毛和素描寄回英国之后,欧洲人才首次知道鸭嘴兽的存在[2]。但当时英国科学家认为这只是一个恶作剧[3],虽然乔治·肖1799年在《Naturalist's Miscellany》中正式描述了鸭嘴兽,但他本人也有所怀疑[4],罗伯特·诺克斯认为这些皮毛不过是亚洲动物标本剥制师的作品[3],其“鸭嘴”可能是后来缝上去的,而毛皮本身则来自海狸一类的动物,乔治·肖还特意检查过毛皮上是否有缝线[5]。
其英语俗名“platypus”来自古希腊语πλατύπους(拉丁转写为platupous),意思是“平足的”[6],词根为πλατύς(platus,即“扁平的、宽的”),[7]和πούς(pous,脚)[8][9]。肖最初给它定的学名是Platypus anatinus。但是后因属名“Platypus”已被长小蠹属占用[10],于是1800年约翰·弗里德里希·布卢门巴赫改之为Ornithorhynchus paradoxus[11],最终按命名先到先得的原则更为Ornithorhynchus anatinus[10]。属名来自古希腊语ορνιθόρυγχος(ornithorhynkhos),意思是“鸟嘴”,而种加词则来自拉丁语,意思是“鸭子一样的”。
特征
长成的鸭嘴兽的体重0.7~2.4公斤(1.5~5.3英磅)。雄鸭嘴兽比雌性大,雄性体长平均50公分(20英寸),而雌性则为 43公分(17英寸),不同地区间体型差异也有较大变化[12]。其体温在32 °C(90 °F)左右[13][14][15]。由于没有明显的奶头,刚孵化的鸭嘴兽须寻找母兽腹部泌乳孔吸吮乳汁维生。与袋獾一样,其粗大的尾巴可用来存储脂肪[16]。约4个月哺乳期后独立生活,2岁半为成年。
习性
除了哺乳期外,鸭嘴兽为独居生活。它们栖息于河川,以锐利而且带有蹼的脚在水中活动,最长可在水下待40秒,每次换气需要10至20秒[17][18],在河岸、湖岸上挖洞居住。鸭嘴兽是夜行性动物[19][20],也是肉食性动物,通常在清晨和黄昏时在水边猎食甲壳类、蚯蚓等动物,每日摄入食物占体重的20%[17]。而其每天的睡眠时间长达14小时[21]。
饲养的鸭嘴兽寿命可达17年,野生的一般最多11年。其天敌包括蛇、水鼠、巨蜥、鹰等,而在澳州北部则受鳄鱼的威胁[22]。1845年引入澳洲大陆的红狐对其种群数量可能也有一定的影响[12]。
毒液
比被炮弹碎片刺伤还痛 原图链结 图片来自ETtoday宠物云 |
雌性和雄性鸭嘴兽的踝部都有尖刺,只有雄性的可以从踝部腺体分泌毒液、由毒刺排出以自卫[23][24][25][26]。其毒素对小型动物如狗等来说是致命的。虽然对人类来并非如此,但仍然会造成剧烈疼痛使人丧失行动能力[26][27]。被其扎伤之后,伤处先是迅速产生水肿,然后扩散到其他部位。治愈之后仍然会导致患者痛觉过敏达数日乃至数月之久[28][29]。
电磁感应
除去海豚之外,单孔目动物是唯一拥有电磁感应能力的哺乳动物[30],它们能够通过感应猎物的电场来探测其位置。而鸭嘴兽的电磁感应能力又是所有单孔目动物中最灵敏的[31][32]。其电感受器和机械性刺激感受器位于嘴部[33][34]。鸭嘴兽在潜水时会闭上眼睛和鼻子,耳朵也听不到声音,而完全依靠电磁感应来捕食[32][35]。
繁殖
1884年威廉·海·考德威尔和150名澳大利亚原住民组成的团队找到了几枚鸭嘴兽的卵之后,欧洲人才确定鸭嘴兽居然是一种卵生的哺乳动物。[10][26]
鸭嘴兽在每年六月至十月间繁殖,具体时间在不同地区有差异[22]。鸭嘴兽的族群采用一夫多妻制[36],雌兽两岁达到性成熟,但也有九岁大还没有产卵的雌兽。[36]
鸭嘴兽在没有交配前只会给自己挖一个较浅的水边巢穴,交配后雌兽会扩大自己的巢穴(长可达20公尺(66英尺)),并在入口处添加障碍物以阻挡猎食者[37],巢内则会铺上柔软的叶子。雄兽不负责照料后代。[5]
雌兽有两个卵巢,但只有左卵巢有用[19]。一次最多产三枚卵(通常为两枚),卵略呈椭圆形,直径11公釐(0.43英寸)[38]。卵在卵巢内待28天,孵化只需要10天。[39]
刚出生的鸭嘴兽眼睛看不见东西,仅靠母乳为生。鸭嘴兽虽然有乳腺,但是没有乳头,其母乳是通过皮肤上的毛孔流出的,小鸭嘴兽会舔食积聚在母兽腹部的乳汁[5][22]。哺乳期为三至四个月。孵化期和哺乳期间,母兽会短暂外出觅食,离开前用土块挡住巢穴入口以保护幼兽[40]。哺乳期过后幼兽才会外出[22]。
演化过程
最古老的鸭嘴兽的化石发现于10万年前的第四纪地层。一些科学家认为Teinolophos、Steropodon是鸭嘴兽的祖先[41],但是实际上其演化是相对独立的[42]。
原图链结 图片来自国家地理杂志 |
2004年澳大利亚国立大学的研究人员发现鸭嘴兽拥有十条性染色体(大多数哺乳动物只有XY两条)[43]。与鸟类[44]、哺乳动物和爬行动物都有相似之处[45][46]。它没有性别决定基因SRY,其性别是由AMH基因决定的[47][48]。
文化
在澳大利亚原住民传说中,鸭嘴兽是鸭子和水鼠生下的后代[49]:57–60。传说陆生、水生动物和鸟类都想要它加入自己的行列,但最终被鸭嘴兽拒绝[49]:83–85。
现在澳大利亚把它当做国家象征之一,它出现在20澳大利亚分硬币的背面,在1988年世界博览会[50]、2000年夏季奥运会[51]的吉祥物中都有其身影。
参考文献
- ↑ 鸭嘴兽,动物小百科,2019-05-23
- ↑ Hall, Brian K. The Paradoxical Platypus. BioScience. March 1999, 49 (3): 211–8. JSTOR 1313511. doi:10.2307/1313511.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Duck-billed Platypus. Museum of hoaxes. [21 July 2010].
- ↑ Shaw, George. Naturalist's Miscellany, vol.10. 1799: 227–232 [4 July 2017].
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Platypus facts file. Australian Platypus Conservancy. [13 September 2006].
- ↑ πλατύπους, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ πλατύς, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ πούς, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert. Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 1980. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Grant, J.R. 16. Fauna of Australia (PDF) 1b. Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). [13 September 2006]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于19 May 2005).
- ↑ Platypus Paradoxes. National Library of Australia. August 2001 [14 September 2006].
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Munks, Sarah & Nicol, Stewart . Current research on the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Tasmania: Abstracts from the 1999 'Tasmanian Platypus WORKSHOP'. University of Tasmania. May 1999 [23 October 2006]. (原始内容存档于30 August 2006).
- ↑ Thermal Biology of the Platypus. Davidson College. 1999 [14 September 2006]. (原始内容存档于6 March 2012).
- ↑ Watson, J.M.; Graves, J.A.M. Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy. Australian Journal of Zoology (CSIRO). 1988, 36 (5): 573–584. doi:10.1071/ZO9880573.
- ↑ Dawson, T.J.; Grant, T.R.; Fanning, D. Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy. Australian Journal of Zoology (CSIRO). 1979, 27 (4): 511–5. doi:10.1071/ZO9790511.
- ↑ Platypus : Facts, Pictures : Animal Planet. Animal.discovery.com. 16 November 2011 [8 September 2012].
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Philip Bethge. Energetics and foraging behaviour of the platypus (PDF). University of Tasmania. April 2002 [21 June 2009].
- ↑ Kruuk, H. The Diving Behaviour of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Waters with Different Trophic Status. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 1993, 30 (4): 592–8. JSTOR 2404239. doi:10.2307/2404239.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cromer, Erica. Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior. Iowa State University. 14 April 2004 [18 June 2009]. (原始内容存档于13 March 2009).
- ↑ Grant, T.G.; Temple-Smith, P.D. Field biology of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): historical and current perspectives. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society). 1998, 353 (1372): 1081–91. PMC 1692311. PMID 9720106. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0267.
- ↑ Holland, Jennifer S. 40 Winks?. National Geographic. July 2011, 220 (1).
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Platypus. Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. 2006 [24 July 2009]. (原始内容存档于21 October 2009).
- ↑ Australian Fauna. Australian Fauna. [14 May 2010]. (原始内容存档于29 May 2012).
- ↑ Platypus venom linked to pain relief. University of Sydney. 8 May 2008 [14 May 2010].
- ↑ Platypus poison. Rainforest Australia. [14 May 2010]. (原始内容存档于29 May 2010).
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie. Platypus poison. Protein Spotlight. December 2002, (29) [14 September 2006].
- ↑ Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. Cosmos.
- ↑ de Plater, G.M.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.L. Venom From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2001, 85 (3): 1340–5. PMID 11248005.
- ↑ The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). [13 September 2006]. (原始内容存档于1 February 2012).
- ↑ Black, Richard. Dolphin hunts with electric sense. BBC News. 26 July 2011 [26 December 2012].
- ↑ Proske, Uwe; Gregory, J. E.; Iggo, A. Sensory receptors in monotremes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1998, 353 (1372): 1187–98. PMC 1692308. PMID 9720114. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0275.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Pettigrew, John D. Electroreception in Monotremes (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999, 202 (Pt 10): 1447–54. PMID 10210685.
- ↑ Pettigrew, John D.; Manger, P.R.; Fine, S.L. The sensory world of the platypus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1998, 353 (1372): 1199–1210. PMC 1692312. PMID 9720115. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0276.
- ↑ Dawkins, Richard. The Duckbill's Tale. The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin. 2004. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3.
- ↑ Gregory, J.E.; Iggo, A.; McIntyre, A.K.; Proske, U. Receptors in the Bill of the Platypus. Journal of Physiology. June 1988, 400 (1): 349–366. PMC 1191811. PMID 3418529.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Grant, T. R.; Griffiths, M.; Leckie, R.M.C. Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology (1983). 1983, 31 (6): 881–9. doi:10.1071/ZO9830881.
- ↑ Anna Bess Sorin & Phil Myers. Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2001 [24 October 2006].
- ↑ Hughes, R. L.; Hall, L. S. Early development and embryology of the platypus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society). 28 July 1998, 353 (1372): 1101–14. PMC 1692305. PMID 9720108. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0269.
- ↑ Manger, Paul R.; Hall, Leslie S.; Pettigrew, John D. The development of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society). 29 July 1998, 353 (1372): 1115–25. PMC 1692310. PMID 9720109. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0270.
- ↑ Egg-laying mammals (PDF). Queensland Museum. November 2000 [19 June 2009]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于22 July 2008).
- ↑ Thomas H. Rich, James A. Hopson, Pamela G. Gill, Peter Trusler, Sally Rogers-Davidson, Steve Morton, Richard L. Cifelli, David Pickering, Lesley Kool, Karen Siu, Flame A. Burgmann, Tim Senden, Alistair R. Evans, Barbara E. Wagstaff, Doris Seegets-Villiers, Ian J. Corfe, Timothy F. Flannery, Ken Walker, Anne M. Musser, Michael Archer, Rebecca Pian and Patricia Vickers-Rich (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034.
- ↑ Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; Balarino, L.; Udrizar Sauthier, D.E. New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2002, 47 (3): 487–492.
- ↑ Selim, Jocelyn. Sex, Ys, and Platypuses. Discover. 25 April 2005 [7 May 2008].
- ↑ Frank Grützner, Willem Rens, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Nisrine El-Mogharbel1, Patricia C. M. O'Brien, Russell C. Jones, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith & Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes. Nature. 16 December 2004, 432 (7019): 913–7. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..913G. PMID 15502814. doi:10.1038/nature03021.
- ↑ Warren, Wesley C.; 等. Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution (PDF). Nature. 8 May 2008, 453 (7192): 175–183. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..175W. PMC 2803040. PMID 18464734. doi:10.1038/nature06936. Lay summary – Nature Podcast 08-05-2008.
- ↑ Beyond the Platypus Genome – 2008 Boden Research Conference. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2009, 21 (8): i–ix, 935–1027.
- ↑ Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik. Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals. Nature. 2014, 508 (7497): 488–493. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..488C. PMID 24759410. doi:10.1038/nature13151.
- ↑ Salleh, Anna. Platypus Sex 'Master Switch' Identified. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 May 2014.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 McKay, Helen F.; McLeod, Pauline E.; Jones, Francis F.; Barber, June E. Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming. Libraries Unlimited. 2001. ISBN 1563089238.
- ↑ About World Expo '88. Foundation Expo '88. 1988 [17 December 2007]. (原始内容存档于19 December 2013).
- ↑ A Brief History of the Olympic and Paralympic Mascots. Beijing2008. 5 August 2004 [25 October 2006]. (原始内容存档于21 June 2008).