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椰香兰

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中文名:椰香兰 拼 音:yē xiāng lán 学 名:Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 界:植物界 亚 界:绿色植物亚界 总 门:轮藻总门 门:木贼门（有胚植物门） 亚 门:木贼亚门（维管植物亚门） 纲:木兰纲（被子植物纲） 亚 纲:百合亚纲 超 目:天门冬超目 目:天门冬目 科:兰科 属:兰属 种:椰香兰

椰香兰(yé xiāng lán，学名 Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe:T. K. Yen，异名：Cymbidium finlaysonianum var. atropurpureum Cymbidium pendulum var. purpureum Cymbidium atropurpureum var. olivaceum Cymbidium pendulum var. atropurpureum)，兰科，兰属植物，产于海南省。

生态特征

Cymbidium pendulum (Roxburgh) Swartz var. atropurpureum Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1854: 287. 1854; C. atropurpureum var. olivaceum J. J. Smith; C. finlaysonianum Wallich ex Lindley var. atropurpureum (Lindley) Veitch; C. pendulum var. purpureum W. Watson.

Plants epiphytic or rarely lithophytic, autotrophic. Pseudobulb ovoid, often weakly inflated, bilaterally flattened, to 10 × 6 cm, enclosed in persistent leaf bases and ca. 4 scarious cataphylls. Leaves usually 7-9, arching, ligulate, to 50-90(-125) × 1.5-4 cm, leathery, rigid, articulate to a broadly sheathing base to 15-20 cm, apex obtuse and unequally bilobed; shortest leaves reduced to cataphylls with an abscission zone near apex and a short blade. Inflorescence arising from within cataphylls, arching or pendulous, 28-75 cm; peduncle 5-16 cm, covered basally by 6-8 overlapping, cymbiform, acute, spreading sheaths to 7 cm; rachis pendulous, pale green, often flushed with purple, 20-55 cm, (7-)10-33-flowered; floral bracts triangular, 1-4 mm. Flowers usually coconut-scented, 3.5-4.5 cm in diam.; pedicel and ovary 15-26 mm, pale green, often flushed with purple; sepals deep maroon to dull yellow-green, strongly stained maroon; lip white, becoming yellow with age, lateral lobes stained maroon-purple, mid-lobe yellow in front of callus ridges and with maroon blotches; callus ridges bright yellow toward apex, stained maroon below; column deep maroon, sometimes paler at apex, anther cap white or pale yellow. Dorsal sepal spreading, suberect, narrowly ligulate-elliptic, 28-33 × 7-10 mm, margin revolute, apex obtuse; lateral sepals pendulous, similar, falcate, oblique. Petals weakly porrect, narrowly elliptic, 25-30 × 7.5-11 mm, margins sometimes revolute, apex obtuse or subacute; lip 21-25 × 13-15 mm when flattened, not fused to basal margins of column, 3-lobed, usually broadest across mid-lobe; lateral lobes erect, much shorter than column, apices obtuse and appearing truncate; mid-lobe weakly recurved, broadly ovate to rhombic, 11-13 × 13-14 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse to emarginate; disk minutely papillose to minutely pubescent (hairs longest on tips of lateral lobes), with a callus of 2 sigmoid raised ridges rounded and confluent at their apices and merging gradually with base of mid-lobe. Column arcuate, 16-18 × ca. 3.5 mm, winged; pollinia 2, triangular, 2-2.5 mm, deeply cleft, borne on a broadly triangular viscidium, tapering to acuminate apices. Fl. Mar-May.

生境产地

Forks of forest trees, occasionally on rocks, evergreen and riverine forests; sea level to 1200 m. Hainan [Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines, S Thailand, S Vietnam].

辨析

Cymbidium atropurpureum may be a naturalized species in China. The present authors have seen no Chinese specimens in any herbarium; nor have they seen any living plants in the wild, although one of us (Cribb) has seen a photograph by Gloria Siu of a wild plant of C. atropurpureum in Hainan. The species was misidentified as C. bicolor subsp. obtusum (a synonym of C. mannii in the present treatment) in S. Y. Ding and J. M. Yin (Ill. Wild Orchids Hainan Island, 36. 2005).Cymbidium atropurpureum may be a naturalized species in China. The present authors have seen no Chinese specimens in any herbarium; nor have they seen any living plants in the wild, although one of us (Cribb) has seen a photograph by Gloria Siu of a wild plant of C. atropurpureum in Hainan. The species was misidentified as C. bicolor subsp. obtusum (a synonym of C. mannii in the present treatment) in S. Y. Ding and J. M. Yin (Ill. Wild Orchids Hainan Island, 36. 2005).

生长习性

兰花一般生长在深山幽谷的山腰谷壁，透水和保水性良好的倾斜山坡或石隙，稀疏的山草旁，次生杂木林阴下。或有遮阴，日照时间短或只有星散漏光的地方。空气湿度大且空气能流通的地方，有时也生于山溪边峭壁之上。 兰花宜种植于空气流通的环境。性喜阴，忌阳光直射，喜湿润，忌干燥，15℃至30℃最宜生长。35℃以上生长不良。5℃以下的严寒会影响其生长力，这时，兰花常处于休眠状态。如气温太高加上阳光曝晒则一两天内即出现叶子灼伤或枯焦。如气温太低又没及时转移进屋里，则会出现冻伤的现象。 兰花是肉质根，适合采用富含腐殖质的砂质壤土，排水性能必须良好，应选用腐叶土或含腐殖质较多的山土。微酸性的松土或含铁质的土壤，pH值以5.5-6.5为宜。

繁殖方式

在春秋两季均可进行，一般每隔三年分株一次。凡植株生长健壮，假球茎密集的都可分株，分株后每丛至少要保存5个连结在一起的假球茎。分株前要减少灌水，使盆土较于。分株后上盆时，先以碎瓦片覆在盆底孔上，再铺上粗石子，占盆深度1/5至1/4，再放粗粒土及少量细土，然后用富含腐殖质的沙质壤土栽植。栽植深度以将假球茎刚刚埋入土中力度，盆边缘留2厘米沿口，上铺翠云草或细石子，最后浇透水，置阴处10-15天，保持土壤潮湿，逐渐减少浇水，进行正常养护。

病虫防治

通常在叶的上下表面，较少在茎上出现凸起的小疱，内含黄色、橙色、锈色或甚至紫黑色的粉状孢子。锈病并不致命，叶亦不至死亡，但使植株生长衰弱。防治方法除剪去病叶外，可用65%代森锌粉剂500-600倍液或含铜杀菌剂喷洒。

多发生于霉雨季节。初发病时、叶基布满白色茵丝．导致根茎腐烂。防治方法：去掉带菌盆土，撒上五氯硝基苯粉剂或石灰。根治方法：注意通风透光，盆土排水良好。严重的病株要烧毁。

终年都有，高温多雨季节更为猖撅，而以建兰感染尤多。病斑先从叶尖向根茎处延伸，初为褐色，然后逐渐扩大增多，出现许多干黑点，严重时导致整株死亡。防治方法：除积极改菩环境条件外，在发病期内，可先用50%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800-1500倍液喷治，每7-10天一次；然后再辅以1%等量式波尔多液，每半月一次，连续喷3-5次。

俗称“兰虱”。在高温多湿、空气流动不畅的情况下，繁殖最快。可于孵化期内用1%氧化乐果或1500倍50%马拉硫磺喷治。如盆数不多，亦可人工刷除。

植物文化

兰花是中国最古老的花卉之一，早在帝尧之世就有种植兰花的传说。古人认为兰花“香”、“花”、“叶”三美俱全，又有“气清”、“色清”、“神清”、“韵清”四清，是“理想之美，万化之神奇”。最早赋予兰花一定人文精神的是孔子，据东汉蔡邕《琴操》载：孔子自卫反鲁，隐谷之中，见幽兰独茂，蔚然叹曰：“兰当为王者香”。

真正的兰花文化则起源于战国时期楚国的爱国诗人屈原，他种兰、爱兰、咏兰，以兰花为寄托，千百年来一直影响着后人。后世诗人在咏兰时，也有许多的名句，比如陈子昂的“岁华尽摇落，芳意竟何成”。刘克庄的“一从夫子临轩顾，羞伍凡葩斗艳涛”。诗人们将兰花的高洁与人格的完美联系起来，使得兰花文化不断得以拓展和延续。

兰花以高洁、清雅、幽香而著称，叶姿优美，花香幽远。自古以来，兰花都被誉为美好事物的象征，已广泛在民间人格化了。兰花对社会生活与文化艺术发生了巨大的影响。父母以兰命名以表心，画家取兰作画以寓意，诗人咏兰赋诗以言志。兰花的形象和气质久已深入人心，并起着潜移默化的作用。古代舞剧以“兰步”、“兰指”为优美动作，把优秀的文学作品和书法作品称为“兰章”，把真挚的友谊叫做“兰交”，把人的芳洁、美慧喻为“兰心蕙质”。又把杰出人物的去世比作“兰摧玉拆”。兰花在中国人民心目中，已经成为一切美好事物的寄寓和象征。