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{| class="wikitable"
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> 亞歷山大·舒爾金 </p>
|-
|<center><img src="https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/assets/uploads/2014-uploads/_resampled/ScaleWidthWyIxMTAwIl0/sasha-shulgin.jpg" width="280" > </center>
<small>[https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/archive/august-2014/shulgin-godfather-of-ecstasy/ 圖片來自醫藥基金會] <br>
'''出生''' 1925年6月17日<br>
'''逝世''' 2014年6月2日<br>
'''母校''' [[哈佛大學]][[加州大學伯克利分校]]<br>
'''尊稱''' 迷幻药物教父<br>
'''知名於''' 美國藥物化學家<br>
'''專業領域''' 推進MDMA實用化，[[舒爾金評定量表]]<br>
'''研究領域''' 化學、心理學、精神哲學、生物學<br>
'''五個字題目''' 描述</small>
|}
</div>
'''亚历山大·“萨沙”·西奥多·舒尔金'''（{{lang-en|'''Alexander "Sasha" Theodore Shulgin'''}}；{{bd|1925年|6月17日|2014年|6月2日|catIdx=S}}）[[美国]]药物化学家、生物化学家、药理学家、精神药理学家、作家，曾於20世紀70年代末向心理學家推薦將[[MDMA]]用於治療[[精神疾病]]。舒爾金發現、合成、測定了多達230種的[[精神藥物]]，並對其在致幻或[[動情]]{{lang|en|(entactogenic)}}作用方面的潛力進行評估。<ref>[https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/archive/august-2014/shulgin-godfather-of-ecstasy/ 舒爾金被許多人稱為“狂喜教父”]，醫藥基金會，1 August 2014</ref>
1991年，舒尔金与他的妻子{{link-en|安·舒尔金|Ann Shulgin}}共同出版了《{{link-en|PiHKAL：化学的爱情故事|PiHKAL}}》（''PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story''）。1997年，又共同出版了《{{link-en|TiHKAL：延续|TiHKAL}}》（''TIHKAL: The Continuation''）。这两本书广泛描述了他们的研究工作和个人对[[精神药物]]的真实体验。舒尔金成功开创了对这类化合物的描述综合推理。他有一些显著的发现，包括了{{link-en|2C (迷幻药物)|2C (psychedelics)|2C*族}}化合物（例如[[2C-B]]）以及{{link-en|DOx|DOx|DOx族}}化合物（例如{{link-en|2,5-二甲氧基-4-甲基安非他命|2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM}}）。
由于他对{{link-en|精神暴露疗法|Psychedelic therapy|精神研究}}和[[藥物設計|推理性设计]][[致幻药物]]的开创性研究，他被称为“迷幻药物教父”。<ref>[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/talking-death-with-the-late-psychedelic-chemist-sasha-shulgin/ 與已故迷幻化學家 Sasha Shulgin 談論死亡]，博客.科學美國人，4 June 2014</ref>
==生活与事业==
舒爾金出生於[[加利福尼亞州]][[伯克利|伯克利郡]]<ref>Ancestry.com. California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005. Original data: State of California. California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref> ，其父為[[俄羅斯]]移民{{lang|en|Theodore Stevens Shulgin(1893–1978)}}<ref>Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref>，其母{{lang|en|Henrietta D. (Aten) Shulgin(1894–1960)}}則出生於[[伊利诺伊州]]<ref>Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940–1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TEE7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&dq=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CObWUvO5OITj2QWiqoC4Dg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA |title=Authors Biographical Monthly Service by Alberta Chamberlain Lawrence published by Golden Syndicate Publishing Company, 1952 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208135249/http://books.google.ca/books?id=TEE7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&dq=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CObWUvO5OITj2QWiqoC4Dg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA |dead-url=no }}</ref>，二者均在[[阿拉米達縣]]的一所公立學校擔任教師<ref>Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002. Year: 1930; Census Place: Berkeley, Alameda, California; Roll 111; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 320; File: 1029.0.</ref>。
在16時，舒爾金藉獎學金進入[[哈佛大學]][[有機化學]]系學習。1943年，舒爾金輟學並加入[[美國海軍]]，此亦為其後來對[[精神病学|精神藥學]]產生興趣的契機。
在海軍服役期間，舒爾金曾因拇指[[感染]]接受手術，於術前通過一杯果汁攝入了具有催眠效果的[[鎮靜劑]]。這一經歷令舒爾金認識到[[安慰劑]]對人類感知所產生的影響。<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
|first = Drake
|last = Bennett
|author =
|coauthors =
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html
|title = Dr. Ecstasy
|work = New York Times Magazine
|publisher = New York Times
|pages =
|page =
|date = 2005-01-30
|accessdate = 2006-07-08
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111117063356/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html
|archivedate = 2011-11-17
|deadurl = no
}}</ref>
從海軍退役後，舒爾金返回伯克利並於1954年被[[加州大学伯克利分校|加利福尼亞州立大學伯克利分校]]授予[[生物化學]]博士學位。1950年代末，舒爾金在[[加利福尼亞大學舊金山分校|加利福尼亞州立大學舊金山分校]]完成了[[精神病學]]與[[藥理學]]領域的博士後研究。舒爾金曾先後為{{tsl|en|Bio-Rad|Bio-Rad}}公司及[[陶氏化學]]{{lang|en|(Dow Chemical Company)}}公司工作，最終以高級研究員身份就職於陶氏化學<ref name="nyt" />。
在此期間，舒爾金經歷了一系列服用繼[[麥司卡林]]後的[[致幻劑|致幻藥物]]的體驗<ref name="lat">{{cite news
|first = Dennis
|last = Romero
|author =
|coauthors =
|url = http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_interview1.shtml
|title = Sasha Shulgin, Psychedelic Chemist
|work =
|publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
|pages =
|page =
|date = 1995-09-05
|accessdate = 2006-07-08
|archive-date = 2007-03-26
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070326004128/http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_interview1.shtml
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>，這為他確定下一步的研究目標奠定了基礎。“我首次於1950年代末服用麥司卡林，約有350mg~400mg。我意識到這種劑量有些大了。”<ref name="lat"/>
舒爾金隨後報導了他的感受<ref name="nyt"/>:
{{quotation|……这一天，最让我震撼的地方在于——那些記憶的重现仅仅来自一克白色固體的一小部分。……我明白了整个宇宙都存在于心灵和精神之中。我们可以选择不去接近它，甚至否认其存在，但是宇宙确实就在人心，并且存在能够催化它，使之更易接近的药物。}}
[[File:Zectran 2009 hanna jon.JPG|thumb|[[陶氏化學]]生產的含有[[茲克威]]的農藥;2009年7月29日攝於“農場”。]]
由於其個人的幻覺體驗，舒爾金的研究重心仍傾斜於[[精神藥學]]，但在此期間他無法做太多的自主研究。由於舒爾金發明了第一種[[可生物降解]]{{lang|en|(biodegradable)}}的氨基甲酸酯類殺蟲劑{{le|茲克威|Mexacarbate}}，陶氏為回報這一潛在利潤極高的專利而予以他極大的自主性，令其得以進行更進一步的研究。 在此期間，舒爾金應陶氏要求發明了一系列專利藥物，並將他在其他藥物上的發現發表於[[自然_(期刊)|自然]]{{lang|en|(Nature)}}、[[有機化學期刊]]{{lang|en|(Journal of Organic Chemistry)}}等刊物中。最終，陶氏要求舒爾金不得再以公司名義出版其作品<ref name="nyt" />。
1966年底，為了追求自己的興趣，舒爾金從陶氏化學辭職。在[[加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校|加州大学旧金山分校医學院]]，舒爾金為一個諮詢項目工作了兩年兼修讀[[神經內科]]。他在其所擁有的土地上籌建了一個[[家庭實驗室]]{{lang|en|(home-based lab)}}（即“農場”），並成為了一名私人顧問。與此同時，舒爾金還為當地大學及[[舊金山總醫院]]({{lang|en|San Francisco General Hospital}})授課。通過藥品執法管理局{{lang|en|(Drug Enforcement Administration,DEA)}}西部實驗室主管{{lang|en|Bob Sager}}的引薦，舒爾金與DEA建立了聯繫，開始為DEA特工召開[[藥理學]]講座、向DEA提供各種化合物之樣品，偶爾也作為見證專家出席[[法庭]]。1988年，舒爾金針對管制藥物出版了一本簡明的執法參考用書<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Shulgin
| first = Alexander
| title = Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws
| publisher = Ronin Publishing
| year = 1988
| isbn = 0-914171-50-X }}
</ref>，並因此獲得DEA所頒發的數個獎項<ref name=nyt/>
。
==獨立研究==
為了研究精神藥物，舒爾金從DEA取得了分析實驗室資格並因此得到[[藥物管制條例]]{{lang|en|(Controlled Substances Act)}}的豁免許可，這允許他製備與持有任何並不違法的藥物。舒爾金在住所後面的一個小型建築物中建立了一個實驗室，憑藉職權合成並試驗了部分潛在精神藥物的效果。
1976年，一名曾受舒爾金推薦、就讀於[[舊金山州立大學]][[藥用化學]]系的學生向舒爾金介紹了MDMA<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Ethan|title=Professor X|url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.09/professorx.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|website=http://archive.wired.com|publisher=Wired|accessdate=4 January 2015|date=September 2002|archive-date=2015-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625015832/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.09/professorx.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|dead-url=no}}</ref>。該化合物由[[默克藥廠]]於1912年合成並作為醫藥中間體取得專利藉以壓制競爭對手，但其自身作用未曾被探明。舒爾金為MDMA設計出了一條新的合成路線，並在1976年使加利福尼亞州奧克蘭市的一名心理學家{{le|Leo Zeff|Leo Zeff}}得知此藥物。Leo Zeff將小劑量的MDMA用於[[談話療法]]的輔助治療，隨後向數以百計的心理學家及全國的業餘治療師推薦MDMA，其中包括舒爾金後來的配偶{{le|Ann Shulgin|Ann Shulgin}}——她與舒爾金於1979年相遇並在兩年後與他結婚<ref name="nyt" />。
經過自我試驗後，舒爾金聚集起一個由自1960年後常試用其發明的友人組成的小型群體；他們發展出了一個通過以特定詞彙描述視覺、聽覺及觸覺感受來為各種藥物分級的系統化方案，即{{le|舒爾金評定量表|Shulgin Rating Scale}}。舒爾金私下試驗了以[[苯乙胺]]（包括[[MDMA]]、[[麥司卡林]]及{{tsl|en|2C*_family|2C*族}}）類和[[色胺]]類（包括[[DMT]]、[[脫磷酸裸蓋菇素]]及[[LSD]]）為主的上百種藥物，通過些微的化學改變，它們似乎可以衍生出無數有著不同效果（包括令人愉快或不愉快）的共系物，具體表現取決於個人狀況、物質與情境——這些都被精心記載於舒爾金的實驗室記錄中<ref name="nyt" />。
1994年，當{{le|PiHKAL|PiHKAL}}出版兩年後，DEA突擊了舒爾金的實驗室，並因其他方寄給他的不明物質而處以其金額為$25,000的罰款。相關機構{{who}}則以違反協議為由要求舒爾金交還許可證。在{{lang|en|PiHKAL}}出版前的15年中，兩次有計劃的公開搜查均未發現其存在任何違規之處<ref>{{cite web
| title = DEA Raid of Shulgin's Laboratory
| publisher = [[Erowid]]
| date = 2004-01-08
| url = http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_raid.shtml
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-07-08
| archive-date = 2007-03-26
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070326003950/http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_raid.shtml
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>。
在於2010年出現健康問題前，舒爾金主要致力於[[N-二烯丙基色胺]]系列（包括{{le|5-MeO-DALT|5-MeO-DALT}}與[[5-MeO-MALT]]）化合物的研究<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Magazine – The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin |url=http://www.vice.com/read/the-last-interview-with-alexander-shulgin-423-v17n5 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305123959/http://www.vice.com/read/the-last-interview-with-alexander-shulgin-423-v17n5 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
===評價===
{{quote|亚历山大·舒尔金研究所的使命在於保護並繼承薩沙·舒尔金在生物化學領域的開創性工作——他奠定了[[生物化學]]與[[神經科學]]的基礎，為毒理學家、急診醫師、律師、化學家及其他科學工作者提供了支持，縮短了50年的現有研究進程。|舒爾金研究所{{lang|en|(Shulgin Research Institute)}}|shulginresearch.org}}
==衰弱與逝世==
舒爾金晚年多居住在位於加利福尼亚州[[拉斐特]]的農莊。2008年4月8日，82歲的舒爾金接受了一次[[主动脉瓣]]置換手術<ref>{{cite web |title=MAPS News 6/19/2008 |url=http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1610 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302181622/http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1610 |archivedate=2012-03-02 |accessdate=2015-02-08 }}</ref>。2010年11月16日，舒爾金中風復發<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychedelic Research - Sasha Shulgin |url=http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=125 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222021100/http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=125 |archivedate=2015-02-22 |accessdate=2015-02-08 }}</ref>。2010年末，一次皮膚移植術使他的左腳免於截肢。不幸的是，在此期間，舒爾金開始表現出[[阿爾茨海默症]]的早期症狀且伴隨著嚴重的短期記憶障礙。隨著舒爾金病情惡化，其妻子Ann Shulgin自2010年後開始變賣他們的家產以支付愈加高昂的護理費用。
2014年4月17日，Ann Shulgin在網路社交平台[[Facebook]]報告其丈夫已患有晚期[[肝癌]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boingboing.net/2014/06/01/psychedelic-hero-alexander-shu.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117222821/http://boingboing.net/2014/06/01/psychedelic-hero-alexander-shu.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2014年6月2日，舒爾金在家人及朋友的簇擁下於家中死去，享年88歲<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/06/03/318458639/alexander-shulgin-the-godfather-of-ecstasy-dies-at-88 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134857/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/06/03/318458639/alexander-shulgin-the-godfather-of-ecstasy-dies-at-88 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
==参考书目==
===相关书籍===
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Tania & |last2=Manning |first3=Paul |last3=Daley |title=[[The Shulgin Index Vol 1]]: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds|location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9630096-3-0 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Wendy |last2=Perry |title=The Simple Plant [[Isoquinoline]]s |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-9630096-2-1 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |chapter=A New Vocabulary |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Forte |title=Entheogens and the Future of Religion |location=Berkeley |publisher=Council on Spiritual Practices |year=1997 |isbn=1-889725-01-3 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |title=[[TIHKAL|TIHKAL: The Continuation]] |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-9630096-9-9 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |title=[[PIHKAL|PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story]] |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-9630096-0-5 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=0 |title=Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[Ronin Publishing]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-914171-50-X |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
===其他值得注意的出版物===
* 1960–1979. [http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/ Lab notebooks of Dr. Shulgin]
* 1963. "Psychotomimetic agents related to mescaline". Experientia 19: 127. 19
* 1963. "Composition of the myristicin fraction from oil of nutmeg". Nature 197: 379. 20
* 1963. "Concerning the pharmacology of nutmeg". Mind 1: 299-302. 23
* 1964. "3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine, a new psychotomimetic agent". Nature 201: 1120-1121. 29
* 1964. "Psychotomimetic amphetamines: methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines". Experientia 20: 366. 30
* 1964. with H. O. Kerlinger. "Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg". Naturwissenschaften 15: 360-361. 31
* 1965. "Synthesis of the trimethoxyphenylpropenes". Can. J. Chem. 43: 3437-3440. 43
* 1966. "Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature 210: 380-384. 45
* 1966. "The six trimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (trimethoxyamphetamines)". J. Med. Chem. 9: 445-446. 46
* 1966. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "Role of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in schizophrenia". Nature 212: 1606-1607. 48<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v212/n5070/abs/2121606a0.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202085203/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v212/n5070/abs/2121606a0.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 1967. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines". In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. U. S. Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202–214. Discussion: ibid. pp. 223–229. 49
* 1967. with T. Sargent. "Psychotropic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and [[dillapiole]]". Nature 215: 1494-1495. 50
* 1967. with Sargent, T. W., D. M. Israelstam, S. A. Landaw, and N. N. Finley. "A note concerning the fate of the 4-methoxyl group in 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 126-130. 52
* 1967. with Naranjo, C. and T. Sargent. "Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy". Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 359-364. 53
* 1968. "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine". J. Med. Chem. 11: 186-187. 54
* 1969. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Structure activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics". Nature 221: 537-541. 57
* 1969. "Recent developments in cannabis chemistry". J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58
* 1969. "Psychotomimetic agents related to the catecholamines". J. Psyched. Drugs 2(2): 12-26. 59
* 1970. "Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics". In D. H. Efron [ed.]. "Psychotomimetic Drugs". Raven Press, New York. Pp. 21–41. 60
* 1970. "The mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs; some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics". Neur. Res. Prog. Bull. 8: 72-78. 61
* 1970. "4-alkyl-dialkoxy-alpha-methyl-phenethylamines and their pharmacologically-acceptable salts". U. S. Patent 3,547,999, issued Dec. 15, 1970. 63
* 1971. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, a new centrally active amphetamine analog". Pharmacology 5: 103-107. 64
* 1971. "Chemistry and sources". In S. S. Epstein [ed]. "Drugs of abuse: their genetic and other chronic nonpsychiatric hazards". The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Pp 3–26. 65
* 1971. "Preliminary studies of the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of Delta1-THC". Acta Pharm. Suec. 8: 680-681. 66
* 1972. "Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis. In S. J. Mulé and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence". CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163–175. 67
* 1973. "Stereospecific requirements for hallucinogenesis". J. Pharm. Pharmac. 25: 271-272. 68
* 1973. "Mescaline: the chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs". Lloydia 36: 46-58. 69
* 1973. "The narcotic pepper - the chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species". Bull. Narc. 25: 59-1974. "Le poivre stupéfiant - chemie et pharmacologie du Piper methysticum et des espéces apparentées". Bull. Stupéfiants 25: 61-77. 70
* 1973. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA)". Pharmacology 10: 12-18. 71
* 1974. with Kalbhen, D. A., T. Sargent, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, N. Kusubov, and M. L. Nohr. "Human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br". IRCS (Int. Res. Comm. Sys.) 2: 1091. 73
* 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4-[77]Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-Br-DPIA)". J. Nucl. Med. 16: 243-245. 74
* 1975. with M. F. Carter. "Centrally active phenethylamines". Psychopharm. Commun. 1: 93-98. 75
* 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "In vivo human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br or [77]Br". Neuropharmacology 14: 165-174. 76
* 1975. "The chemical catalysis of altered states of consciousness. Altered states of consciousness, current views and research problems". The drug abuse council, Washington, D. C. Pp. 123–134. 77
* 1975. "Drug use and anti-drug legislation". The PharmChem Newsletter 4 (#8). 79
* 1975. with D. C. Dyer. "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines". J. Med. Chem. 18: 1201-1204. 80
* 1975. with C. Helisten. "Differentiation of PCP, TCP, and a contaminating precursor PCC, by thin layer chromatography". Microgram 8: 171-172. 81
* 1975. with Helisten, C. "The detection of 1-piperidinodydlohexanecarbonitrile contamination in illicit preparations of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine and 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine". J. Chrom. 117: 232-235. 82
* 1976. "Psychotomimetic agents". In M. Gordon [ed.] "Psychopharmacological agents", Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 59–146. 83
* 1976. "Abuse of the term 'amphetamines'". Clin. Tox. 9: 351-352. 84
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 1. DMT". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 167-168. 85
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 2. TMA-2". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 169. 86
* 1976. with D. E. MacLean. "Illicit synthesis of phencyclidine (PCP) and several of its analogs". Clin. Tox. 9: 553-560. 87
* 1976. with Nichols, D. E. "Sulfur analogs of psychotomimetic amines". J. Pharm. Sci. 65: 1554-1556. 89
* 1976. with Sargent, T. and N. Kusubov. "Quantitative measurement of demethylation of [14]C-methoxyl labeled DMPEA and TMA-2 in rats". Psychopharm. Commun. 2: 199-206. 90
* 1976. with Standridge, R. T., H. G. Howell, J. A. Gylys, R. A. Partyka. "Phenylalkylamines with potential psychotherapeutic utility. 1. 2-amino-1-(2,5,-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)butane". J. Med. Chem. 19: 1400-1404. 91
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 3. MMDA". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 331. 92
* 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 4. Harmaline". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 79-80. 93
* 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 5. STP". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 171-172. 94
* 1977. with Nichols, D. E., and D. C. Dyer. "Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives". Life Sciences 21: 569-576. 95
* 1977. with Jacob, P. III, G. Anderson III, C. K. Meshul, and N. Castagnoli Jr. "Mononethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)2-aminopropane". J. Med. Chem. 20: 1235-1239. 96
==視頻==
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== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}
==外部連結==
*[http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander.shtml Erowid's Alexander Shulgin Vault]
*[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/blg/index.html Ask Dr. Shulgin](an inactive Q&A blog)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927223441/http://www.vice.com/hamiltons-pharmacopeia/sihkal-shulgins-i-have-known-and-loved Sihkal: Shulgins I Have Known And Loved] "The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin" on vice.com
*[https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/alexander-theodore-shulgin-19252014/ Opendemocracy-亞歷山大·西奧多·舒爾金 (1925-2014) 傳奇化學家、迷幻冒險家和作家於2014年6月2日去世]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/03/alexander-shulgin 衛報-亞歷山大·舒爾金逝世訃告]
{| class="wikitable"
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> 亞歷山大·舒爾金 </p>
|-
|<center><img src="https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/assets/uploads/2014-uploads/_resampled/ScaleWidthWyIxMTAwIl0/sasha-shulgin.jpg" width="280" > </center>
<small>[https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/archive/august-2014/shulgin-godfather-of-ecstasy/ 圖片來自醫藥基金會] <br>
'''出生''' 1925年6月17日<br>
'''逝世''' 2014年6月2日<br>
'''母校''' [[哈佛大學]][[加州大學伯克利分校]]<br>
'''尊稱''' 迷幻药物教父<br>
'''知名於''' 美國藥物化學家<br>
'''專業領域''' 推進MDMA實用化，[[舒爾金評定量表]]<br>
'''研究領域''' 化學、心理學、精神哲學、生物學<br>
'''五個字題目''' 描述</small>
|}
</div>
'''亚历山大·“萨沙”·西奥多·舒尔金'''（{{lang-en|'''Alexander "Sasha" Theodore Shulgin'''}}；{{bd|1925年|6月17日|2014年|6月2日|catIdx=S}}）[[美国]]药物化学家、生物化学家、药理学家、精神药理学家、作家，曾於20世紀70年代末向心理學家推薦將[[MDMA]]用於治療[[精神疾病]]。舒爾金發現、合成、測定了多達230種的[[精神藥物]]，並對其在致幻或[[動情]]{{lang|en|(entactogenic)}}作用方面的潛力進行評估。<ref>[https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/archive/august-2014/shulgin-godfather-of-ecstasy/ 舒爾金被許多人稱為“狂喜教父”]，醫藥基金會，1 August 2014</ref>
1991年，舒尔金与他的妻子{{link-en|安·舒尔金|Ann Shulgin}}共同出版了《{{link-en|PiHKAL：化学的爱情故事|PiHKAL}}》（''PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story''）。1997年，又共同出版了《{{link-en|TiHKAL：延续|TiHKAL}}》（''TIHKAL: The Continuation''）。这两本书广泛描述了他们的研究工作和个人对[[精神药物]]的真实体验。舒尔金成功开创了对这类化合物的描述综合推理。他有一些显著的发现，包括了{{link-en|2C (迷幻药物)|2C (psychedelics)|2C*族}}化合物（例如[[2C-B]]）以及{{link-en|DOx|DOx|DOx族}}化合物（例如{{link-en|2,5-二甲氧基-4-甲基安非他命|2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM}}）。
由于他对{{link-en|精神暴露疗法|Psychedelic therapy|精神研究}}和[[藥物設計|推理性设计]][[致幻药物]]的开创性研究，他被称为“迷幻药物教父”。<ref>[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/talking-death-with-the-late-psychedelic-chemist-sasha-shulgin/ 與已故迷幻化學家 Sasha Shulgin 談論死亡]，博客.科學美國人，4 June 2014</ref>
==生活与事业==
舒爾金出生於[[加利福尼亞州]][[伯克利|伯克利郡]]<ref>Ancestry.com. California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005. Original data: State of California. California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref> ，其父為[[俄羅斯]]移民{{lang|en|Theodore Stevens Shulgin(1893–1978)}}<ref>Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref>，其母{{lang|en|Henrietta D. (Aten) Shulgin(1894–1960)}}則出生於[[伊利诺伊州]]<ref>Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940–1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TEE7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&dq=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CObWUvO5OITj2QWiqoC4Dg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA |title=Authors Biographical Monthly Service by Alberta Chamberlain Lawrence published by Golden Syndicate Publishing Company, 1952 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208135249/http://books.google.ca/books?id=TEE7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&dq=%22SHULGIN,+HENRIETTA+D.D.:+retired+teacher;%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CObWUvO5OITj2QWiqoC4Dg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA |dead-url=no }}</ref>，二者均在[[阿拉米達縣]]的一所公立學校擔任教師<ref>Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002. Year: 1930; Census Place: Berkeley, Alameda, California; Roll 111; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 320; File: 1029.0.</ref>。
在16時，舒爾金藉獎學金進入[[哈佛大學]][[有機化學]]系學習。1943年，舒爾金輟學並加入[[美國海軍]]，此亦為其後來對[[精神病学|精神藥學]]產生興趣的契機。
在海軍服役期間，舒爾金曾因拇指[[感染]]接受手術，於術前通過一杯果汁攝入了具有催眠效果的[[鎮靜劑]]。這一經歷令舒爾金認識到[[安慰劑]]對人類感知所產生的影響。<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
|first = Drake
|last = Bennett
|author =
|coauthors =
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html
|title = Dr. Ecstasy
|work = New York Times Magazine
|publisher = New York Times
|pages =
|page =
|date = 2005-01-30
|accessdate = 2006-07-08
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111117063356/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html
|archivedate = 2011-11-17
|deadurl = no
}}</ref>
從海軍退役後，舒爾金返回伯克利並於1954年被[[加州大学伯克利分校|加利福尼亞州立大學伯克利分校]]授予[[生物化學]]博士學位。1950年代末，舒爾金在[[加利福尼亞大學舊金山分校|加利福尼亞州立大學舊金山分校]]完成了[[精神病學]]與[[藥理學]]領域的博士後研究。舒爾金曾先後為{{tsl|en|Bio-Rad|Bio-Rad}}公司及[[陶氏化學]]{{lang|en|(Dow Chemical Company)}}公司工作，最終以高級研究員身份就職於陶氏化學<ref name="nyt" />。
在此期間，舒爾金經歷了一系列服用繼[[麥司卡林]]後的[[致幻劑|致幻藥物]]的體驗<ref name="lat">{{cite news
|first = Dennis
|last = Romero
|author =
|coauthors =
|url = http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_interview1.shtml
|title = Sasha Shulgin, Psychedelic Chemist
|work =
|publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
|pages =
|page =
|date = 1995-09-05
|accessdate = 2006-07-08
|archive-date = 2007-03-26
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070326004128/http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_interview1.shtml
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>，這為他確定下一步的研究目標奠定了基礎。“我首次於1950年代末服用麥司卡林，約有350mg~400mg。我意識到這種劑量有些大了。”<ref name="lat"/>
舒爾金隨後報導了他的感受<ref name="nyt"/>:
{{quotation|……这一天，最让我震撼的地方在于——那些記憶的重现仅仅来自一克白色固體的一小部分。……我明白了整个宇宙都存在于心灵和精神之中。我们可以选择不去接近它，甚至否认其存在，但是宇宙确实就在人心，并且存在能够催化它，使之更易接近的药物。}}
[[File:Zectran 2009 hanna jon.JPG|thumb|[[陶氏化學]]生產的含有[[茲克威]]的農藥;2009年7月29日攝於“農場”。]]
由於其個人的幻覺體驗，舒爾金的研究重心仍傾斜於[[精神藥學]]，但在此期間他無法做太多的自主研究。由於舒爾金發明了第一種[[可生物降解]]{{lang|en|(biodegradable)}}的氨基甲酸酯類殺蟲劑{{le|茲克威|Mexacarbate}}，陶氏為回報這一潛在利潤極高的專利而予以他極大的自主性，令其得以進行更進一步的研究。 在此期間，舒爾金應陶氏要求發明了一系列專利藥物，並將他在其他藥物上的發現發表於[[自然_(期刊)|自然]]{{lang|en|(Nature)}}、[[有機化學期刊]]{{lang|en|(Journal of Organic Chemistry)}}等刊物中。最終，陶氏要求舒爾金不得再以公司名義出版其作品<ref name="nyt" />。
1966年底，為了追求自己的興趣，舒爾金從陶氏化學辭職。在[[加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校|加州大学旧金山分校医學院]]，舒爾金為一個諮詢項目工作了兩年兼修讀[[神經內科]]。他在其所擁有的土地上籌建了一個[[家庭實驗室]]{{lang|en|(home-based lab)}}（即“農場”），並成為了一名私人顧問。與此同時，舒爾金還為當地大學及[[舊金山總醫院]]({{lang|en|San Francisco General Hospital}})授課。通過藥品執法管理局{{lang|en|(Drug Enforcement Administration,DEA)}}西部實驗室主管{{lang|en|Bob Sager}}的引薦，舒爾金與DEA建立了聯繫，開始為DEA特工召開[[藥理學]]講座、向DEA提供各種化合物之樣品，偶爾也作為見證專家出席[[法庭]]。1988年，舒爾金針對管制藥物出版了一本簡明的執法參考用書<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Shulgin
| first = Alexander
| title = Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws
| publisher = Ronin Publishing
| year = 1988
| isbn = 0-914171-50-X }}
</ref>，並因此獲得DEA所頒發的數個獎項<ref name=nyt/>
。
==獨立研究==
為了研究精神藥物，舒爾金從DEA取得了分析實驗室資格並因此得到[[藥物管制條例]]{{lang|en|(Controlled Substances Act)}}的豁免許可，這允許他製備與持有任何並不違法的藥物。舒爾金在住所後面的一個小型建築物中建立了一個實驗室，憑藉職權合成並試驗了部分潛在精神藥物的效果。
1976年，一名曾受舒爾金推薦、就讀於[[舊金山州立大學]][[藥用化學]]系的學生向舒爾金介紹了MDMA<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Ethan|title=Professor X|url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.09/professorx.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|website=http://archive.wired.com|publisher=Wired|accessdate=4 January 2015|date=September 2002|archive-date=2015-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625015832/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.09/professorx.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|dead-url=no}}</ref>。該化合物由[[默克藥廠]]於1912年合成並作為醫藥中間體取得專利藉以壓制競爭對手，但其自身作用未曾被探明。舒爾金為MDMA設計出了一條新的合成路線，並在1976年使加利福尼亞州奧克蘭市的一名心理學家{{le|Leo Zeff|Leo Zeff}}得知此藥物。Leo Zeff將小劑量的MDMA用於[[談話療法]]的輔助治療，隨後向數以百計的心理學家及全國的業餘治療師推薦MDMA，其中包括舒爾金後來的配偶{{le|Ann Shulgin|Ann Shulgin}}——她與舒爾金於1979年相遇並在兩年後與他結婚<ref name="nyt" />。
經過自我試驗後，舒爾金聚集起一個由自1960年後常試用其發明的友人組成的小型群體；他們發展出了一個通過以特定詞彙描述視覺、聽覺及觸覺感受來為各種藥物分級的系統化方案，即{{le|舒爾金評定量表|Shulgin Rating Scale}}。舒爾金私下試驗了以[[苯乙胺]]（包括[[MDMA]]、[[麥司卡林]]及{{tsl|en|2C*_family|2C*族}}）類和[[色胺]]類（包括[[DMT]]、[[脫磷酸裸蓋菇素]]及[[LSD]]）為主的上百種藥物，通過些微的化學改變，它們似乎可以衍生出無數有著不同效果（包括令人愉快或不愉快）的共系物，具體表現取決於個人狀況、物質與情境——這些都被精心記載於舒爾金的實驗室記錄中<ref name="nyt" />。
1994年，當{{le|PiHKAL|PiHKAL}}出版兩年後，DEA突擊了舒爾金的實驗室，並因其他方寄給他的不明物質而處以其金額為$25,000的罰款。相關機構{{who}}則以違反協議為由要求舒爾金交還許可證。在{{lang|en|PiHKAL}}出版前的15年中，兩次有計劃的公開搜查均未發現其存在任何違規之處<ref>{{cite web
| title = DEA Raid of Shulgin's Laboratory
| publisher = [[Erowid]]
| date = 2004-01-08
| url = http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_raid.shtml
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-07-08
| archive-date = 2007-03-26
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070326003950/http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_raid.shtml
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>。
在於2010年出現健康問題前，舒爾金主要致力於[[N-二烯丙基色胺]]系列（包括{{le|5-MeO-DALT|5-MeO-DALT}}與[[5-MeO-MALT]]）化合物的研究<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Magazine – The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin |url=http://www.vice.com/read/the-last-interview-with-alexander-shulgin-423-v17n5 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305123959/http://www.vice.com/read/the-last-interview-with-alexander-shulgin-423-v17n5 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
===評價===
{{quote|亚历山大·舒尔金研究所的使命在於保護並繼承薩沙·舒尔金在生物化學領域的開創性工作——他奠定了[[生物化學]]與[[神經科學]]的基礎，為毒理學家、急診醫師、律師、化學家及其他科學工作者提供了支持，縮短了50年的現有研究進程。|舒爾金研究所{{lang|en|(Shulgin Research Institute)}}|shulginresearch.org}}
==衰弱與逝世==
舒爾金晚年多居住在位於加利福尼亚州[[拉斐特]]的農莊。2008年4月8日，82歲的舒爾金接受了一次[[主动脉瓣]]置換手術<ref>{{cite web |title=MAPS News 6/19/2008 |url=http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1610 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302181622/http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1610 |archivedate=2012-03-02 |accessdate=2015-02-08 }}</ref>。2010年11月16日，舒爾金中風復發<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychedelic Research - Sasha Shulgin |url=http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=125 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222021100/http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=125 |archivedate=2015-02-22 |accessdate=2015-02-08 }}</ref>。2010年末，一次皮膚移植術使他的左腳免於截肢。不幸的是，在此期間，舒爾金開始表現出[[阿爾茨海默症]]的早期症狀且伴隨著嚴重的短期記憶障礙。隨著舒爾金病情惡化，其妻子Ann Shulgin自2010年後開始變賣他們的家產以支付愈加高昂的護理費用。
2014年4月17日，Ann Shulgin在網路社交平台[[Facebook]]報告其丈夫已患有晚期[[肝癌]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boingboing.net/2014/06/01/psychedelic-hero-alexander-shu.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117222821/http://boingboing.net/2014/06/01/psychedelic-hero-alexander-shu.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2014年6月2日，舒爾金在家人及朋友的簇擁下於家中死去，享年88歲<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/06/03/318458639/alexander-shulgin-the-godfather-of-ecstasy-dies-at-88 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134857/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/06/03/318458639/alexander-shulgin-the-godfather-of-ecstasy-dies-at-88 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
==参考书目==
===相关书籍===
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Tania & |last2=Manning |first3=Paul |last3=Daley |title=[[The Shulgin Index Vol 1]]: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds|location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9630096-3-0 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Wendy |last2=Perry |title=The Simple Plant [[Isoquinoline]]s |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-9630096-2-1 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |chapter=A New Vocabulary |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Forte |title=Entheogens and the Future of Religion |location=Berkeley |publisher=Council on Spiritual Practices |year=1997 |isbn=1-889725-01-3 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |title=[[TIHKAL|TIHKAL: The Continuation]] |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-9630096-9-9 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=with |first2=Ann |last2=Shulgin |title=[[PIHKAL|PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story]] |location=Berkeley |publisher=Transform Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-9630096-0-5 |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Shulgin |first=Alexander |authormask=0 |title=Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[Ronin Publishing]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-914171-50-X |postscript=<!--None--> }}.
===其他值得注意的出版物===
* 1960–1979. [http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/ Lab notebooks of Dr. Shulgin]
* 1963. "Psychotomimetic agents related to mescaline". Experientia 19: 127. 19
* 1963. "Composition of the myristicin fraction from oil of nutmeg". Nature 197: 379. 20
* 1963. "Concerning the pharmacology of nutmeg". Mind 1: 299-302. 23
* 1964. "3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine, a new psychotomimetic agent". Nature 201: 1120-1121. 29
* 1964. "Psychotomimetic amphetamines: methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines". Experientia 20: 366. 30
* 1964. with H. O. Kerlinger. "Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg". Naturwissenschaften 15: 360-361. 31
* 1965. "Synthesis of the trimethoxyphenylpropenes". Can. J. Chem. 43: 3437-3440. 43
* 1966. "Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature 210: 380-384. 45
* 1966. "The six trimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (trimethoxyamphetamines)". J. Med. Chem. 9: 445-446. 46
* 1966. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "Role of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in schizophrenia". Nature 212: 1606-1607. 48<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v212/n5070/abs/2121606a0.html |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-02-08 |archive-date=2015-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202085203/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v212/n5070/abs/2121606a0.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 1967. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines". In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. U. S. Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202–214. Discussion: ibid. pp. 223–229. 49
* 1967. with T. Sargent. "Psychotropic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and [[dillapiole]]". Nature 215: 1494-1495. 50
* 1967. with Sargent, T. W., D. M. Israelstam, S. A. Landaw, and N. N. Finley. "A note concerning the fate of the 4-methoxyl group in 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 126-130. 52
* 1967. with Naranjo, C. and T. Sargent. "Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy". Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 359-364. 53
* 1968. "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine". J. Med. Chem. 11: 186-187. 54
* 1969. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Structure activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics". Nature 221: 537-541. 57
* 1969. "Recent developments in cannabis chemistry". J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58
* 1969. "Psychotomimetic agents related to the catecholamines". J. Psyched. Drugs 2(2): 12-26. 59
* 1970. "Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics". In D. H. Efron [ed.]. "Psychotomimetic Drugs". Raven Press, New York. Pp. 21–41. 60
* 1970. "The mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs; some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics". Neur. Res. Prog. Bull. 8: 72-78. 61
* 1970. "4-alkyl-dialkoxy-alpha-methyl-phenethylamines and their pharmacologically-acceptable salts". U. S. Patent 3,547,999, issued Dec. 15, 1970. 63
* 1971. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, a new centrally active amphetamine analog". Pharmacology 5: 103-107. 64
* 1971. "Chemistry and sources". In S. S. Epstein [ed]. "Drugs of abuse: their genetic and other chronic nonpsychiatric hazards". The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Pp 3–26. 65
* 1971. "Preliminary studies of the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of Delta1-THC". Acta Pharm. Suec. 8: 680-681. 66
* 1972. "Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis. In S. J. Mulé and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence". CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163–175. 67
* 1973. "Stereospecific requirements for hallucinogenesis". J. Pharm. Pharmac. 25: 271-272. 68
* 1973. "Mescaline: the chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs". Lloydia 36: 46-58. 69
* 1973. "The narcotic pepper - the chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species". Bull. Narc. 25: 59-1974. "Le poivre stupéfiant - chemie et pharmacologie du Piper methysticum et des espéces apparentées". Bull. Stupéfiants 25: 61-77. 70
* 1973. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA)". Pharmacology 10: 12-18. 71
* 1974. with Kalbhen, D. A., T. Sargent, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, N. Kusubov, and M. L. Nohr. "Human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br". IRCS (Int. Res. Comm. Sys.) 2: 1091. 73
* 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4-[77]Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-Br-DPIA)". J. Nucl. Med. 16: 243-245. 74
* 1975. with M. F. Carter. "Centrally active phenethylamines". Psychopharm. Commun. 1: 93-98. 75
* 1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "In vivo human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br or [77]Br". Neuropharmacology 14: 165-174. 76
* 1975. "The chemical catalysis of altered states of consciousness. Altered states of consciousness, current views and research problems". The drug abuse council, Washington, D. C. Pp. 123–134. 77
* 1975. "Drug use and anti-drug legislation". The PharmChem Newsletter 4 (#8). 79
* 1975. with D. C. Dyer. "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines". J. Med. Chem. 18: 1201-1204. 80
* 1975. with C. Helisten. "Differentiation of PCP, TCP, and a contaminating precursor PCC, by thin layer chromatography". Microgram 8: 171-172. 81
* 1975. with Helisten, C. "The detection of 1-piperidinodydlohexanecarbonitrile contamination in illicit preparations of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine and 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine". J. Chrom. 117: 232-235. 82
* 1976. "Psychotomimetic agents". In M. Gordon [ed.] "Psychopharmacological agents", Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 59–146. 83
* 1976. "Abuse of the term 'amphetamines'". Clin. Tox. 9: 351-352. 84
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 1. DMT". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 167-168. 85
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 2. TMA-2". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 169. 86
* 1976. with D. E. MacLean. "Illicit synthesis of phencyclidine (PCP) and several of its analogs". Clin. Tox. 9: 553-560. 87
* 1976. with Nichols, D. E. "Sulfur analogs of psychotomimetic amines". J. Pharm. Sci. 65: 1554-1556. 89
* 1976. with Sargent, T. and N. Kusubov. "Quantitative measurement of demethylation of [14]C-methoxyl labeled DMPEA and TMA-2 in rats". Psychopharm. Commun. 2: 199-206. 90
* 1976. with Standridge, R. T., H. G. Howell, J. A. Gylys, R. A. Partyka. "Phenylalkylamines with potential psychotherapeutic utility. 1. 2-amino-1-(2,5,-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)butane". J. Med. Chem. 19: 1400-1404. 91
* 1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 3. MMDA". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 331. 92
* 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 4. Harmaline". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 79-80. 93
* 1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 5. STP". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 171-172. 94
* 1977. with Nichols, D. E., and D. C. Dyer. "Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives". Life Sciences 21: 569-576. 95
* 1977. with Jacob, P. III, G. Anderson III, C. K. Meshul, and N. Castagnoli Jr. "Mononethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)2-aminopropane". J. Med. Chem. 20: 1235-1239. 96
==視頻==
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== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}
==外部連結==
*[http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander.shtml Erowid's Alexander Shulgin Vault]
*[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/blg/index.html Ask Dr. Shulgin](an inactive Q&A blog)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927223441/http://www.vice.com/hamiltons-pharmacopeia/sihkal-shulgins-i-have-known-and-loved Sihkal: Shulgins I Have Known And Loved] "The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin" on vice.com
*[https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/alexander-theodore-shulgin-19252014/ Opendemocracy-亞歷山大·西奧多·舒爾金 (1925-2014) 傳奇化學家、迷幻冒險家和作家於2014年6月2日去世]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/03/alexander-shulgin 衛報-亞歷山大·舒爾金逝世訃告]