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雨树
,無編輯摘要
该种生长迅速,[[枝叶]]繁茂,可为园庭绿化树种。[[果味]]甜多汁,[[牛]]喜食之;在[[南美]]及[[西印度]]群岛常植作收场荫蔽树和饲料树。幼树木材松软,老树材质坚硬,可做车轮。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/10883234/3069o5hp-kf6Dq7LcUnMLiqg_1Y4WfgCSDkPdHlZDZdwnK26ZBZfSA0hFYy-TIJMlap7RxpTozz8WgKeaXC-pDucdh4N-vnKCkIo6xE | .植物智,引用日期2019-12-19] </ref>
[[File:雨树16.jpg|缩略图|左|雨树[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&hs=2&pn=47&spn=0&di=880&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=916147055%2C1410227161&os=3278896%2C2641310560&simid=3387726403%2C331577222&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fs5.sinaimg.cn%2Fmw690%2F0060RCn9gy6X2CeOr3ud4%26690&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fks52_z%26e3Bftgw_z%26e3Bv54_z%26e3BvgAzdH3FfAzdH3Fks52_89bmc09vka8adezvr_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=1e&islist=&querylist= 原图链接]]]
==形态特征==
[[花玫瑰]][[红色]],组成[[单生]]或[[簇生]]、直径5-6厘米的头状花序,生于[[叶腋]];总[[花梗]]长5-9厘米;[[花萼]]长6毫米;[[花冠]]长12毫米;雄蕊20枚,长5厘米。[[荚果]]长圆形,长10-20厘米,宽1.2-2.5厘米,[[直]]或[[稍弯]],[[不裂]],[[无柄]],通常[[扁压]],边缘增[[厚]],在[[黑色]]的缝线上有[[淡色]]的条纹;[[果瓣]]厚,[[绿色]],[[肉质]],成熟时变成近[[木质]],[[黑色]];种子约25颗,埋于[[果瓤]]中。花期8-9月。
[[File:雨树8.jpg|缩略图|雨树[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&hs=2&pn=7&spn=0&di=110&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=1342755584%2C4203781906&os=3368342122%2C1319148745&simid=3378001404%2C223520770&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fs8.sinaimg.cn%2Fmw690%2F5dcba027gd1167da22287%26690&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Frwt-iwg2-kwg2_z%26e3BvgAzdH3Ftv-8889bcl8b8la0dm8bll_z%26e3Bip4&gsm=4&islist=&querylist= 原图链接]]]
==生长环境==
雨树为[[热带]]和[[南亚]][[热带]][[季雨]]林树种。性喜光[[湿热]]、[[耐旱]]、[[耐瘠薄]],[[粗生]]、速生树种之一。对于土壤要求不严格,但[[土壤]][[肥沃]]、[[湿润]]、[[[疏松]]、土层深厚、排水良好的[[丘陵]]和[[平缓坡地]]生长较快。在[[瘠薄]]、[[石砾]]、黏土板结地生长缓慢、[[干]]形较差、主[[干]]短、生势较差。
==分布范围==
===采种===
[[荚果]]由[[青色]]转变呈[[棕]]色至[[黑褐色]]时为成熟。成熟的[[果实]]长时间挂在树枝上,由于风吹日晒,[[种子]]自然脱落,可在树下收集。收集后放置在阳光下暴晒,当[[果荚]][[干]]而[[脆]]后,用[[木棍]]敲打,[[种子]]脱出,扬净杂质即得[[种子]]。千粒重233克。一般将种子置于通风干燥阴凉处,可贮藏1年以上,用低温贮藏可以保持数年。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/10883234/7477CftWuTucyGiEqeK01JYeigb5BlAdAvSKNOFsdO5LU36LjG4R2kB_7sYYFKyDgXm8uymcERiHV1t9ehu6ZBYzZxrIXvEZjnNIsjLm86495bIfgIFhHLB6ms_T4s6pd9YxTB8d4yuQlcHcuxoEaY_nBA | .中国自然标本馆[,引用日期2019-01-18] </ref> [[File:雨树10.jpg|缩略图|雨树[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&hs=2&pn=15&spn=0&di=2970&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=506016114%2C2606641499&os=4217291391%2C2038980949&simid=4251967986%2C684355548&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fs9.sinaimg.cn%2Fmw690%2F001Qh0Clzy6HqNM12m438%26690&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fks52_z%26e3Bftgw_z%26e3Bv54_z%26e3BvgAzdH3FfAzdH3Fks52_mna9vulma8a81nou_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=8&islist=&querylist= 原图链接]]]
===播种===
[[苗圃]]地宜选择在土壤结构好、疏松、排灌方便且阳光充足的地方。起畦作床,要求床面平整。播种前必须进行种子催芽处理,用2倍于种子体积的90℃热水浸种24小时(自然冷却)后,将种子洗净晾干,撤播在苗床上,用小木板将种子压入土中,覆土0.5-0.8厘米,盖稻草或用遮光网搭荫棚遮光,以保持床面湿润,每天早、晚淋水1次。约6大左右开始发芽出土。出苗达1/3强时揭开稻草,发芽率达90%以上。
[[File:雨树11.jpg|缩略图|雨树[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&hs=2&pn=24&spn=0&di=5720&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=2566053522%2C3450687393&os=3024721816%2C566371324&simid=3355906096%2C114978730&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fgss0.baidu.com%2F-4o3dSag_xI4khGko9WTAnF6hhy%2Fzhidao%2Fwh%3D450%2C600%2Fsign%3D2652e3d6cf95d143da23ec2746c0ae34%2Fdc54564e9258d109d72ba667d658ccbf6d814d1e.jpg&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fzit1w5_z%26e3Bkwt17_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fq7jfpt5gAzdH3F8ma0l8a8lbbcaama0a0_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=8&islist=&querylist= 原图链接]]]
用芽苗移入营养杯栽培,分床栽培则以20厘米×20厘米株行距为宜。移植后中午至下午3点要遮荫,约6天苗木恢复生长后可不再遮荫,每天早、晚淋水1次。以后按照苗圃常规加强管理措施,3个月苗高达40厘米,半年苗高达80-100厘米,可以出圃栽种。 [2]
==栽培技术==
===抚育===
幼苗栽种后要加强抚育管理措施,3个月后进行穴状除[[草]]、[[松土]]、[[扩穴]]、施复合肥1次,每株约50克。在3年内,每年抚育砍杂灌,穴状除草、松土、施肥、修枝整形等2-3次,以后仍要坚持每年抚育管理1次,特别要注意清除藤蔓的缠绕,以培养优良干形。 [[File:雨树14.jpg|缩略图|雨树[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&hs=2&pn=46&spn=0&di=53460&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=488826196%2C1370014584&os=1230979580%2C797587144&simid=3472836834%2C299578743&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbnails.trvl-media.com%2FmzgX9cpolFen-XuP8P2lssiNhdI%3D%2F773x530%2Ffilters%3Aquality(60)%2Fimages.trvl-media.com%2Fhotels%2F17000000%2F16010000%2F16001300%2F16001277%2F9a158d18_z.jpg&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fzi_z%26e3Bi5pjsf_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fi5mddl9aAzdH3Fy7-fi7-17-3tw-v7g-kjt-kt-u7-pwt-275AzdH3F%3F6uu6t1%3Dwuu_z%26e3Biv54_z%26e3BHK_z%26e3Banc_z%26e3Baan_z%26e3Bvitgjfjwg_z%26e3Bwrwvvw4rwt2g_z%26e3B8ld0l_z%26e3BGE&gsm=1e&islist=&querylist=y 原图链接]]]
==病虫防害==
苗期有[[蚜虫]]、[[夜蛾类]]等危害嫩枝[[叶]]及[[顶芽]],用50%辛硫磷1000-1500倍液,20%速灭杀丁乳油2000-3000倍液喷洒。针对白粉病、立枯病等病害,可用50%托布津可湿性粉剂500倍液或70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液喷洒。 [2]
==主要价值==
雨树粗生、速生、耐[[干旱]]、耐[[瘠薄]]、适应性广,[[树姿]]优美,[[树冠]]扩展。[[材质]]优良,适作为用材和造纸材的速生丰产林树种发展。也是香草兰、咖啡、可可、胡椒及肉豆蔻等热带经济作物的遮荫树种和紫胶虫寄主树种。 [2]
木材散孔材,纹理略直.结构细致,边材[[灰白]]色,不耐腐,易被[[虫蛀]]。心材[[褐色]],[[耐腐]]、[[轻软]]、切面平滑有光泽,干燥后不翘不裂;木材必须经过防虫防腐处理供制家具、雕刻、门、窗、箱板等用材。果作饲料,叶作绿肥,果肉含有糖分,可制酒精。
[[File:雨树13.gif|缩略图|雨树[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E9%9B%A8%E6%A0%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&hs=0&pn=35&spn=0&di=93720&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=2303596254%2C2122342594&os=491984890%2C3737155507&simid=3368746066%2C228452557&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1036&fr=&fmq=1590042386332_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimgsrc.baidu.com%2Fbaike%2Fpic%2Fitem%2Ffaf2b2119313b07e4666bcb60dd7912396dd8cb1.jpg&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fowrthg5o_z%26e3Bkwt17_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Ftg1jx%3F7t1%3D9nFEnBl9ACcb98naEEl0aEB0bDAE9lnb%26k1_rw2j_pyrj%3D8%26u654%3Dt42%26fp%3D8%26fpjr%3Dm%26gjp%3Dn%26o561%3D%25El%25l0%25bm%25En%25b9%25Am%25E0%25bb%25Bd%26u6%3Dkwthj&gsm=1b&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
==植物文化==
雨树,顾名思义,就是能够落雨的树。这种树的叶子长约40厘米,晚上卷成小团,把水汽凝结在里面,一夜间可饱吸0.5-1千克的水,待第二天太阳出现后,叶子便慢慢展开,常常会把水滴洒在路人身上,不知情者还以为是下雨呢。雨树在中国西双版纳地区也有生长,不过的“雨”要少些。 <ref>[潘秀英编著.地球奇观 神秘的地球之旅[M],安徽美术出版社,2014.06,第171页]</ref>
==视频==
==参考文献==
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