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黑暗的心檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史

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內容簡介

《黑暗的心》是康拉德以其1890年剛果之行為基礎寫的中篇小說,是本世紀*深刻有力的小說之一,被譽為英國文學史上首部真正意義上的現代主義小說,在這部作品中作者對人類文明以及人性這一主題作了深刻的思考。

作者簡介

約瑟夫•康拉德(1857-1924),英國作家,1857年生于波蘭,有二十餘年的海上生涯,曾航行世界各地,積累了豐富的海上生活經驗。康拉德最擅長寫海洋冒險小說,有「海洋小說大師」之稱。1886年加入英國籍。一共寫了13部長篇小說、28篇短篇小說和2篇回憶錄,代表作有《水仙號上的黑水手》《吉姆爺》《諾斯特羅莫》《間諜》《黑暗的心》(後來被改編成電影《現代啟示錄》)等。

原文摘錄

「The earth seemed unearthly. We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there—there you could look at a thing monstrous and free. It was unearthly, and the men were—No, they were not inhuman. Well, you know, that was the worst of it—this suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces; but what thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity—like yours—the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough; but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you—you so remote f... 」[...]我覺得我似乎在給你們描述一個夢——白費力氣,因為不管我怎樣敘述,都不可能表達出這個夢的感覺,那種荒謬、奇怪、困惑在一種掙扎反抗的顫抖中融成一體,那種認為夢的本質不可信的念頭……「 他沉默了一會兒。 「……不,這不可能;要想把人的一生中某個特定時期對生命的感覺——那構成生命的真實性、生命意義的東西——它那微妙兒又貫穿一切的本質,要想把這表達出來是不可能的,不可能。生活中的我們正如夢境中的我們一樣都是孤獨的……」

書評

Heart of Darkness]是第一人稱敘事,很口語化。一個海員到非洲剛果一個貿易公司去做跑船,帶領一群人開着破船去河流的上游找一個神奇的同事,一個非常有能力的連土著人都佩服他的 kurtz 先生。他們費勁力氣找到先生後卻發現他完全不是想象中的樣子,而是做了土著人的神,壓根不想回公司把自己找到的很多象牙交出去,那位先生是個(天才)瘋子。瘋子先生病死了他們則返回了河口。所謂「黑暗之心」說的就是非洲黑暗的叢林和比叢林更黑暗的人心,無須贅述。而這本書和[Lord Jim]之所以那麼出名,除了Lord Jim的寫作手法和資本主義的殖民問題,最吸引人的地方當然還是其航海主題。[Heart of Darkness]比較不純粹是航海,不過也穿插着各種對海的感想。


當年羅馬士兵開船去英國,「 lose in wilderness..have been dying like flies.」 正如英國人兩千年後開拓非洲大陸。 「going up that river was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings. An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable. The air was warm, thick, heavy, sluggish. There was no joy in the brilliance of sunshine.」 同樣的所謂 civilized man開拓蠻荒,有時沿着 a mighty big river, 迷失在叢林裡死去。殖民者很可憐,混的好誰去追求危險的富貴呢。

「Land in a swamp, march through the woods, and in some inland post feel the savagery, the utter savagery, the utter savagery, had closed round him—all that mysterious life of the wilderness that stirs in the forest, in the jungles, in the hearts of wild men. He has to live in the midst of the incomprehensible, which is also detestable. And it has a fascination, too, that goes to work upon him. The fascination of the abomination—you know, imagine the growing regrets, the longing to escape, the powerless disgust, the surrender, the hate.」

全書籠罩着黑色不詳的氣氛。在這樣的氣氛中生活如噩夢般不真實卻被迫相信着。「 we live, as we dream, alone」。書中的尋找 kurtz先生也失去了原先的意義, 「I can』t forget him, though I am not prepared to affirm the fellow was exactly worth the life we lost in getting to him.」 Kurtz 先生找象牙好像也沒啥實際意義,如果運不出去。


除了敘述者是中性人物,沒有一個好人,包括叢林裡的 kurtz先生。儘管他的天才並不討厭。全書讓我有興趣的是兩點,第一是叢林裡的先生,為什麼他是這樣 ,這個問題涉及到非洲貿易公司各種可鄙的愚笨的人和天才先生的反差,儘管所有人都有着黑暗的心;第二是(康拉德被人批評的)所謂對黑人或黑奴的歧視( 「While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all fours towards the river to drink.」 「well, you know, that was the worst of it—this suspicion of their not being inhuman.」 ),如果不那麼描述的話,怎麼表述 --如何對待落後民族。第二個問題涉及到殖民的所謂工作是賺錢 (「to make money, of course. What do you think?」 he said, scornfully.」「the only real feeling was a desire to get appointed to a trading-post where ivory was to be had, so that they could earn percentages) 還是開化落後民族 .

康拉德把剛果叢林描述為黑暗的(魔法)森林,住着人一樣的原始生物。和童話中擅闖此地的人一樣,殖民者利慾薰心而猥瑣膽小,唯一兩個例外是 kurtz先生和敘述者,一個利慾薰心卻精神強大的馴服了土著並且讓他們具備了「攻擊」的能力(所以他並不算是守財奴的墮落),敘述者也許不是故事中真實存在的人物,而是一隻眼睛。整個故事真的很黑色童話。一個正直的騎士進入黑森林變墮落,或者乾脆變成了魔王,用象牙誘惑貪婪的人類,當他們受盡折磨找來時他卻死去了;或者說貪婪的人為了象牙進入森林卻被下了咒語,墮落成財寶的奴隸了等等。

之所以覺得是童話是因為我尚無法接受他的瘋狂僅僅是因為貪婪和為錢的不擇手段。不如說是因為他在歐洲不得志而來處女地開疆擴土,卻被愚蠢的貿易公司和陌生的叢林整垮了。但是這個答案聽起來也不好。

對於 kurz, 書里是這麼說的,「 All Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz; and by and by I learned that, most appropriately, the international society for the suppression of savage customs had entrusted him with the making of a report for its future guidance. And he had written it, too…..but this must have been before his—let us say—nerves, went wrong. Kurtz 自己的攻略是, 「the white must necessarily appear to them[savages] in the nature of supernatural beings—we approach them with the might as of a deity.」 他成功了。這麼看他確實可以作為貪婪野心殖民者的極致,代表他們強力的一面,對比於其他殖民者的無力的一面。可是 「I went a little farther, then till a little farther, till I had gone so far that I don』t know how I』ll ever get back.」 不敢說這一定是對英國殖民 pointlessness的質疑,或者作者只是覺得人只會被環境改變,而不是相反。作者覺得這是一種悲哀或許,無論如何一群可憐人為了追求一些東西,傷害了自己和別人,最後也不是想要的結果。

除了kurtz先生,船上其他的人當然也擁有黑暗之心,不過平庸些罷了。 The banality of evil. 對這種 evil敘述者說了兩點,第一是說謊「 you know I hate, detest, and can』t bear a lie. Not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appals me. There is a taint of death, a flavour of mortality in lies—which is exactly I have and detest in the world—what I want to forget.」 說謊和死亡連在一起。第二點是人在困境中表達出的惡劣品質。 Lack of restraint from lingering starvation. 「catch』im….eat』im!」 「Say! We must have made a glorious slaughter of them in the bush, Eh? What do you think? Say?」 平凡人的屠殺並不建立在野心引起的恨上,甚至可以說野心本身是不導致恨的。平凡人因為害怕而恨,是自衛,但是自衛聽起來很不霸氣。

當然也可以說叢林就是一棵巨大的黑暗之心,煉獄,大怪獸,etc.哈哈哈


康拉德對土著的描寫杜絕了很多讀者同情的可能性,如果真的接受他的描寫的話。與其說土著是一個文化或者社會,不如說他們是剛果叢林的生物,至少那個時代人的定義尚且爭議,他們除了體型和最基本的思維別的也不大像人。和印第安土著不一樣,(至少在書里)他們的心是空的,眼神也是空的,對陌生有本能的害怕,沒有攻擊性的弱小的不文明生物。 「the action was very far from being aggressive—it was not even defensive, in the usual sense; it was undertaken under the stress of desperation, and in its essence was purely protective.」 所謂他們的宗教也許在西方人的眼裡簡單的不成宗教,只是莫名其妙。可怕的是森林,卻不是森林裡的人。人並不是剛果森林的萬物之靈而是之一。沒有老虎可怕。他們的作用只是讓人困惑他們到底是人不是。 「We penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. It was very quiet there. At night sometimes the roll of drums behind the curtain of trees would run up the river and remain sustained faintly, as if hovering in the air high over our heads, till the first break of day. 」 「an irresistible impression of sorrow.」

雖然文化在不同的環境中會有不同的發展和局限,不可否認文化本身有強大弱小之別,不管是侵略性,連續性,還是統一性或者規模大小。而歐洲文化在任何一個方面都可以輕易的剷除非洲文化(至少在書里來說),如果是這樣的話文明之間的歧視,文明人對不文明人的歧視,至少是有理由的。在充分了解非洲文化的價值前,奴役也很正常。從社會制度來說,就算歐洲人也會覺得自己三千年前的原始社會很低等,那麼認為一個外族原始社會低等也不算歧視吧。歐洲人對殖民地確實是掠奪性的,和他們的文化一樣,談不上教化。不過如果連互相理解都不能也很難教化吧。這點非洲和美洲是有區別的。再者,就算現在全世界都承認非洲人的地位了,他們的生活比一百年前又好了多少?所以願望和行為效果真的沒啥直接關係。雖然社會達爾文主義聽起來滿殘忍,但文化確實是互相侵吞的。是否可以這麼說,一個人對待其他(低等)文化的態度取決於他自己的文化種類。當然什麼文化稱得上低等也是一個爭議話題。不得不說現在這樣的文化越來越少了。 [1]

參考文獻