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美鐵

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'''國家鐵路客運公司'''({{lang-en|'''National Railroad Passenger Corporation'''}}),公司[[商標]]和常用 稱呼'''Amtrak''',中文簡稱'''美國國鐵'''或'''美鐵''',是[[美國]]經營長途和城際[[鐵路]][[客運]]的營利性公司<ref>{{cite web|last=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|title=Foreward|url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/677/158/2011-Amtrak-Annual-Report-Final.pdf|work=Annual Report Fiscal Year 2011|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|accessdate=2012-07-30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901000000/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/677/158/2011-Amtrak-Annual-Report-Final.pdf|archivedate=2012-09-01}}</ref>,創立於1971年5月1日。其商標「'''Amtrak'''」是由英文「美國」(America)和「鐵軌」(track)組成的[[混成詞]]<ref name="web-amtrak1">{{cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/Title_Image_Copy_Page&c=am2Copy&cid=1081442674300&ssid=542 |title=Amtrak National Facts |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Amtrak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120101132/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2Fam2Copy%2FTitle_Image_Copy_Page&c=am2Copy&cid=1081442674300&ssid=542 |archivedate=2008-01-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。總部位於[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区|華盛頓]][[聯合車站 (華盛頓特區)|聯合車站]]。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/DC08.pdf|title=Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2008 District of Columbia|publisher=Amtrak Government Affairs|accessdate=2011-08-27|date=November 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172431/http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/DC08.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-06}}</ref>
美鐵依據《1970年美國鐵路客運服務法案》(Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970)建立<ref>{{cite web|last=91st Congress of the United States of America|title=Section 301: Creation of the Corporation|url=http://history.amtrak.com/archives/rail-passenger-service-act-of-1970|work=Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970|publisher=United States Government|accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref>。其所有的優先權股份都由美國聯邦政府所有,並接受政府投資以維持公司運轉。公司的運作模式為準政府機構,董事會成員皆由總統提名經參議院同意而任命。部份普通股份由美國其他私營鐵路公司在1971年美國國鐵創立時,以經營鐵路客運權力交換而來<ref>[http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=4571&type=0&sequence=6 ''The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service'', sec. 4 n.21] (September 2003).</ref>。雖然美鐵並不給予股息,有少數投資人向擁有原先股份的鐵路公司購買美鐵股份。2004年,部分普通股股份由美鐵購回<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.house.gov/transportation/rail/04-30-03/04-30-03memo.html |title=Web archive of U.S. House of Representatives report |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110231722/http://www.house.gov/transportation/rail/04-30-03/04-30-03memo.html |archivedate=2006-11-10 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。2011[[財政年度]],[[美國國會]]共向美鐵投資5.63億美元補助鐵路運營,並追加9.22億美元用於資本流通。<ref>{{cite web|last=U.S. Conference of Mayors|title=III. Transportation|url=http://www.usmayors.org/cdbg/documents/FY11-FinalAppropriations.pdf|work=Fiscal Year 2011 Appropriations (HR 1473)|publisher=U.S. Conference of Mayors|accessdate=2012-07-30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6D07WL2pL?url=http://www.usmayors.org/cdbg/documents/FY11-FinalAppropriations.pdf|archivedate=2012-12-18}}</ref>美鐵2010年票箱回報率(售票收入佔運營成本的比率)為79%,為現有美國各客運鐵路公司中最高。<ref name="National Railroad Passenger Corporation">{{cite web|last=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|title=Basic Amtrak Facts|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1246041980246|work=Amtrak National Facts, FY 2011|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|accessdate=2012-07-30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69jjCKc8A?url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=am%2FLayout&cid=1246041980246|archivedate=2012-08-07}}</ref>
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