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林肯

移除 30,651 位元組, 5 年前

無編輯摘要

~~{{noteTA|G1=美國總統|G2=美国州份|1=zh-cn:激光; zh-tw:雷射; zh-hk:激光;|2=zh-cn:教皇; zh-tw:教宗; zh-hk:教宗;|3=zh-cn:弗吉尼亚; zh-tw:維珍尼亞; zh-hk:維珍尼亞~~}}

{{Infobox officeholder

|name =亚伯拉罕·林肯

==遇刺身亡==

~~{{main|林肯遇刺案}}~~

[[File:The Assassination of President Lincoln - Currier and Ives 2.png|thumb|left|225px|福特剧院总统包厢内的情形，从左至右为亨利·拉斯本、克拉拉·哈里斯、玛丽·托德·林肯、亚伯拉罕·林肯以及约翰·威尔克斯·布斯。]]

[[约翰·威尔克斯·布斯]]是来自马里兰州的著名演员和邦联间谍；他从未加入邦联军，但与邦联的特务机关有来往<ref>Donald (1996), pp. 586–587.</ref>。1864年，布斯计划（与托马斯·N·康拉德在邦联授权下的计划类似）<ref>Donald (1996), p. 587.</ref>绑架林肯以换取释放邦联战俘。

~~[[File:John_Wilkes_Booth-portrait.jpg|200px|thumb|[[约翰·威尔克斯·布斯]]，刺殺林肯的兇手]]~~

1865年4月11日，在参加一次林肯旨在为黑人争取投票权的演说之后，愤怒的布斯改变计划，决定刺杀总统<ref>Harrison (2000), pp. 3–4.</ref>。听说总统、总统夫人、统帅格兰特将会来到[[福特剧院]]后，布斯与人一同谋划刺杀副总统[[安德鲁·约翰逊]]、国务卿[[威廉·H·苏厄德]]和格兰特将军。4月14日，林肯没有带上首席保镖{{Link-en|沃德·希尔·拉蒙|Ward Hill Lamon}}便前往观看《{{Link-en|我们的美国兄弟|Our American Cousin}}》一剧。格兰特和夫人此前临时决定前往费城，没有一同观赏戏剧<ref>Donald (1996), pp. 594–597.</ref>。

林肯这时的保镖约翰·帕克在幕间休息时离开剧院，同林肯的马车夫在隔壁的沙龙一起饮酒，林肯毫无保卫的坐在总统包厢内。趁此时机，布斯约于晚10时13分潜至林肯背后，瞄准脑后近距离开枪，林肯重伤。{{Link-en|亨利·拉斯本|Henry Rathbone}}少校同布斯缠斗，被布斯刺伤。然后布斯逃走<ref>Donald (1996), p. 597.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |title=Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard |first=Paul |last=Martin |date=April 8, 2010 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62aAqLOzq?url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |archivedate=2011-10-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。

在逃亡十日之后，布斯被发现躲在弗吉尼亚州一处位于华盛顿南{{convert|70|mi|km}}的农场里。4月26日，在同联邦军交火后，布斯被[[波士顿·科贝特]]中士击毙<ref>Donald (1996), p. 599.</ref>。

在刺杀发生时，军医{{Link-en|查尔斯·李尔|Charles Leale}}也在剧院内，立刻急救。他发现林肯没有任何反应、呼吸几乎停滞且无法察觉脉搏。在确定林肯是被射中头部而非原先设想的刺中肩部之后，他试图清理头部血块，之后林肯开始能够相对自然地呼吸<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/report-first-doctor-reach-shot-lincoln-found-175353998.html|title=Report of first doctor to reach shot Lincoln found}}</ref>。他被送过街安置到[[彼得森住所]]。在昏迷九小时之后，林肯于4月15日早间7时22分离世。在场的长老会牧师菲尼亚斯·丹斯摩尔·格利为他祷告，战争部长斯坦顿向他致敬，并说道：“现在，他属于千秋万世<ref>Donald (1996), pp. 598–599, 686.</ref>。”

== 宗教和哲学信仰 ==

~~[[File:AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg|thumb|upright|215px|《林肯像》，1869年乔治·彼得·亚历山大·希利作。]]~~

年轻时的林肯对宗教持怀疑观点<ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas L. Wilson|title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KCM50uZMsQMC&pg=PA84|year=1999|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|page=84|isbn=978-0-307-76581-9}}</ref>，而在一位传记家的笔下甚至是“[[破坏偶像主义|破坏偶像者]]<ref>Carwardine (2003), p. 4.</ref>”。在此后，林肯频繁使用宗教意象和语言，这可能反映了他的个人信仰，也可能是他吸引听众（他的听众多为[[福音神学|福音派]]）的手段<ref>Carwardine (1997), pp. 27–55.</ref>。他从未加入教会，但时常与妻子一同参加教堂活动<ref>On claims that Lincoln was baptized by an associate of Alexander Campbell, see {{cite journal|url=http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html |last=Martin |first=Jim |title=The secret baptism of Abraham Lincoln |journal=Restoration Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=1996 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019204330/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html |archivedate=2012-10-19 }}</ref>。然而，他对《圣经》十分熟悉，从中引用语段，并赞扬它<ref>Donald (1996), pp. 48–49, 514–515.</ref>。对于个人信仰的问题他较为缄默，并尊重其他人的信仰。林肯从未明确宣布自己的信仰，但他的确相信塑造事件的全能自然神，1865年，他已开始在演说中表达此类观点<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark A. Noll|title=A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VGF3wbzzy9QC&pg=PA322|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|pages=321–22}}</ref>。

1840年代，林肯支持需要主义，这一主义认为人的思想是为某种更高的力量所控制的<ref>Donald (1996), pp. 48–49.</ref>。1850年代，林肯认可广泛意义的“天命”，鲜少使用福音派的语言或意象；他对国父们的共和主义思想的尊崇几乎达到虔诚的程度<ref>Grant R. Brodrecht, ''"Our country": Northern evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction'' (2008) p. 40</ref>。在儿子爱德华死后，林肯更频繁地承认自己有依靠于上帝的需要<ref>Parrillo, pp. 227–253.</ref>。1862年2月威利的死可能使林肯向宗教寻求答案和慰藉<ref>Wilson, pp. 251–254.</ref>。在威利死后，林肯从神的角度思考为何战争的严酷性是必须的。他在这时写道上帝“本可以不需要人类斗争便拯救或毁灭联邦。然而斗争却开始了。而在斗争开始之后，神可以在任何一日将胜利赋予任何一方。然而斗争却继续<ref>Wilson, p. 254.</ref>。”在他被刺的那天，他反复告诉妻子自己希望能够造访[[圣地]]<ref>Guelzo (1999), p. 434</ref>。

~~== 健康 ==~~

许多人认为林肯在被刺之前健康状况便在走下坡路，这多是基于他照片上的模样——他体重减轻且肌肉萎缩。有人认为他患有一种罕见的遗传障碍MEN2b<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2009/05/was-lincoln-dying-before-he-was-shot/17955/|title=Was Lincoln Dying Before He Was Shot?|author=Abraham Verghese|publisher=The Atlantic|date= May 20, 2009|accessdate=2015-06-29}}</ref>，这导致他受甲状腺髓样癌、粘膜神经瘤和类马凡氏综合征的影响。有人则根据他的身高和细长纤弱的手指，潜在的织脉瓣闭锁不全导致头部的跳动（德谬塞氏征——林肯在照片中头部较为模糊，而当时的照片曝光时间较长）直接称他有[[马凡氏综合征]]。费城的共和国大军博物馆至今拒绝对他的DNA检测<ref name="theatlantic.com"/>。

==历史声誉==

林肯经常为好莱坞所描绘，形象几乎一直都是十分积极及正面的<ref>Steven Spielberg, Doris Kearns Goodwin, and Tony Kushner, "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood", ''Smithsonian'' (2012) 43#7 pp. 46–53.</ref><ref>Melvyn Stokes, "Abraham Lincoln and the Movies", ''American Nineteenth Century History'' 12 (June 2011), 203–31.</ref>。

~~== 纪念地 ==~~

~~[[File:Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg|thumb|华盛顿特区的[[林肯纪念堂]]。]]~~

林肯的头像出现在两种面值的[[美元|美国货币]]上——[[1美分硬币]]和[[5美元纸币]]。他的相貌还出现在许多邮票上，并为许多城镇和县的名字所纪念<ref name="Dennis, p. 194">Dennis, p. 194.</ref>，例如内布拉斯加州的[[林肯 (内布拉斯加州)|首府]]。

最为著名且访问量最大的纪念地是华盛顿特区的[[林肯纪念堂]]；[[拉什莫尔山]]上的林肯像<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62dfUtolh?url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm |archivedate=2011-10-23 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>；华盛顿的[[福特剧院]]和[[彼得森住所]]以及伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德的{{Link-en|亚伯拉罕·林肯总统图书馆和博物馆|Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum}}，以及附近的{{Link-en|林肯住所国家历史古迹|Lincoln Home National Historic Site|宅邸}}及{{Link-en|林肯墓|Lincoln Tomb|陵墓}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alplm.com/ |title=The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62i1pRLLD?url=http://www.alplm.com/ |archivedate=2011-10-25 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordstheatre.org/home/about-fords |title=About Ford's |publisher=Ford's Theatre |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62i1ux7Sk?url=http://www.fordstheatre.org/home/about-fords |archivedate=2011-10-25 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。

社会学家巴里·施瓦茨研究美国的文化记忆，提出在1930年代和1940年代，对林肯的记忆是十分神圣而实用的，它为国家提供“一个道德标志，鼓励和引导美国人的生活”。富兰克林·D·罗斯福在备战期间引用林肯的话语，来表明德国和日本带来的威胁。美国人问道：“林肯会怎么做<ref>Barry Schwartz, ''Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America'' (2009) pp. xi, 9, 24</ref>？”然而他还发现在二战之后林肯的象征性力量减弱了，而这“褪色的英雄恰好是人们对国家的伟大失去信心的象征”<ref>Barry Schwartz, ''Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America'' (2009) p. xi, 9</ref>。他认为后现代主义和文化多元主义在一定程度上稀释“伟大”这一概念。

~~==參見==~~

*[[林肯與甘迺迪的巧合]]

*{{Link-en|比克斯比信件|Bixby letter}}

== 参考来源 ==

~~== 参考文献 ==~~

~~=== 脚注 ===~~

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|date=July 1994|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|publisher=American Historical Association|oclc=|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Mansch|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|isbn=0-7864-2026-X}}

* {{Cite book|author=George McGovern|ref=McGover|title=Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref= McKirdy|last= McKirdy|first= Charles Robert|title= Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case|year=2011|publisher= Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn= 978-1-60473-987-9}}

* {{cite book|ref=McPherson1992|author=James M. McPherson|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}}

* {{Cite book|ref=McPherson2|title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era|last=McPherson|first=James M.|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516895-2}}

* {{Cite book|ref=McPherson5|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Abraham Lincoln|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}}

~~~~

* {{cite journal|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|date=December 2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|issn=|oclc= |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v050/50.4neely.html |doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Nevins|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol|publisher=Scribner's|year=1947–71|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}

** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1950|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857–1861 2 vol|publisher=Scribner's|year=1950|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}, also published as vol 3–4 of ''Ordeal of the Union''

** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1960|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861–1865|publisher=Scribner's|year=1960–1971|isbn=978-1-56852-297-5}}; also published as vol 5–8 of ''Ordeal of the Union''

* {{cite book|ref=Nichols|last=Nichols|first=David A.|title=Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific|editor=Richard W. Etulain|publisher=Southern Illinois University|year=2010|isbn=0-8093-2961-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Noll|last=Noll|first=Mark|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-515111-9}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Oate|author=Stephen B. Oates|title=With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1993|isbn=978-0-06-092471-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Paludan|last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw|title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9|year=1994|publisher=University Press of Kansas}}

* {{cite journal|last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas

|date=September 2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|journal=Civil War History|volume=46|issue=3|pages=227–253|publisher=Kent State University Press|issn=|oclc=|url=|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Pessen|last=Pessen|first=Edward|title=The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1984|isbn=0-300-03166-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Peterson|last=Peterson|first=Merrill D.|title=Lincoln in American Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-509645-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Potter|last1=Potter|first1=David M.|author2=Don Edward Fehrenbacher|title=The impending crisis, 1848–1861|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1976|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Prokopowicz|last=Prokopowicz|first=Gerald J.|title=Did Lincoln Own Slaves?|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-307-27929-3}}

* {{cite book|oclc=748479|ref=Randall1947|author=James G. Randall|title=Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman|year=1947|publisher=Dodd, Mead}}

* {{Cite book|oclc=5852442|ref=Randall|last1=Randall|first1=J.G.|author2=Current, Richard Nelson|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|title=Last Full Measure|publisher=Dodd, Mead|year=1955}}

~~~~

* {{Cite book|oclc=6579822|ref=Sandburg|last=Sandburg|first=Carl |title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|year=1926|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company}}

* {{cite book|ref=SandburgPW2002|last=Sandburg| first=Carl|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2002|isbn=0-15-602752-6}}

* {{cite book|ref=Schwartz2000|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2009|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}}

* {{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kenneth|date=September 1948|title=Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=21|issue=3|pages=326–341|publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc.|issn=|jstor=361094|doi=10.2307/361094}}

~~~~

* {{Cite book|ref=Sherman|last=Sherman|first=William T.|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar|year=1990|isbn=1-174-63172-4}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Simon|last=Simon|first=Paul|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years|publisher=University of Illinois|year=1990|isbn=0-252-00203-2}}

* {{cite book|ref=Smith|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same|year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Steers|last=Steers|first=Edward|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2010|isbn=0-06-178775-2}}

* {{cite book| last=Striner| first=Richard| title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}}

* {{cite book|ref=Tagg|title=The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President|first=Larry|last=Tagg|publisher=Savas Beatie|year=2009|isbn=978-1-932714-61-6}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Taranto|last1=Taranto|first1=James|author2=Leonard Leo|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}}

* {{cite journal|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|date=June 1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|publisher=Organization of American Historians|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|last=Thomas|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Southern Illinois University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}}

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4|oclc=|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing|year=2002}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Vorenberg|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|title=Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}}

* {{Cite book|ref=White|last=White, Jr.|first=Ronald C.|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House, Inc|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Wills|author=Garry Wills|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America|isbn=0-671-86742-3|year=1993|publisher=Simon & Schuster }}

* {{Cite book|ref=Wilson|first=Douglas L.|last=Wilson|publisher=Knopf Publishing Group|title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|year=1999|isbn=978-0-375-70396-6 }}

* {{cite book|ref=Winkle|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|year=2001|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-0-87833-255-7}}

* {{Cite book|ref=Zarefsky|author=David Zarefsky|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1993}}

* {{cite journal|last=Zilversmit|first=Arthur|year=1980|title=Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=2|issue=11|pages=22–24|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234453/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archivedate=2011-07-20|ref=}}

~~{{Refend}}~~

~~===编史===~~

* {{cite book|isbn=978-1-58182-369-1|title=One Hundred Essential Lincoln Books|last=Burkhimer|first=Michael|publisher=Cumberland House|location=|year=2003}}

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-393-06756-9|title=Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World|last=Foner|first=Eric|publisher=W.W. Norton

~~|location=|year=2008}}~~

* Manning, Chandra, "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation," ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,'' 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39.

* Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars," ''Twentieth Century British History,'' (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp 486–509

* Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood," ''Smithsonian'' (2012) 43#7 pp 46–53.

~~===附加来源===~~

~~{{Refbegin|30em}}~~

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-8018-8993-6|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Life ''(2 volumes)''|author=Michael Burlingame (historian)|first=Michael|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=|year=2008}}

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-87249-400-8|title=Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership|author=LaWanda Cox

~~|first=LaWanda|publisher=University of South Carolina Press~~

~~|location=|year=1981}}~~

* Green, Michael S. ''Lincoln and the Election of 1860'' (Concise Lincoln Library) [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Election-1860-Concise-Library/dp/0809330350/ excerpt and text search]

* {{cite book|author=Holzer, Harold|title=Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=34cVaFHdgMMC|year=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8947-4}}

* {{cite book|isbn=978-1-59420-191-2|title=Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief|last=McPherson|first=James M.|publisher=Penguin Press

~~|location=|year=2008}}~~

* {{cite book|author=Miller, Richard Lawrence|title=Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843–1853|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c1odBTiRSJcC|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5928-5}}, vol 3. of detailed biography

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-306-80209-6|title=The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1984}}

* {{cite book|isbn=978-0-674-51125-5|title=The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America

~~|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1994}}~~

* {{cite book|isbn=|oclc=4183070|title=Lincoln the President ''(4 volumes)''|last=Randall|first=James G.|publisher=Dodd, Mead

~~|location=|year=1945–1955}}~~

~~{{Refend}}~~

~~== 外部链接 ==~~

~~{{commons|Abraham Lincoln}}~~

~~{{portal box|美國總統|政治|人物|美國|歷史|}}~~

* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln]

* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-6779}}

* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library]

* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=627 Abraham Lincoln at Find a Grave]

* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/prespoetry/al.html Poetry written by Abraham Lincoln]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215200414/http://www.alplm.org/home.html The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum] Springfield, Illinois

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727164741/http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/ The Papers of Abraham Lincoln] documentary editing project

* {{US patent |6469 |US PATNo. 6,469}}—''Manner of Buoying Vessels''—A. Lincoln—1849

* [http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 National Endowment for the Humanities Spotlight – Abraham Lincoln]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071117080758/http://www.abrahamlincoln200.org/ The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission]

* [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Libraries]

* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725003410/http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 Abraham Lincoln] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''American Presidents: Life Portraits''

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043119/http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx C-SPAN's ''Lincoln 200 Years'']

~~{{美国总统}}~~

~~{{Abraham Lincoln cabinet}}~~

~~{{Authority control}}~~

~~{{Good article}}~~

~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}}~~

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