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[[File:道格拉斯1.jpg|缩略图|居中|[http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20170904/904371fdf9ba4864bb45517e348ee8d6.jpeg 原图链接] 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯 [https://www.sohu.com/a/169386697_220024 来自搜狐]]]
{{Infobox Person
| name = 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯<br />Frederick Douglass
}}</ref>。其母哈莉特·贝利(Harriet Bailey)是[[黑奴]],父亲则是白人,可能即其母的主人阿伦·安东尼(Aaron Anthony)。他的名字由母亲所取<ref name=pbs-WGBH>{{cite web|title=Who is Black? One Nation's Definition|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html|work=Frontline |publisher=WGBH |accessdate=November 27, 2015|ref=pbs-WGBH}}</ref>,然而他很早就与母亲分离,在马里兰州的农地裡由外祖母贝蒂·贝利(Betty Bailey)抚养长大,六岁与外祖母分开,被送往塔尔博特县的瓦伊种植园(Wye House),阿伦·安东尼在此担任监工<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|title="Frederick Douglass", The Historical Society of Talbot County, Maryland|access-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223221/http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|archive-date=2016-12-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
安东尼的健康状况下滑后,他被安东尼的女儿、托马斯·奥尔德(Thomas Auld)的妻子庐克雷西亚·奥尔德(Lucretia Auld)派给其夫在[[巴尔的摩]]的兄弟休·奥尔德(Hugh Auld)。 道格拉斯十二岁的时候,休的妻子索菲亚教他认识字母,后来道格拉斯回忆说索菲亚是一个好心肠的人,“把他当作人看”<ref>{{Citation | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | chapter = Chapter VII}}</ref>。但休最终阻止了索菲亚的行为,因为他相信这会促使道格拉斯滋生反叛心理<ref>Douglass, Frederick. ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History'', p. 50. Dover Value Editions, Courier Dover Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|0-486-43170-3}}.</ref>。最终索菲亚被休说服,相信黑奴确实不应读书,一日还从道格拉斯手中夺走了他正在阅读的报纸<ref>{{Cite book | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | publisher = H.G. Collins | edition = 6 | year = 1851 | location = London | page = 39 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U69bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>。 后来他偷偷从邻居的小孩和一起工作的白人那里又学到了一些阅读的方法,坚信这是“奴隶通往自由的途径”<ref>Jacobs, H. and Appiah, K. (2004). ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave & Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.'' Paperback, pp. xiii, 4.</ref>。安东尼和庐克雷西亚去世后,1833年托马斯从休手中要回道格拉斯,把他租给有“虐奴者”(slave-breaker)之称的爱德华·科威(Edward Covey),道格拉斯常常遭其鞭笞,但最终奋起反抗,使得科威不再敢打他了。<ref>Bowers, Jerome. [http://teachinghistory.org/best-practices/examples-of-historical-thinking/23495 Frederick Douglass], [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org]. Accessed June 3, 2010.</ref>
==获得自由==
他曾多次试图逃跑,但均以失败告终。1837年与自由女黑人[[File安娜·莫瑞-道格拉斯|安娜·莫瑞]]相爱,使得他获得自由的决心更加坚定起来<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124">{{Cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=https:Johnson Properties//books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA124|accessdate=February 27, New Bedford2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-31988-4|page=124}}</ref><ref name=blackpast>{{cite web | url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/douglass-anna-murray-c-1813-1882 | title=Anna Murray Douglass | work=[[BlackPast.org]] | accessdate=February 27, MA2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin1986">{{Cite book|author=Waldo E.jpgMartin|thumbtitle=The mind of Frederick Douglass| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZaZbr2xox8C&pg=PA15|accessdate=March 7, 2011|date=March 1, 1986|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4148-8|page=15}}</ref>。 1838年9月3日,他登上[[费城、威尔明顿和巴尔的摩铁路]]的列车,与安娜一起逃到麻省的[[新贝德福德 (马萨诸塞州)|新贝德福德]],在此地结识南希和玛丽·约翰逊, 约翰逊夫妇 故居 中的一人当时在读[[沃尔特·司各特]]的《湖边夫人》 ,道格拉斯 曾在此借住]]向其询问改名之事,于是约翰逊就地取材为其改名为道格拉斯(原名贝利)<ref name="DouglassClassics2015">{{cite book|author1=Frederick|author2= Douglass |title=Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave (Civil War Classics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHInBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=Diversion Books|isbn=978-1-62681-687-9|page=115}}</ref>。 道格拉斯曾想加入一个白人[[卫理公会]],但发现存在种族隔离,因此转而加入非洲裔循道宗主教制锡安教会(African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church),入会者还包括[[索杰纳·特鲁思]]和[[哈莉特·塔布曼]]<ref>Maurice S. Lee (2009), ''The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass''. Cambridge University Press, p. 63.</ref>。1839年成为正式的传教士<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/frederick_douglass.html|title=This Far by Faith. Frederick Douglass |publisher=PBS|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>,由此演讲技术得到了提高 。1840 。 1840 年他曾在[[埃尔迈拉 (纽约州)|埃尔迈拉]]和[[地下铁路 (秘密结社)|地下铁路]]的一个据点发表演说<ref name="religionnews.com">[http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/ "Religious Facts You Might Not Know about Frederick Douglass"], ''Religion News'', June 19, 2013.</ref>。他阅读到著名的废奴运动领袖[[威廉·劳埃德·加里森]]主办的《解放者》周刊,十分感动,曾说:“(加里森的报纸)在我心中地位仅次于圣经”<ref>Frederick Douglass (2008). ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass''. Cosimo, Inc. p. 149 {{ISBN|9781605203997}} (first published in 1881).</ref>。
1843年他和其他人一起参加了[[美国反奴隶制学会]]组织的、为期六个月的巡讲,前往美国东部和中西部其他地区宣传废奴,但其间屡次遭到反对者袭击。在印第安纳州[[彭德尔顿 (印第安娜州)|彭德尔顿]],他被一名暴徒追打,虽后为贵格会信徒哈迪一家所救,但手部受到严重创伤,加上治疗不当,留下终生之患。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |pages=287–88 |accessdate=March 15, 2011}}</ref>
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59&dq=Frederick+douglass+buys+freedom#v=onepage&q&f=false
| title = Frederick Douglass: Rising Up from Slavery
==返回美国==
返回美国后,道格拉斯开始在纽约州[[罗彻斯特 (纽约州)|罗彻斯特]]非洲裔循道宗教会的教堂地下室里出版废奴报纸《北方之星》(North Star)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass|title=5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass|work=Religion News Service|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>,资金则来自他的英格兰支持者赠予的500英镑<ref name="Ruuth"/>。期间他的思想开始和加里森发生冲突。道格拉斯认为加里森的思想太过激进。如加里森觉得既然[[美国宪法]]中规定的国会席位实际是靠各州奴隶人口来决定的,那么美国宪法应已不合时宜。 加里森为此烧掉了数百份美国宪法的复印件以示抗议。但道格拉斯在1845年发表《奴隶制违宪》(The Unconstitutionality of Slavery)一文为美国宪法辩护,认为美国宪法仍不失为一个反抗奴隶制的好工具<ref>Robert Fanuzzi, "Frederick Douglass' 'Colored Newspaper': Identity Politics in Black and White," in ''The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays'', edited by Todd Vogel (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), pp. 65–69.</ref>。
1848年道格拉斯出席[[塞内卡福尔斯会议]],是与会的唯一一位非裔美国人<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |title=Seneca Falls Convention |publisher=Virginia Memory |date=August 18, 1920 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>Stanton, 1997, p. 85.</ref>。会上他表示支持[[伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿]]寻求[[女性投票权]]<ref>USConstitution.net. [http://www.usconstitution.net/sentiments.html Text of the "Declaration of Sentiments", and the Resolutions]. Retrieved on April 24, 2009.</ref>,他说如果女性不能获得投票权,那么他也不能接受黑人独自获得投票权<ref name=McMillen93>McMillen, 2008, pp. 93–94.</ref><ref>National Park Service. Women's Rights. [http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848]. Retrieved April 24, 2009.</ref>。但[[美国宪法第十五条修正案]]发布后,他又和斯坦顿分道扬镳,宣布支持仅给予了美国黑人投票权的这一修正案,以防过度激进的斯坦顿派导致黑人和妇女都无法获得权利。<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |title=The Frederick Douglass Encyclopedia |last=Watkins |first=Valetha |editor=Julius E. Thompson |editor2=James L. Conyers Jr. |editor3=Nancy Dawson |publisher=Greenwood/ABC_CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=9780313385599}}</ref>
==内战时期==
==重建时期==
|last=Trotman |first=C. James |title=Frederick Douglass: A Biography|publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35036-8|pages=118–119}}</ref>。此外,当年他还是纽约州的总统选举人<ref name="electoral">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae06ripluoft#page/228/mode/2up |title=Douglass, Frederick |page=228 |encyclopedia=[[American Cyclopedia]] |volume=6 |year=1879 |publisher=[[D. Appleton and Company]] |location=New York |accessdate=February 9, 2015}}</ref>。
==晚年==
自由人储蓄银行在他担任行长之后数月就破产了,同时他发行的报纸《新时代》(The New Era)也以失败告终,这导致道格拉斯面临经济危机。[[拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯]]当选总统后,任命道格拉斯为华盛顿特区法警以缓解其经济拮据。<ref name="pbs.org"/>
1877年他去探望垂死的托马斯·奥尔德,二人和解<ref name="Finkelman2006-105">{{cite book|author=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=February 2, 2011|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=104–05|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1}}</ref>。同年,他买下[[阿纳卡斯蒂亚河]]河畔的房子作为最后的居所,与安娜共同将其命名为“Cedar Hill” 。1881 。 1881 年发表最后一部自传《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的一生》(The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass),担任华盛顿特区契据登记官。次年安娜逝世,1884年道格拉斯再婚。晚年他仍四处参加政治活动。1889年美国总统[[本杰明·哈里森]]任其为美国驻[[海地共和国]]公使和[[多米尼加共和国]]代办<ref name=sears>
{{cite journal | jstor = 2507394
|title = Frederick Douglass and the Mission to Haiti, 1889-1891
==外部连接==
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927t.html Fourth of July Speech], "What to the slave is the 4th of July?," July 5, 1852
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091124061924/http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1121.htm Letter to Thomas Auld (September 3, 1848)]
*[http://battleofolustee.org/douglass.html Lewis N. Douglass] as a [[Sergeant Major]] in the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.ntis.ava16378vnb1|name=Fighter for Freedom: The Frederick Douglass Story (1984)}}
[[Category:美国人]]
[[Category:作家]]
[[Category:美国军政人物]]
[[Category:编辑]]
[[Category:记者]]