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鸭嘴兽
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'''鴨嘴獸'''<ref>[https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/37873099 鴨嘴獸]，动物小百科，2019-05-23</ref>（[[學名]]：''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''；Platypus，偶称Duck-billed platypus）是原兽亚纲[[單孔目]][[鴨嘴獸科]]'''鴨嘴獸屬'''（''Ornithorhynchus''）的[[单型|唯一一种動物]]。鴨嘴獸是少有的[[卵生]][[哺乳动物|哺乳]]動物，棲地在[[澳大利亞]]東部地區和[[塔斯馬尼亞州]]。當其的標本初次被送到博物館時，奇怪的外觀使得當時歐洲的[[生物分類學家]]認為這是人類設計出來捉弄人的物種。鴨嘴獸是為數不多的有毒哺乳類動物，雄性鴨嘴獸的後肢有尖刺，可分泌有毒物質。此外也是少數擁有電磁感應的哺乳動物。鴨嘴獸的獨特性使牠成為演化生物學研究的重要對象。
鴨嘴獸已成為[[澳大利亞]]的象徵，常作為全國性活動的[[吉祥物]]。直到20世纪初，牠們仍因为人类对毛皮需求而被獵殺。雖然[[圈養計劃]]失敗與及鴨嘴獸易受環境污染影響，但是在人工保护下，牠们目前还未走向灭绝。
==命名由來==
1798年[[新南威尔士]]总督[[约翰·亨特 (皇家海军军官)|约翰·亨特]]将鸭嘴兽的皮毛和素描寄回英国之后，欧洲人才首次知道鸭嘴兽的存在<ref name="Paradox">{{cite journal|journal=BioScience|jstor=1313511|title=The Paradoxical Platypus|first=Brian K. |last=Hall|volume=49|issue=3|pages=211–8|date=March 1999|doi=10.2307/1313511}}</ref>。但当时英国科学家认为这只是一个恶作剧<ref name="hoax">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/archive/permalink/the_duckbilled_platypus|title= Duck-billed Platypus|publisher =Museum of hoaxes| accessdate = 21 July 2010}}</ref>，虽然[[乔治·肖]]1799年在《Naturalist's Miscellany》中正式描述了鸭嘴兽，但他本人也有所怀疑<ref name="shaw">{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=George|title=Naturalist's Miscellany, vol.10|date=1799|pages=227–232|url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalistsmisc00Geor#page/227/mode/2up|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref>，[[罗伯特·诺克斯]]认为这些皮毛不过是亚洲动物标本剥制师的作品<ref name="hoax"/>，其“鸭嘴”可能是后来缝上去的，而毛皮本身则来自海狸一类的动物，乔治·肖还特意检查过毛皮上是否有缝线<ref name="APC">{{cite web|url=http://www.platypus.asn.au/|title=Platypus facts file|publisher=Australian Platypus Conservancy| accessdate = 13 September 2006}}</ref>。
其英语俗名“platypus”来自[[古希腊语]]πλατύπους（拉丁转写为platupous），意思是“平足的”<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dplatu%2Fpous πλατύπους], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>，词根为πλατύς（platus，即「扁平的、寬的」），<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dplatu%2Fs πλατύς], ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>和πούς（pous，腳）<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpou%2Fs πούς], ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Liddell, Henry George |author2=Scott, Robert |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref>。肖最初给它定的学名是''Platypus anatinus''。但是后因属名“Platypus”已被[[长小蠹属]]占用<ref name="ABRS">{{cite book|url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/16-ind.pdf |title=Fauna of Australia |chapter=16 |volume=1b |first=J.R. |last=Grant |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) |accessdate=13 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519143852/http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/16-ind.pdf |archivedate=19 May 2005 |df= }}</ref>，于是1800年[[約翰·弗里德里希·布盧門巴赫]]改之为''Ornithorhynchus paradoxus''<ref name="NLA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/archive/52/p16a01.html|title=Platypus Paradoxes|publisher=National Library of Australia|date=August 2001| accessdate = 14 September 2006}}</ref>，最终按命名先到先得的原则更为''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''<ref name="ABRS"/>。属名来自古希腊语ορνιθόρυγχος（ornithorhynkhos），意思是“鸟嘴”，而种加词则来自拉丁语，意思是“鸭子一样的”。
==特徵==
長成的鴨嘴獸的體重0.7～2.4公斤（1.5～5.3英磅)。雄鸭嘴兽比雌性大，雄性体长平均50公分（20英寸），而雌性则为 43公分（17英寸），不同地区间体型差异也有较大变化<ref name="Workshop">{{cite web|url=http://www.medicine.utas.edu.au/research/mono/Taspaper.html|title=Current research on the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Tasmania: Abstracts from the 1999 'Tasmanian Platypus WORKSHOP'|author1=Munks, Sarah |author2=Nicol, Stewart |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=University of Tasmania|date=May 1999| accessdate = 23 October 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830075935/http://www.medicine.utas.edu.au/research/mono/Taspaper.html |archivedate = 30 August 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。其体温在32 °C（90 °F）左右<ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/White/thermal.htm |title=Thermal Biology of the Platypus |publisher=Davidson College |year=1999 |accessdate=14 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306024923/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/White/thermal.htm |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="temp">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy|author=Watson, J.M. |author2=Graves, J.A.M. |volume=36|issue=5|pages=573–584|year=1988|publisher=CSIRO | doi = 10.1071/ZO9880573}}</ref><ref name="temp2">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy|author= Dawson, T.J.|author2= Grant, T.R.|author3= Fanning, D. |volume=27|issue=4|pages=511–5|year=1979|publisher=CSIRO | doi = 10.1071/ZO9790511}}</ref>。由於沒有明顯的[[奶頭]]，剛孵化的鴨嘴獸須尋找母獸腹部泌乳孔吸吮乳汁維生。与[[袋獾]]一样，其粗大的尾巴可用来存储脂肪<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/platypus/ |title=Platypus : Facts, Pictures : Animal Planet |publisher=Animal.discovery.com |date=16 November 2011 |accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref>。約4個月哺乳期後獨立生活，2歲半為成年。
== 习性 ==
除了哺乳期外，鴨嘴獸為獨居生活。它們棲息於河川，以銳利而且帶有蹼的腳在水中活動，最长可在水下待40秒，每次换气需要10至20秒<ref name="Bethge">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2326/|title=Energetics and foraging behaviour of the platypus|publisher = University of Tasmania|author=Philip Bethge|date=April 2002| accessdate = 21 June 2009|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|jstor=2404239|title=The Diving Behaviour of the Platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') in Waters with Different Trophic Status|author=Kruuk, H. |volume=30|issue=4|year=1993|pages=592–8 | doi = 10.2307/2404239}}</ref>，在河岸、湖岸上挖洞居住。鸭嘴兽是[[夜行性動物]]<ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/04papers/CromerMonotrRepro.htm |title=Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior |publisher=Iowa State University |author=Cromer, Erica |date=14 April 2004 |accessdate=18 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030236/http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/04papers/CromerMonotrRepro.htm |archivedate=13 March 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref name="HCP">{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences|title=Field biology of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''): historical and current perspectives|publisher=The Royal Society|volume=353|issue=1372|author=Grant, T.G.|author2= Temple-Smith, P.D. |year=1998|pmid=9720106|pages=1081–91|pmc=1692311 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0267}}</ref>，也是[[肉食性動物]]，通常在清晨和黃昏时在水邊獵食[[甲殼類]]、[[蚯蚓]]等动物，每日摄入食物占体重的20%<ref name="Bethge" />。而其每天的睡眠时间长达14小时<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holland, Jennifer S. |title=40 Winks? |journal= National Geographic|volume=220 |issue=1 |date=July 2011 }}</ref>。
饲养的鸭嘴兽寿命可达17年，野生的一般最多11年。其天敌包括蛇、水鼠、巨蜥、鹰等，而在澳州北部则受鳄鱼的威胁<ref name="EPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/az_of_animals/platypus.html |title=Platypus |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service |year=2006 |accessdate=24 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021042522/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/az_of_animals/platypus.html |archivedate=21 October 2009 }}</ref>。1845年引入澳洲大陆的[[红狐]]对其种群数量可能也有一定的影响<ref name="Workshop" />。
=== 毒液 ===
{{main|鸭嘴兽毒}}
雌性和雄性鸭嘴兽的踝部都有尖刺，只有雄性的可以从踝部腺体分泌毒液、由毒刺排出以自卫<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php |title=Australian Fauna |publisher=Australian Fauna |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040439/http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php |archivedate=29 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=2267 |title=Platypus venom linked to pain relief |publisher=University of Sydney |date= 8 May 2008 |accessdate=14 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rainforest-australia.com/platypus_poison.htm |title=Platypus poison |publisher=Rainforest Australia |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529165453/http://rainforest-australia.com/platypus_poison.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name="PS">{{cite journal| last = Gerritsen| first = Vivienne Baillie | title = Platypus poison| journal = Protein Spotlight| issue = 29| date = December 2002| url = http://www.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt029.shtml| accessdate = 14 September 2006}}</ref>。其毒素对小型动物如狗等来说是致命的。虽然对人类来并非如此，但仍然会造成剧烈疼痛使人丧失行动能力<ref name="PS" /><ref>Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105043922/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1423/evolution-platypus-venom-revealed Evolution of platypus venom revealed]. ''Cosmos''.</ref>。被其扎伤之后，伤处先是迅速产生水肿，然后扩散到其他部位。治愈之后仍然会导致患者[[痛觉过敏]]达数日乃至数月之久<ref name="JN">{{cite journal|journal= Journal of Neurophysiology|title=Venom From the Platypus, ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'', Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells |author=de Plater, G.M.|author2= Milburn, P.J.|author3= Martin, R.L.|volume=85|issue=3|pages=1340–5|year=2001 |url=http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/85/3/1340|pmid= 11248005}}</ref><ref name="venom">{{cite web|url=http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/old/mammals/platypus.html |title=The venom of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') |accessdate=13 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201185504/http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/old/mammals/platypus.html |archivedate=1 February 2012 }}</ref>。
=== 電磁感應 ===
除去[[海豚]]之外，[[单孔目]]動物是唯一擁有[[電磁感應]]能力的哺乳動物<ref>{{cite news |last=Black |first=Richard |title=Dolphin hunts with electric sense |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14292330 |publisher=BBC News |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref>，它們能夠通過感應獵物的電場來探測其位置。而鴨嘴獸的電磁感應能力又是所有單孔目動物中最靈敏的<ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0275
| last1 = Proske | first1 = Uwe
| first2 = J. E. |last2=Gregory |first3=A. |last3=Iggo
| title = Sensory receptors in monotremes
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
| pages = 1187–98
| issue = 1372
| year = 1998
| pmid = 9720114| pmc = 1692308
| volume = 353
}}</ref><ref name="Electro1">{{cite journal| last = Pettigrew| first = John D.| title = Electroreception in Monotremes| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology|pages=1447–54| issue = Pt 10| year = 1999| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/10/1447.pdf |format=PDF| pmid=10210685| volume = 202}}</ref>。其[[电感受器]]和[[机械性刺激感受器]]位於嘴部<ref name="sensory_platypus">{{cite journal
| last1 = Pettigrew
| first1 = John D.
| first2 = P.R. |last2=Manger |first3=S.L. |last3=Fine
| title = The sensory world of the platypus
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
| pages = 1199–1210
| issue = 1372
| year = 1998
| pmid = 9720115| pmc = 1692312
| doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0276
| volume = 353
}}</ref><ref name="Ancestors_Tale">{{cite book
| first = Richard
| last = Dawkins
| authorlink = Richard Dawkins
| title = The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
| chapter = The Duckbill's Tale
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| location = Boston MA
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-618-00583-3 | title-link = The Ancestor's Tale
}}</ref>。鴨嘴獸在潛水時會閉上眼睛和鼻子，耳朵也聽不到聲音，而完全依靠電磁感應來捕食<ref name="Electro1" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregory, J.E.|author2= Iggo, A.|author3= McIntyre, A.K.|author4= Proske, U. |title=Receptors in the Bill of the Platypus|pmc=1191811 |journal=Journal of Physiology |volume=400 |issue=1 |pages=349–366 |date=June 1988 |pmid=3418529}}</ref>。
== 繁殖 ==
1884年[[威廉·海·考德威尔]]和150名[[澳大利亚原住民]]组成的团队找到了几枚鸭嘴兽的卵之后，欧洲人才确定鸭嘴兽居然是一种卵生的哺乳动物。<ref name="ABRS"/><ref name="PS"/>
鸭嘴兽在每年六月至十月间繁殖，具体时间在不同地区有差异<ref name="EPA" />。鸭嘴兽的族群采用一夫多妻制<ref name="AJZ2">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New South Wales|author=Grant, T. R. |author2=Griffiths, M. |author3=Leckie, R.M.C. |volume=31|issue=6|pages=881–9|publisher=1983|doi=10.1071/ZO9830881|year=1983}}</ref>，雌兽两岁达到性成熟，但也有九岁大还没有产卵的雌兽。<ref name="AJZ2"/>
鸭嘴兽在没有交配前只会给自己挖一个较浅的水边巢穴，交配后雌兽会扩大自己的巢穴（长可达20公尺（66英尺）），并在入口处添加障碍物以阻挡猎食者<ref name="ADW">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ornithorhynchidae.html | title=Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) |author1=Anna Bess Sorin |author2=Phil Myers |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology|year=2001|accessdate=24 October 2006}}</ref>，巢内则会铺上柔软的叶子。雄兽不负责照料后代。<ref name="APC" />
雌兽有两个卵巢，但只有左卵巢有用<ref name="EC" />。一次最多产三枚卵（通常为两枚），卵略呈椭圆形，直径11公釐（0.43英寸）<ref name="BSED">{{cite journal|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|title=Early development and embryology of the platypus|author=Hughes, R. L. |author2=Hall, L. S. |volume=353|issue=1372|pages=1101–14|publisher=The Royal Society|date=28 July 1998|pmid= 9720108|pmc= 1692305 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0269}}</ref>。卵在卵巢内待28天，孵化只需要10天。<ref name="RS2">{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences|title =The development of the external features of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'')|author=Manger, Paul R. |author2=Hall, Leslie S. |author3=Pettigrew, John D. |volume=353|issue=1372|pages=1115–25|date=29 July 1998|pmid=9720109|publisher=The Royal Society|pmc=1692310|doi =10.1098/rstb.1998.0270}}</ref>
刚出生的鸭嘴兽眼睛看不见东西，仅靠母乳为生。鸭嘴兽虽然有[[乳腺]]，但是没有乳头，其母乳是通过皮肤上的毛孔流出的，小鸭嘴兽会舔食积聚在母兽腹部的乳汁<ref name="APC" /><ref name="EPA" />。哺乳期为三至四个月。孵化期和哺乳期间，母兽会短暂外出觅食，离开前用土块挡住巢穴入口以保护幼兽<ref name="QM">{{cite web|url=http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/leaflet0010.pdf|title=Egg-laying mammals|publisher=Queensland Museum|date=November 2000| accessdate = 19 June 2009|format=PDF|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722180447/http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/leaflet0010.pdf |archivedate = 22 July 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。哺乳期过后幼兽才会外出<ref name="EPA" />。
==演化過程==
最古老的鴨嘴獸的[[化石]]發現於10萬年前的[[第四紀]]地層。一些科學家認為''[[Teinolophos]]''、''[[Steropodon]]''是鴨嘴獸的祖先<ref name="Thomas H. Rich 2016">Thomas H. Rich, James A. Hopson, Pamela G. Gill, Peter Trusler, Sally Rogers-Davidson, Steve Morton, Richard L. Cifelli, David Pickering, Lesley Kool, Karen Siu, Flame A. Burgmann, Tim Senden, Alistair R. Evans, Barbara E. Wagstaff, Doris Seegets-Villiers, Ian J. Corfe, Timothy F. Flannery, Ken Walker, Anne M. Musser, Michael Archer, Rebecca Pian and Patricia Vickers-Rich (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034.</ref>，但是實際上其演化是相對獨立的<ref name="MS">{{cite journal|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-487.pdf|format=PDF|title=New data on the Paleocene monotreme ''Monotrematum sudamericanum'', and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars|author=Pascual, R.|author2= Goin, F.J.|author3= Balarino, L.|author4= Udrizar Sauthier, D.E.|volume=47|issue=3|pages=487–492|year=2002}}</ref>。
2004年[[澳大利亞國立大學]]的研究人員發現鴨嘴獸擁有十條[[性染色體]]（大多數哺乳動物只有XY兩條）<ref name="discover">{{cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/sex-ys-platypuses0425/|title=Sex, Ys, and Platypuses|publisher=Discover|first=Jocelyn|last=Selim|date=25 April 2005| accessdate = 7 May 2008}}</ref>。與鳥類<ref>{{Cite journal
| authors = Frank Grützner, Willem Rens, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Nisrine El-Mogharbel1, Patricia C. M. O'Brien, Russell C. Jones, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith & Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
| title = In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes
| journal = Nature
| volume = 432
| issue = 7019 | pages = 913–7
| date = 16 December 2004
| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7019/abs/nature03021.html
| doi = 10.1038/nature03021| pmid = 15502814
| bibcode = 2004Natur.432..913G
}}
</ref>、哺乳動物和爬行動物都有相似之處<ref name="draft_genome">{{cite journal| journal = Nature| volume = 453| issue = 7192| pages = 175–183| title = Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution| date = 8 May 2008| doi = 10.1038/nature06936| author = Warren, Wesley C.|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/pdf/nature06936.pdf | format=PDF| pmid = 18464734| pmc = 2803040 |laysource= Nature Podcast 08-05-2008|layurl=http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/v453/n7192/nature-2008-05-08.html|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2008Natur.453..175W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Beyond the Platypus Genome – 2008 Boden Research Conference |journal=Reprod Fertil Dev. |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=i–ix, 935–1027 |year=2009 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/44/issue/4849.htm}}</ref>。它沒有性別決定基因[[SRY基因|SRY]]，其性別是由[[抗穆氏管荷爾蒙|AMH基因]]決定的<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik |year=2014|title=Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals|journal=Nature|volume=508|issue=7497|pages=488–493|doi=10.1038/nature13151|pmid=24759410|bibcode=2014Natur.508..488C}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Salleh|first1=Anna|title=Platypus Sex 'Master Switch' Identified|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/05/05/3994897.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 May 2014}}</ref>。
==文化==
在[[澳大利亚原住民]]传说中，鸭嘴兽是鸭子和[[澳洲水鼠|水鼠]]生下的后代<ref name=Gadi>{{cite book|author1=McKay, Helen F. |author2=McLeod, Pauline E. |author3=Jones, Francis F. |author4=Barber, June E. |year=2001|title=Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=1563089238}}</ref>{{rp|57–60}}。传说陆生、[[水生动物]]和鸟类都想要它加入自己的行列，但最终被鸭嘴兽拒绝<ref name=Gadi/>{{rp|83–85}}。
现在澳大利亚把它当做国家象征之一，它出现在[[20澳大利亚分硬币]]的背面，在[[1988年世界博覽會]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foundationexpo88.org/aboutcontents.html |title=About World Expo '88 |publisher=Foundation Expo '88 |year=1988 |accessdate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219232431/http://www.foundationexpo88.org/aboutcontents.html |archivedate=19 December 2013 }}</ref>、[[2000年夏季奥运会]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.beijing2008.com/31/87/article211928731.shtml |title=A Brief History of the Olympic and Paralympic Mascots |publisher=Beijing2008 |date=5 August 2004 |accessdate=25 October 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113930/http://en.beijing2008.com/31/87/article211928731.shtml |archivedate=21 June 2008 }}</ref>的[[吉祥物]]中都有其身影。
== 参考文献==
{{reflist|30em}}
==外部连接==
[[Category: 380 動物學總論]]
{| class="wikitable"
|<center>'''鴨嘴獸'''<br><img src="https://www.natgeomedia.com/userfiles/sm/sm1920_images_A1/5476/6982672375.jpg" width="250"></center><small>[https://www.natgeomedia.com/userfiles/sm/sm1920_images_A1/5476/6982672375.jpg 原圖鏈結] [https://www.natgeomedia.com/science/article/content-5476.html 圖片來自國家地理雜誌]</small>
|}
</div>
'''鴨嘴獸'''<ref>[https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/37873099 鴨嘴獸]，动物小百科，2019-05-23</ref>（[[學名]]：''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''；Platypus，偶称Duck-billed platypus）是原兽亚纲[[單孔目]][[鴨嘴獸科]]'''鴨嘴獸屬'''（''Ornithorhynchus''）的[[单型|唯一一种動物]]。鴨嘴獸是少有的[[卵生]][[哺乳动物|哺乳]]動物，棲地在[[澳大利亞]]東部地區和[[塔斯馬尼亞州]]。當其的標本初次被送到博物館時，奇怪的外觀使得當時歐洲的[[生物分類學家]]認為這是人類設計出來捉弄人的物種。鴨嘴獸是為數不多的有毒哺乳類動物，雄性鴨嘴獸的後肢有尖刺，可分泌有毒物質。此外也是少數擁有電磁感應的哺乳動物。鴨嘴獸的獨特性使牠成為演化生物學研究的重要對象。
鴨嘴獸已成為[[澳大利亞]]的象徵，常作為全國性活動的[[吉祥物]]。直到20世纪初，牠們仍因为人类对毛皮需求而被獵殺。雖然[[圈養計劃]]失敗與及鴨嘴獸易受環境污染影響，但是在人工保护下，牠们目前还未走向灭绝。
==命名由來==
1798年[[新南威尔士]]总督[[约翰·亨特 (皇家海军军官)|约翰·亨特]]将鸭嘴兽的皮毛和素描寄回英国之后，欧洲人才首次知道鸭嘴兽的存在<ref name="Paradox">{{cite journal|journal=BioScience|jstor=1313511|title=The Paradoxical Platypus|first=Brian K. |last=Hall|volume=49|issue=3|pages=211–8|date=March 1999|doi=10.2307/1313511}}</ref>。但当时英国科学家认为这只是一个恶作剧<ref name="hoax">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/archive/permalink/the_duckbilled_platypus|title= Duck-billed Platypus|publisher =Museum of hoaxes| accessdate = 21 July 2010}}</ref>，虽然[[乔治·肖]]1799年在《Naturalist's Miscellany》中正式描述了鸭嘴兽，但他本人也有所怀疑<ref name="shaw">{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=George|title=Naturalist's Miscellany, vol.10|date=1799|pages=227–232|url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalistsmisc00Geor#page/227/mode/2up|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref>，[[罗伯特·诺克斯]]认为这些皮毛不过是亚洲动物标本剥制师的作品<ref name="hoax"/>，其“鸭嘴”可能是后来缝上去的，而毛皮本身则来自海狸一类的动物，乔治·肖还特意检查过毛皮上是否有缝线<ref name="APC">{{cite web|url=http://www.platypus.asn.au/|title=Platypus facts file|publisher=Australian Platypus Conservancy| accessdate = 13 September 2006}}</ref>。
其英语俗名“platypus”来自[[古希腊语]]πλατύπους（拉丁转写为platupous），意思是“平足的”<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dplatu%2Fpous πλατύπους], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>，词根为πλατύς（platus，即「扁平的、寬的」），<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dplatu%2Fs πλατύς], ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>和πούς（pous，腳）<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpou%2Fs πούς], ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Liddell, Henry George |author2=Scott, Robert |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref>。肖最初给它定的学名是''Platypus anatinus''。但是后因属名“Platypus”已被[[长小蠹属]]占用<ref name="ABRS">{{cite book|url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/16-ind.pdf |title=Fauna of Australia |chapter=16 |volume=1b |first=J.R. |last=Grant |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) |accessdate=13 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519143852/http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/16-ind.pdf |archivedate=19 May 2005 |df= }}</ref>，于是1800年[[約翰·弗里德里希·布盧門巴赫]]改之为''Ornithorhynchus paradoxus''<ref name="NLA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/archive/52/p16a01.html|title=Platypus Paradoxes|publisher=National Library of Australia|date=August 2001| accessdate = 14 September 2006}}</ref>，最终按命名先到先得的原则更为''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''<ref name="ABRS"/>。属名来自古希腊语ορνιθόρυγχος（ornithorhynkhos），意思是“鸟嘴”，而种加词则来自拉丁语，意思是“鸭子一样的”。
==特徵==
長成的鴨嘴獸的體重0.7～2.4公斤（1.5～5.3英磅)。雄鸭嘴兽比雌性大，雄性体长平均50公分（20英寸），而雌性则为 43公分（17英寸），不同地区间体型差异也有较大变化<ref name="Workshop">{{cite web|url=http://www.medicine.utas.edu.au/research/mono/Taspaper.html|title=Current research on the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Tasmania: Abstracts from the 1999 'Tasmanian Platypus WORKSHOP'|author1=Munks, Sarah |author2=Nicol, Stewart |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=University of Tasmania|date=May 1999| accessdate = 23 October 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830075935/http://www.medicine.utas.edu.au/research/mono/Taspaper.html |archivedate = 30 August 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。其体温在32 °C（90 °F）左右<ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/White/thermal.htm |title=Thermal Biology of the Platypus |publisher=Davidson College |year=1999 |accessdate=14 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306024923/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/White/thermal.htm |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="temp">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy|author=Watson, J.M. |author2=Graves, J.A.M. |volume=36|issue=5|pages=573–584|year=1988|publisher=CSIRO | doi = 10.1071/ZO9880573}}</ref><ref name="temp2">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Standard Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy|author= Dawson, T.J.|author2= Grant, T.R.|author3= Fanning, D. |volume=27|issue=4|pages=511–5|year=1979|publisher=CSIRO | doi = 10.1071/ZO9790511}}</ref>。由於沒有明顯的[[奶頭]]，剛孵化的鴨嘴獸須尋找母獸腹部泌乳孔吸吮乳汁維生。与[[袋獾]]一样，其粗大的尾巴可用来存储脂肪<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/platypus/ |title=Platypus : Facts, Pictures : Animal Planet |publisher=Animal.discovery.com |date=16 November 2011 |accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref>。約4個月哺乳期後獨立生活，2歲半為成年。
== 习性 ==
除了哺乳期外，鴨嘴獸為獨居生活。它們棲息於河川，以銳利而且帶有蹼的腳在水中活動，最长可在水下待40秒，每次换气需要10至20秒<ref name="Bethge">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2326/|title=Energetics and foraging behaviour of the platypus|publisher = University of Tasmania|author=Philip Bethge|date=April 2002| accessdate = 21 June 2009|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|jstor=2404239|title=The Diving Behaviour of the Platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') in Waters with Different Trophic Status|author=Kruuk, H. |volume=30|issue=4|year=1993|pages=592–8 | doi = 10.2307/2404239}}</ref>，在河岸、湖岸上挖洞居住。鸭嘴兽是[[夜行性動物]]<ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/04papers/CromerMonotrRepro.htm |title=Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior |publisher=Iowa State University |author=Cromer, Erica |date=14 April 2004 |accessdate=18 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030236/http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/04papers/CromerMonotrRepro.htm |archivedate=13 March 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref name="HCP">{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences|title=Field biology of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''): historical and current perspectives|publisher=The Royal Society|volume=353|issue=1372|author=Grant, T.G.|author2= Temple-Smith, P.D. |year=1998|pmid=9720106|pages=1081–91|pmc=1692311 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0267}}</ref>，也是[[肉食性動物]]，通常在清晨和黃昏时在水邊獵食[[甲殼類]]、[[蚯蚓]]等动物，每日摄入食物占体重的20%<ref name="Bethge" />。而其每天的睡眠时间长达14小时<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holland, Jennifer S. |title=40 Winks? |journal= National Geographic|volume=220 |issue=1 |date=July 2011 }}</ref>。
饲养的鸭嘴兽寿命可达17年，野生的一般最多11年。其天敌包括蛇、水鼠、巨蜥、鹰等，而在澳州北部则受鳄鱼的威胁<ref name="EPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/az_of_animals/platypus.html |title=Platypus |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service |year=2006 |accessdate=24 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021042522/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/az_of_animals/platypus.html |archivedate=21 October 2009 }}</ref>。1845年引入澳洲大陆的[[红狐]]对其种群数量可能也有一定的影响<ref name="Workshop" />。
=== 毒液 ===
{{main|鸭嘴兽毒}}
雌性和雄性鸭嘴兽的踝部都有尖刺，只有雄性的可以从踝部腺体分泌毒液、由毒刺排出以自卫<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php |title=Australian Fauna |publisher=Australian Fauna |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040439/http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php |archivedate=29 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=2267 |title=Platypus venom linked to pain relief |publisher=University of Sydney |date= 8 May 2008 |accessdate=14 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rainforest-australia.com/platypus_poison.htm |title=Platypus poison |publisher=Rainforest Australia |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529165453/http://rainforest-australia.com/platypus_poison.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name="PS">{{cite journal| last = Gerritsen| first = Vivienne Baillie | title = Platypus poison| journal = Protein Spotlight| issue = 29| date = December 2002| url = http://www.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt029.shtml| accessdate = 14 September 2006}}</ref>。其毒素对小型动物如狗等来说是致命的。虽然对人类来并非如此，但仍然会造成剧烈疼痛使人丧失行动能力<ref name="PS" /><ref>Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105043922/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1423/evolution-platypus-venom-revealed Evolution of platypus venom revealed]. ''Cosmos''.</ref>。被其扎伤之后，伤处先是迅速产生水肿，然后扩散到其他部位。治愈之后仍然会导致患者[[痛觉过敏]]达数日乃至数月之久<ref name="JN">{{cite journal|journal= Journal of Neurophysiology|title=Venom From the Platypus, ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'', Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells |author=de Plater, G.M.|author2= Milburn, P.J.|author3= Martin, R.L.|volume=85|issue=3|pages=1340–5|year=2001 |url=http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/85/3/1340|pmid= 11248005}}</ref><ref name="venom">{{cite web|url=http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/old/mammals/platypus.html |title=The venom of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') |accessdate=13 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201185504/http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/old/mammals/platypus.html |archivedate=1 February 2012 }}</ref>。
=== 電磁感應 ===
除去[[海豚]]之外，[[单孔目]]動物是唯一擁有[[電磁感應]]能力的哺乳動物<ref>{{cite news |last=Black |first=Richard |title=Dolphin hunts with electric sense |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14292330 |publisher=BBC News |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref>，它們能夠通過感應獵物的電場來探測其位置。而鴨嘴獸的電磁感應能力又是所有單孔目動物中最靈敏的<ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0275
| last1 = Proske | first1 = Uwe
| first2 = J. E. |last2=Gregory |first3=A. |last3=Iggo
| title = Sensory receptors in monotremes
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
| pages = 1187–98
| issue = 1372
| year = 1998
| pmid = 9720114| pmc = 1692308
| volume = 353
}}</ref><ref name="Electro1">{{cite journal| last = Pettigrew| first = John D.| title = Electroreception in Monotremes| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology|pages=1447–54| issue = Pt 10| year = 1999| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/10/1447.pdf |format=PDF| pmid=10210685| volume = 202}}</ref>。其[[电感受器]]和[[机械性刺激感受器]]位於嘴部<ref name="sensory_platypus">{{cite journal
| last1 = Pettigrew
| first1 = John D.
| first2 = P.R. |last2=Manger |first3=S.L. |last3=Fine
| title = The sensory world of the platypus
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
| pages = 1199–1210
| issue = 1372
| year = 1998
| pmid = 9720115| pmc = 1692312
| doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0276
| volume = 353
}}</ref><ref name="Ancestors_Tale">{{cite book
| first = Richard
| last = Dawkins
| authorlink = Richard Dawkins
| title = The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
| chapter = The Duckbill's Tale
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| location = Boston MA
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-618-00583-3 | title-link = The Ancestor's Tale
}}</ref>。鴨嘴獸在潛水時會閉上眼睛和鼻子，耳朵也聽不到聲音，而完全依靠電磁感應來捕食<ref name="Electro1" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregory, J.E.|author2= Iggo, A.|author3= McIntyre, A.K.|author4= Proske, U. |title=Receptors in the Bill of the Platypus|pmc=1191811 |journal=Journal of Physiology |volume=400 |issue=1 |pages=349–366 |date=June 1988 |pmid=3418529}}</ref>。
== 繁殖 ==
1884年[[威廉·海·考德威尔]]和150名[[澳大利亚原住民]]组成的团队找到了几枚鸭嘴兽的卵之后，欧洲人才确定鸭嘴兽居然是一种卵生的哺乳动物。<ref name="ABRS"/><ref name="PS"/>
鸭嘴兽在每年六月至十月间繁殖，具体时间在不同地区有差异<ref name="EPA" />。鸭嘴兽的族群采用一夫多妻制<ref name="AJZ2">{{cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New South Wales|author=Grant, T. R. |author2=Griffiths, M. |author3=Leckie, R.M.C. |volume=31|issue=6|pages=881–9|publisher=1983|doi=10.1071/ZO9830881|year=1983}}</ref>，雌兽两岁达到性成熟，但也有九岁大还没有产卵的雌兽。<ref name="AJZ2"/>
鸭嘴兽在没有交配前只会给自己挖一个较浅的水边巢穴，交配后雌兽会扩大自己的巢穴（长可达20公尺（66英尺）），并在入口处添加障碍物以阻挡猎食者<ref name="ADW">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ornithorhynchidae.html | title=Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) |author1=Anna Bess Sorin |author2=Phil Myers |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology|year=2001|accessdate=24 October 2006}}</ref>，巢内则会铺上柔软的叶子。雄兽不负责照料后代。<ref name="APC" />
雌兽有两个卵巢，但只有左卵巢有用<ref name="EC" />。一次最多产三枚卵（通常为两枚），卵略呈椭圆形，直径11公釐（0.43英寸）<ref name="BSED">{{cite journal|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|title=Early development and embryology of the platypus|author=Hughes, R. L. |author2=Hall, L. S. |volume=353|issue=1372|pages=1101–14|publisher=The Royal Society|date=28 July 1998|pmid= 9720108|pmc= 1692305 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0269}}</ref>。卵在卵巢内待28天，孵化只需要10天。<ref name="RS2">{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences|title =The development of the external features of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'')|author=Manger, Paul R. |author2=Hall, Leslie S. |author3=Pettigrew, John D. |volume=353|issue=1372|pages=1115–25|date=29 July 1998|pmid=9720109|publisher=The Royal Society|pmc=1692310|doi =10.1098/rstb.1998.0270}}</ref>
刚出生的鸭嘴兽眼睛看不见东西，仅靠母乳为生。鸭嘴兽虽然有[[乳腺]]，但是没有乳头，其母乳是通过皮肤上的毛孔流出的，小鸭嘴兽会舔食积聚在母兽腹部的乳汁<ref name="APC" /><ref name="EPA" />。哺乳期为三至四个月。孵化期和哺乳期间，母兽会短暂外出觅食，离开前用土块挡住巢穴入口以保护幼兽<ref name="QM">{{cite web|url=http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/leaflet0010.pdf|title=Egg-laying mammals|publisher=Queensland Museum|date=November 2000| accessdate = 19 June 2009|format=PDF|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722180447/http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/leaflet0010.pdf |archivedate = 22 July 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。哺乳期过后幼兽才会外出<ref name="EPA" />。
==演化過程==
最古老的鴨嘴獸的[[化石]]發現於10萬年前的[[第四紀]]地層。一些科學家認為''[[Teinolophos]]''、''[[Steropodon]]''是鴨嘴獸的祖先<ref name="Thomas H. Rich 2016">Thomas H. Rich, James A. Hopson, Pamela G. Gill, Peter Trusler, Sally Rogers-Davidson, Steve Morton, Richard L. Cifelli, David Pickering, Lesley Kool, Karen Siu, Flame A. Burgmann, Tim Senden, Alistair R. Evans, Barbara E. Wagstaff, Doris Seegets-Villiers, Ian J. Corfe, Timothy F. Flannery, Ken Walker, Anne M. Musser, Michael Archer, Rebecca Pian and Patricia Vickers-Rich (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034.</ref>，但是實際上其演化是相對獨立的<ref name="MS">{{cite journal|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-487.pdf|format=PDF|title=New data on the Paleocene monotreme ''Monotrematum sudamericanum'', and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars|author=Pascual, R.|author2= Goin, F.J.|author3= Balarino, L.|author4= Udrizar Sauthier, D.E.|volume=47|issue=3|pages=487–492|year=2002}}</ref>。
2004年[[澳大利亞國立大學]]的研究人員發現鴨嘴獸擁有十條[[性染色體]]（大多數哺乳動物只有XY兩條）<ref name="discover">{{cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/sex-ys-platypuses0425/|title=Sex, Ys, and Platypuses|publisher=Discover|first=Jocelyn|last=Selim|date=25 April 2005| accessdate = 7 May 2008}}</ref>。與鳥類<ref>{{Cite journal
| authors = Frank Grützner, Willem Rens, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Nisrine El-Mogharbel1, Patricia C. M. O'Brien, Russell C. Jones, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith & Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
| title = In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes
| journal = Nature
| volume = 432
| issue = 7019 | pages = 913–7
| date = 16 December 2004
| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7019/abs/nature03021.html
| doi = 10.1038/nature03021| pmid = 15502814
| bibcode = 2004Natur.432..913G
}}
</ref>、哺乳動物和爬行動物都有相似之處<ref name="draft_genome">{{cite journal| journal = Nature| volume = 453| issue = 7192| pages = 175–183| title = Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution| date = 8 May 2008| doi = 10.1038/nature06936| author = Warren, Wesley C.|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/pdf/nature06936.pdf | format=PDF| pmid = 18464734| pmc = 2803040 |laysource= Nature Podcast 08-05-2008|layurl=http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/v453/n7192/nature-2008-05-08.html|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2008Natur.453..175W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Beyond the Platypus Genome – 2008 Boden Research Conference |journal=Reprod Fertil Dev. |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=i–ix, 935–1027 |year=2009 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/44/issue/4849.htm}}</ref>。它沒有性別決定基因[[SRY基因|SRY]]，其性別是由[[抗穆氏管荷爾蒙|AMH基因]]決定的<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik |year=2014|title=Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals|journal=Nature|volume=508|issue=7497|pages=488–493|doi=10.1038/nature13151|pmid=24759410|bibcode=2014Natur.508..488C}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Salleh|first1=Anna|title=Platypus Sex 'Master Switch' Identified|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/05/05/3994897.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 May 2014}}</ref>。
==文化==
在[[澳大利亚原住民]]传说中，鸭嘴兽是鸭子和[[澳洲水鼠|水鼠]]生下的后代<ref name=Gadi>{{cite book|author1=McKay, Helen F. |author2=McLeod, Pauline E. |author3=Jones, Francis F. |author4=Barber, June E. |year=2001|title=Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=1563089238}}</ref>{{rp|57–60}}。传说陆生、[[水生动物]]和鸟类都想要它加入自己的行列，但最终被鸭嘴兽拒绝<ref name=Gadi/>{{rp|83–85}}。
现在澳大利亚把它当做国家象征之一，它出现在[[20澳大利亚分硬币]]的背面，在[[1988年世界博覽會]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foundationexpo88.org/aboutcontents.html |title=About World Expo '88 |publisher=Foundation Expo '88 |year=1988 |accessdate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219232431/http://www.foundationexpo88.org/aboutcontents.html |archivedate=19 December 2013 }}</ref>、[[2000年夏季奥运会]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.beijing2008.com/31/87/article211928731.shtml |title=A Brief History of the Olympic and Paralympic Mascots |publisher=Beijing2008 |date=5 August 2004 |accessdate=25 October 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113930/http://en.beijing2008.com/31/87/article211928731.shtml |archivedate=21 June 2008 }}</ref>的[[吉祥物]]中都有其身影。
== 参考文献==
{{reflist|30em}}
==外部连接==
[[Category: 380 動物學總論]]