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天国八福
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地 点 [[巴勒斯坦]]
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“'''天国八福'''”（{{Lang-en|'''The Beatitude'''}}；天主教作'''“真福八端”'''）是八段详细记载在[[马太福音]][[山上宝训]]中，耶稣早期在[[加利利]][[传福音]]时的[[祝福]]；每段祝福都以谚语形式宣告而不作赘述。在拉丁语系、希腊语和[[阿拉姆语]]（耶稣布道时所用语言<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary |title=Aramaic |quote=It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73). |page=72 |isbn=9780802824028 |editor-first=Allen C. |editor-last=Myers |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=Alban Books Limited |year=1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books/?id=MLsQAQAAIAAJ |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language |title=Aramaic language |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/markdroberts/series/what-language-did-jesus-speak-why-does-it-matter/ |title=What Language Did Jesus Speak? |first=Rev. Dr. Mark D. |last=Roberts |website=Patheos.com |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>）中，“有福了”作耶稣祝福的开头，而非中文语境中的结尾。其中，有四段祝福亦出现在[[路加福音]]的[[平原布道]]中，附有四段“有祸了”{{Small|（拉丁文开头句式，{{Lang-en|[[wikt:woe|Woes]]}}）}}的宣告。<ref name= "Synop" />
在四世纪晚期开始出现的[[拉丁通俗译本]]中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goins|first=Scott|contribution=Jerome's Psalters|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=William P.|title=Oxford Handbook to the Psalms|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scherbenske|first=Eric W.|title=Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scherbenske|first=Eric W.|title=Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=184}}</ref><ref name="Houghton 2016 41">{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=41}}</ref>，每一段都会以“那些...的人有福了/是有福的/是该欢喜的”{{Small|（[[wikt:beati|beati]]<ref>{{Citation | quote = Blessed, happy, fortunate; in Attic, one of the upper classes. | last1 = Liddell | last2 = Scott | title = Lexicon}}</ref>）}}这个句式开头，其中“人”作复数形式；{{Lang-el|μακάριοι (makarioi)}}{{Efn |“这个"Makaria"--或者说“被祝福的”和“富有的”--...也指这个人的家族有[[上层阶级]]的头衔”{{Refn | {{Citation | title = Gender, Class and Ideology: The Social Function of Virgin Sacrifice in Euripides' ''Children of Herakles'' | first = David Kawalko | journal = Classical Antiquity | volume = 26 | number = 1 | date = April 2007 | pages = 81–169 | URL = https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:14100/datastreams/CONTENT/content | last = Roselli | publisher = University of California Press}}.}}}}也有同样的意思。因此“哀恸的人有福了”在[[拉丁语]]中作''beati pauperes spiritu''<ref>{{cite book |title=The Vulgate New Testament with the Douay Version of 1582 in Parallel Columns |page= 5 |url= https://archive.org/stream/vulgatenewtesta00jerogoog#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>。拉丁名词''beātitūdō''是罗马演说家[[西塞罗]]造出来的一个用在陈述“被神灵祝福”这一状态，后来用于拉丁通俗译本之[[马太福音第五章]]中的名词<ref>{{cite book |title= The Gospel of the Kingdom |last= Savage |first=Henry Edwin |authorlink= Henry Edwin Savage |date= 1910 |page=69 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IVw7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA69}}</ref>。随后在[[大圣经|1540年刊印的大圣经]]<ref>ENGLISH BIBLE VERSIONS: A TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL OF THE KING