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野苹果

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创建页面,内容为“'''''' 本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。 File:野苹果4.jpg|缩略图|左|野苹果[http://image.baidu.…”
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本词条由“[[科普中国]]”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。

[[File:野苹果4.jpg|缩略图|左|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=602802086,1686663782&os=326370940,4002069061&simid=4181767127,700235900&pn=16&rn=1&di=13200&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimgsrc.baidu.com%2Fbaike%2Fpic%2Fitem%2F1a94b36e569b668981cb4a97.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
[[新疆]]野苹果([[Malussieversii]])为蔷薇科苹果属乔木,第三纪孑遗物种,在[[中国]]仅分布于[[新疆伊犁]]、[[塔城]]等地,被列为[[中国]]濒危二级重点保护植物。目前,国内外对[[新疆]]野苹果的研究主要集中在形态学、孢粉学、细胞学及分子学等方面。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6750658/11c6z28v8Hjsobs9iz9hkBmAO-fA6_04TbZXHMqQwXxygqbMlgXIe9KzdmedXG4d-N_Q2WXvRJTF1tejJieV48gufqK_EEfjgs_k80SibO0uhOYrN8XW5_TgkRk- | .万方数据库,引用日期2019-03-24] </ref>

[[新疆]]野苹果是我国重要的野生果树种质资源。其重要性主要体现在[[新疆]]野苹果作为现代栽培苹果的原始祖先之一,为研究现代栽培苹果的起源以及性状演化提供了“[[活化石]]”标本,也是天然的苹果种质基因库。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6750658/11c6z28v8Hjsobs9iz9hkBmAO-fA6_04TbZXHMqQwXxygqbMlgXIe9KzdmedXG4d-N_Q2WXvRJTF1tejJieV48gufqK_EEfjgs_k80SibO0uhOYrN8XW5_TgkRk- | 万方数据库[引用日期2019-03-24]] </ref>

==形态特征

乔木,高达2-10米,稀14米;树冠宽阔,常有多数主干;小枝短粗,圆柱形,嫩时具短柔毛,二年生枝微屈曲,无毛,暗灰红色,具疏生长圆形皮孔;冬芽卵形,先端钝,外被长柔毛,鳞片边缘较密,暗红色。叶片卵形、宽椭圆形、稀倒卵形,长6-11厘米,宽3-5.5厘米,先端急尖,基部楔形,稀圆形,边缘具圆钝锯齿,幼叶下面密被长柔毛,老叶较少,浅绿色,上面沿叶脉有疏生柔毛,深绿色,侧脉4-7对,下面叶脉显著;叶柄长1.2-3.5厘米,具疏生柔毛;托叶膜质,披针形,边缘有白色柔毛,早落。花序近伞形,具花3-6朵。花梗较粗,长约1.5厘米,密被白色绒毛;花直径约3-3.5厘米;萼筒钟状,外面密被绒毛;萼片宽披针形或三角披针形,先端渐尖,全缘,长约6毫米,两面均被绒毛,内面较密,萼片比萼筒稍长;花瓣倒卵形,长1.5-2厘米,基部有短爪,粉色,含苞未放时带玫瑰紫色;雄蕊20,花丝长短不等,长约花瓣之半;花柱5,基部密被白色绒毛,与雄蕊约等长或稍长。果实大,球形或扁球形,直径3-4.5厘米,稀7厘米,黄绿色有红晕,萼洼下陷,萼片宿存,反折;果梗长3.5-4厘米,微被柔毛。花期5月,果期8-10月。
[[File:野苹果5.jpg|缩略图|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=3942812074,1527663552&os=4161309066,2548666832&simid=3387160429,443118538&pn=4&rn=1&di=16500&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.go007.com%2F2016%2F10%2F18%2F683df82378a4ed9f_0.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]

==果实特征==

[[File:野苹果6.jpg|缩略图|左|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=951962889,2682999200&os=169763593,390367199&simid=4214126945,607304787&pn=5&rn=1&di=16610&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2F5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com%2Fimages%2F20181206%2F6d3548628c224c81831cdb565cef2ad3.jpeg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
现新疆野苹果果实形状有近圆形、椭圆形、扁圆形、卵圆形等7个类型,果实果面光滑,无果粉,有些具棱起,果形端正对称,果点少,多数无果锈,萼片多聚合宿存,梗洼深度及广狭以中等类型居多,心室闭合,香气较浓,具有栽培苹果的特征,同时还发现新疆野苹果果肉汁液较少,果肉多绵软,味酸,果心约占果实纵切面的近1/2,这与栽培苹果存在一定差异。

果实形状有7种类型,以近圆形为主,其次为卵圆形,扁圆形、椭圆形、圆锥形、偏斜形则分布较少,短圆锥形最少;果实风味有6种类型,遗传多样性指数达1.069,以酸型居多,甜酸次之,淡甜、酸甜、酸甜适度、极酸较少;果肉质地有4种类型,遗传多样性指数达1.110,其中绵软型最多,松软、松脆相对较少,硬脆最少;萼片有聚合和反卷两种类型,其中以聚合为主,部分反卷;萼洼多中狭型。

==用途==

本种耐寒力中等,耐旱力强,丰产。野生类型很多,有红果子、黄果子、绿果子和白果子等,品质和成熟期很不一致。陕西、甘肃、新疆等地用作栽培苹果砧木;生长良好。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6750658/862eS7S8euaIR8gIpfswjnRgwJLePmC82bCzQArusX9p3iPM1BwVpijdPIHY5aruOUKwpj9UPHT19Jep_M1U5qnS_s54skr8H5o0Dfeo63GFo_T_sgZbLIjorCbjLO4sAkREXA | 植物通,引用日期2019-03-24] </ref>
[[File:野苹果7.jpg|缩略图|也苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=2797957112,3211544076&os=1076705873,3843591497&simid=4273919376,807096894&pn=17&rn=1&di=24530&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fz%2F%25E9%2587%258E%25E8%258B%25B9%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%259E%259C%25E5%25AD%2590%25E4%25B8%258E%25E5%258F%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590%25E7%259A%2584-58002060.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]

==产地分布==

[[File:野苹果8.jpg|缩略图|左|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=3320994703,3159913530&os=1532531055,1482001419&simid=4225918752,726511077&pn=25&rn=1&di=37290&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E9%2587%258E%25E8%258B%25B9%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2586%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259E%259C%25E5%25AD%2590%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%259E%259D%25E6%259D%2588%25E7%259A%2584-124409470.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
产[[新疆西部]]。分布[[中亚细亚]]。

[[新疆]]野苹果生长于海拔900~1930m山地的阴坡或半阴坡,只有在温暖、湿润的生态环境条件下才能得以生存、发展和繁衍,具有温带湿润小区的气候特色。

==主要价值==

当前,[[新疆]]野苹果的开发利用主要体现在两个方面。


一是利用其种子培育苹果砧木苗,二是以果实为原料提取果酸,作为食品工业的配料。
[[File:野苹果树11.jpg|缩略图|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=781459039,907485033&os=1916842656,1653694414&simid=3497609839,562619946&pn=35&rn=1&di=32120&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E9%2587%258E%25E8%258B%25B9%25E6%259E%259C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%2598%25A5%25E5%25A4%25A9-72987866.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]

==保存==

[[File:野苹果树12.jpg|缩略图|左|野苹果[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=292550554,1800949098&os=3367495483,1295931941&simid=14112846,807019849&pn=46&rn=1&di=3410&ln=529&fr=&fmq=1592725830449_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fgss0.baidu.com%2F9fo3dSag_xI4khGko9WTAnF6hhy%2Fzhidao%2Fpic%2Fitem%2Fb64543a98226cffcb4c5c567be014a90f703ea7c.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined原图链接]]]
在[[新疆]]野苹果原生境保护区([[点]])建设的同时,应开展异地建圃保存以及利用种子、枝条、花粉及组培等离体保存的试验研究,从而建立[[新疆]]野苹果原生境保存、异地建圃保存、离体保存等多层次保护保存体系,切实保护这一珍贵资源。 [5]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6750658/7600He50tUT9GS7O_LfM_ZQwrtej7Y4dMh3eiI-qiqDJeWPqr7HOqOor7s-RToh86xaOXa_lRssvZY4U_Wst2ZUBasPQB1qQvqWxh8i6MplJiHBIU_yM64T2vTTb | 万方数据库,引用日期2019-03-24] </ref>
==参考文献==
{{Reflist}}
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