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创建页面，内容为“{{Infobox Settlement |official_name = 诺克斯维尔 |settlement_type = 城市 |nickname = 大理石城, K-Town,<br/>Big…”
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = [[诺克斯维尔]]
|settlement_type = [[城市]]
|nickname = 大理石城, K-Town,<br/>Big Orange Country, 865, Rocky Top, Knoxvegas
|motto =
|image_skyline = Knoxville TN skyline.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Logo knox.gif
|seal_size = 85px
|image_shield =
|image_blank_emblem =
|image_map = TNMap-doton-Knoxville.PNG
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = 在[[美国]][[田纳西州]]的位置
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[美国|国家]]
|subdivision_name = [[美国]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[美国州份|州]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[田纳西州|田纳西]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[县 (美国)|县]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[市长议会制]]
|leader_title = [[市长]]
|leader_name = [[Bill Haslam]]
|established_title = 定居
|established_date = 1786年
|established_title2 = [[建制]]
|established_date2 = 1791年
|area_magnitude = 1 E+7
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="knoxareanotes">{{cite web |url=http://www.knoxvilletennessee.com/demographics.html |title=Knoxville Demographics |work=KnoxvilleTennessee.com |date=2007-03-10 |accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 254.0
|area_land_km2 = 240.0
|area_water_km2 = 14.1
|area_total_sq_mi = 98.09
|area_land_sq_mi = 92.66
|area_water_sq_mi = 5.43
|area_water_percent = 5.5
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_footnotes = <ref name="knoxpopnotes">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4740000.html |title=Knoxville (city) QuickFacts |work=United States Census Bureau |date=2007-05-07 |accessdate=2007-06-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608140339/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4740000.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 }}</ref>
|population_total = 173890
|-metro-area_total = 1,010,978
|population_density_sq_mi = 1876.7
|timezone = [[北美东部时区|东部时间]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[北美东部时区|东部日光节约时间]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 35 |latm = 58 |lats = 22 |latNS = N
|longd = 83 |longm = 56 |longs = 32 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name="knoxareanotes" />
|elevation_m = 276
|elevation_ft = 936
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = 865
|website = [http://www.cityofknoxville.org www.cityofknoxville.org]
|blank_name = [[联邦资料处理标淮|FIPS代码]]
|blank_info = 47-40000{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[地理名称信息系统|GNIS]] 代码
|blank1_info = 1648562{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''诺克斯维尔'''（[[英文]]：Knoxville），是[[美国]][[田纳西州]]东部的一个城市，在[[阿巴拉契亚山脉]]的西麓和[[田纳西河]]的河边，于1786年建市。诺克斯维尔的名字是纪念美国第一位的军事部长[[亨利·诺克斯]]（Henry Knox）。诺克斯维尔的人口比[[孟菲斯 (田纳西州)|孟菲斯]]和[[纳什维尔]]少，是田纳西州人口第三多的城市。人口180,130人（2005年统计）。面积254.1平方公里（98.1平方英里），其中陆地面积240.0平方公里（92.7平方英里），水域面积14.1平方公里（5.4平方英里）。城市的主要[[工业]]有[[化学]]、[[金属]]製品、[[电器]]、[[食品]]、[[木材]]加工和[[大理石]]开採。诺克斯维尔还是主要的农产品贸易中心，以[[烟草]]和牲畜交易为主。市[[交通]]发达，并有[[铁路]]、[[高速公路]]和航班与其他[[城市]]相联。
在田纳西的四个主要城市之中，诺克斯维尔是第二古老的，仅次于始建于1779年的纳什维尔。在[[田纳西]]1796年加入联邦之后，诺城是田纳西州的首府，直至1819年首府迁移到[[默弗里斯伯勒 (田纳西州)|默弗里斯伯勒]]为止。
诺城的一个昵称是“大理石城”。<ref>Jack Neely, ''The Marble City: A Photographic Tour of Knoxville's Graveyards'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), xxi.</ref>在20世纪早期，市内有很多采石场。
诺城曾是“世界内衣之都”。 在20世纪30年代，诺城有不少于20家制衣厂，这些工厂雇佣了许多工人。从50年代开始，这些工厂纷纷倒闭，直接导致了诺城在60年代有10%的人口迁出。
[[田纳西大学]]的主校区坐落在诺城。该校的球队在周边地区极为知名。
现任（2008年）市长为[[比尔·哈斯拉姆]](Bill Haslam)。在2003年他击败竞争者Madeline Rogero而当选<ref>{{cite news
|title = Election Roundup
|url = http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/us_mayor_newspaper/documents/11_17_03/elec_roundup.asp
|work = U.S. Conference of Mayors
|date = 2003-11-17
|accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}{{dead link|date=十月 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ，并在2007年在无竞争对手的情况下获连任。<ref>{{cite news
| author = Hayes Hickman
| title = Haslam sails to second term
| url = http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/sep/26/haslamsails-tosecondterm/
| work = Knoxville News-Sentinel
| date = 2007-09-26
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref>前任市长是[[维克多·艾什]](Victor Ashe)，在担任市长长达16年以后，由于连任限制他已不能继续连任，已于2004年被任命为美国驻[[波兰]]大使。
== 历史 ==
=== 早期历史 ===
早在[[古森林时期]]（公元前1000年至公元1000年），诺城地区已有人类定居。<ref>Fletcher Jolly III, "40KN37: An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County, Tennessee," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 31, nos. 1-2 (1976), 51.</ref> 诺城地区最古老的人造建筑之一是一个在公元1000年左右的时候建造的一个陵墓，属于[[密西西比文明]]. 该陵墓坐落于现田纳西大学的校园中。<ref>Frank H. McClung Museum, "[http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/woodland.html Woodland Period] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723130216/http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/woodland.html |date=2008-07-23 }}." Retrieved: 25 March 2008.</ref> 其他的史前聚居点有古森林时期的村落，位于[[田纳西河]]和Knob Creek的交汇处；<ref>Fletcher Jolly III, "40KN37: An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County, Tennessee," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 31, nos. 1-2 (1976), 51.</ref> 还有达拉斯时期密西西比文明的村庄，位于Post Oak岛；<ref>James Strange, "An Unusual Late Prehistoric Pipe from Post Oak Island (40KN23)," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 30, no. 1 (1974), 80.</ref> 和Bussell岛.<ref>Richard Polhemus, ''The Toqua Site — 40MR6'', Vol. I (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1987), 1240-1246.</ref>
到18世纪，[[切罗基人]]部落成了东田纳西地区的主要部落。他们和 [[Creek tribe|Creeks]]、[[Shawnee]]处于不断的战争中.<ref>Cora Tula Watters, "Shawnee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 278-279.</ref><ref>Ima Stephens, "Creek." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 252-253.</ref> Cherokee人把诺城地区叫做''kuwanda'talun'yi'', 意为桑树之地。<ref>James Mooney, ''Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee'' (Nashville: Charles Elder, 1972), 526.</ref>
切罗基人的聚居区大部分在诺城之南[[Little Tennessee River]]河畔的 [[Overhill Cherokee|Overhill settlements]].
17世纪晚期，欧洲裔美国人来到了田纳西峡谷。另外有证据表明在1540年[[Hernando De Soto]]曾到过Bussell岛。<ref>Jefferson Chapman, ''Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History'' (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985), 97.</ref> 第一次欧洲裔美国人在此地的大规模活动是[[Henry Timberlake]]探险。<ref>Henry Timberlake, Samuel Williams (ed.), ''Memoirs, 1756-1765'' (Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co., 1948), 54.</ref>
=== 定居 ===
[[File:James-white-fort-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|James White在诺克斯维尔的家]]
法兰西－印第安战争和[[美国独立战争]]结束以后，阿帕拉契山脉地区的白人聚居区快速增多<ref>William MacArthur, ''Knoxville, Crossroads of the New South'' (Tulsa, Okla.: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 1-15.</ref>。到18世纪80年代，在Holston和French Broad峡谷附近已有白人聚居区。由于切罗基人尚未放弃这片土地，多数白人移民的的移居都是非法的。美国国会在1785年下令所有非法移居者离开峡谷，可是收效甚微。随着白人移民继续蚕食切罗基人的土地，白人和切罗基人的摩擦此起彼伏<ref>Yong Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville, Tennessee'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Transportation Center, 1993), 9.</ref>。
1783年，美国内战将军[[James White (general)|James White]]及其朋友James Connor在First Creek河口购买了一块土地，三年后建立了怀特要塞<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref>。 1790年, James White将军的女婿Charles McClung这一块土地中First Creek和Second Creek之间的地块建立了一个面积有 64 {{convert|0.5|acre|sqkm|sing=on}}的小镇McClung, 预留了一块水边的土地作为城镇公共用地，两块土地留作教堂和墓地，四块土地留作学校用地(后来成了Blount学院，是田纳西大学的前身)。同一年，[[乔治·华盛顿|华盛顿总统]]提名[[北南卡罗莱纳]]的测量员[[William Blount]]为新建的行政区域"俄亥俄河南部地区"（田纳西州的前身）的管理者。
William Blount的第一个任务是解决切罗基人和白人非法移民之间的土地纠纷<ref>MacArthur, 17.</ref>。很快，1791年，各方在怀特要塞签署了Holston条约。William Blount本想把这块土地的首府建立在Clinch河和[[田纳西河]]的交汇处，即现在的田纳西州Kingston地区。然后切罗基人拒绝放弃这里。William Blount只好选择了怀特要塞。William Blount于是把新首府命名为诺克斯维尔。这样命名是根据美国独立战争将军[[亨利·诺克斯]](Henry Knox)的名字，而此时[[亨利·诺克斯]]将军刚刚好是William Blount的顶头上司<ref>William MacArthur, Jr., ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'' (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 17-22.</ref>。
Holston条约很快就代来了巨大的问题。 William Blount认为他在条约签订时已经“购买”了现今东田纳西地区的大片土地。然而，由于对条约条款的争议，双方都持续使用暴力。1792年, 200切罗基人在John Watts的带领下在诺城举行了游行，另外一群切罗基人在1793年袭击了Covet's Station。这两群切罗基人都被诺城白人移民击退了。诺城白人移民违令袭击了切罗基人，并害死了酋长夫人。经过和谈，双方在1794年实现和平<ref>G. H. Stueckrath, "[http://www.knoxcotn.org/history/debow.html Incidents in the Early Settlement of East Tennessee and Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401050724/http://www.knoxcotn.org/history/debow.html |date=2009-04-01 }}." Originally published in ''De Bow's Review'' Vol. XXVII (October 1859), O.S. Enlarged Series. Vol. II, No. 4, N.S. Pages 407-419. Transcribed for web content by Billie McNamara, 1999-2002. Retrieved: 25 February 2008.</ref>。
=== 南北战争前的诺克斯维尔 ===
[[File:Craighead-jackson-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|Craighead-Jackson在诺克斯维尔的家，建造于1818年]]
诺克斯维尔是“俄亥俄河南部地区”政治实体的首府。在1796年俄亥俄河南部地区被批淮建立田纳西州以后，诺克斯维尔是田纳西的首府。1817年<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref> 田纳西州首府迁移到了[[Murfreesboro, Tennessee|Murfreesboro]]。早期的诺城被称为有<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref> Early issues of the [[Knoxville Gazette]]— 田纳西的第一种报纸是《诺克斯维尔报》。早期该报充满了谋杀、盗窃以及被怀有敌意的切罗击人攻击的消息。州领导人William Blount的朋友Abishai Thomas在1794到过诺城之后写道，他惊讶于此地的有现代架构的建筑，然而这里有7家酒吧却没有一家教堂。<ref>MacArthur, ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'', 23.</ref>
早期，由于是旅行者和新移民西进的中间站，诺城逐渐变得繁盛。在19世纪上半，由于处于水运枢纽的位置，诺城很快成了区域交易中心。本地农产品，特别是烟草、谷物和威士忌，被用来和更南的地方交易棉花。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref> 19世纪50年代，随着东田纳西－佐治亚铁路的贯通，诺城人口增倍。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref>
James White的儿子[[Hugh Lawson White]] (1773-1840)是诺城早期的杰出人士之一。 他开始的时候是法官和州议员，1825年被州立法机构提名为美国国会参议员议员，取代了原来的[[Andrew Jackson]]。1836年, White代表[[辉格党 (美国)|辉格党]]角逐美国总统宝座，铩羽而归。<ref>Jonathan Atkins, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=W050 Hugh Lawson White]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref>
=== 美国内战 ===
[[File:Fort-dickerson-site-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|南诺克斯维尔的Dickerson堡]]
{{main|诺克斯维尔战役}}
美国内战前，反奴隶制和反分裂情绪在东田纳西地区高涨。[[William Brownlow|William "Parson" Brownlow]]作为激进的报刊[[Knoxville Whig]]的出版商, 是这一地区反分裂主义运动的首领（虽然他支持奴隶制度）。<ref>Forrest Conklin, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B102 William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 27 February 2008.</ref> 诺城南部的Blount郡是废奴主义的一个中心: 这里有一个比较大的教友派教会分支，此地的玛丽威尔学院的校长Isaac Anderson是著名的反奴主义者。<ref>Durwood Dunn, ''Cades Cove: The Life and Death of An Appalachian Community'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 125.</ref> 据报道诺城的[[Greater Warner Tabernacle AME Zion教堂]]是[[地下铁路 (秘密结社)|地下铁路]]组织的一个分会.<ref>Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission, "[http://www.knoxmpc.org/historic/areas/citylist.htm Designated Properties: Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712083132/http://www.knoxmpc.org/historic/areas/citylist.htm |date=2007-07-12 }}." Retrieved: 27 February 2008.</ref> 然而，由于诺城和南部产绵地区在经济上的联系十分密切，城区内出现了很大规模的分离主义运动。 较著名的赞成分裂的人士包括历史学家J.G.M. Ramsey博士, 即[[Ramsey House]]的建造者的儿子。因此，当1861年东田纳西地区和大诺克斯郡投票反对分裂的时候，诺城赞成分裂与反对分裂的票数之比达到了1：2.<ref>MacArthur, ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'', 42-44.</ref>
1861年7月，在田纳西加入[[美利坚联盟国]]以后, [[Felix Zollicoffer]]将军抵达诺城，成为东田纳西地区的司令官。开始时，将军对北方联盟的同情者十分仁慈。然而在11月，在北方联盟的游击队毁坏了城中的7座桥之后，将军下令军事管制。此地的司令官一职后来短暂地传给了[[George Crittenden]]，然后是[[Kirby Smith]]。1862年8月，[[Kirby Smith]]入侵[[肯塔基州]]，失败。1863年初，[[Simon Buckner]]将军开始负责诺城的武装力量。为了防备北方军队，他下令修建了Loudon堡垒 (在诺城西部，不同于西南的Loudoun堡垒)，并且在城中到处挖地道备战。1863年夏季，在这些防御攻势尚未完工的时候，北方军队在[[Ambrose Burnside]]的率领下逼近诺城，[[Simon Buckner]]将军被迫撤出诺城。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 10.</ref>
[[Ambrose Burnside]] 在1863年9月抵达诺城。和南部军队一样，他立即下令加强城市防御。北方军队重建了Loudon堡垒并修建了另外12个堡垒和防御设施。[[Ambrose Burnside]]下令拆除了[[Loudon, Tennessee|Loudon]]上游的一座浮桥以方便北方军队顺流而下并在诺城南部建造了一系列堡垒，包括Stanley堡垒和Dickerson堡垒。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 10-12.</ref>
正在北方军队在诺城建堡设防之时，南方军队在田纳西－佐治亚一线的Chickamauga战役中击败了北方军队，并围困了[[查塔努加，田纳西|查塔努加]].1863年11月3日，南方军队派[[James Longstreet]]将军北上诺城攻击北方[[Ambrose Burnside]]将军的部队。Longstreet本想从南部开始攻击诺城地区，然而由于无法建造浮桥，他们无法过河，被迫绕道，于下游的Loudon渡河(11月14日)，而后艰难通过诺城西部已经高度设防的地区。11月15日，北方的[[Joseph Wheeler]]将军在诺城南部的高地阻击南方军队失败。第二天，Longstreet未能击退重新集结的北方军。 11月18日，[[William P. Sanders]]将军在诺城西部阻止南方军前进的战斗中受重伤而后牺牲。为了纪念他，后来Loudon堡垒改称Sanders堡垒。11月29日，在围困了两个星期以后，南方军进攻 Sanders堡垒，然而在交火20分钟以后撤退。12月4日，Longstreet将军知道了南方军队在第三次查塔努家战役中失败的消息以后，放弃了攻取诺城的尝试，并在冬季撤退到了[[Russellville, Tennessee|Russellville]]。他在第二年春季加入了北弗吉尼亚军队。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 15-17.</ref>
=== 重建和工业时代 ===
[[File:St-johns-cathedral-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|圣约翰大教堂，建造于1890年代]]
战后，北方投资者如Joeseph和David Richards兄弟使诺克斯维尔比较快的恢复过来。Joseph和David Richards兄弟劝说了104个[[威尔士美国人|Welsh immigrant families]]从[[宾夕法尼亚]]移居来此地的轧钢厂工作。这些威尔士家庭定居的地方现在被称为[[Mechanicsville, Knoxville|Mechanicsville]]。Richards兄弟也是Knoxville Iron Works的投资人之一。此间工厂同样雇佣威尔士人，厂址后来被用于1982年[[世博会|世博会]].
除此之外，诺城在这一时期出现的工厂还有诺克斯维尔毛纺厂(Knoxville Woolen Mills), 南方水泥(Dixie Cement),还有武卓夫家具厂(Woodruff's Furniture)。在1880年到1887年之间，诺城公成立了97家工厂，其中，多数专于纺织、食品、钢铁等领域。<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 375.</ref> 到19世纪90年代，诺城拥有超过50家批发商场，这使得诺城成为美国南方第三大批发中心（以货物吞吐量计算）。<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 375.</ref> 1914年在Vestal社区建立的Candoro大理石厂是全国位居前列的粉红大理石生产商，也是全国最大的大理石进口商之一。<ref>Linda Snodgrass, "[http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/7332b42094ea15f685256bbc005814ba/c48e4cd3bc2fbf1185256bc0006da6ee The Candoro Marble Works] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628100005/http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/7332b42094ea15f685256bbc005814ba/c48e4cd3bc2fbf1185256bc0006da6ee |date=2009-06-28 }}." 2000. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
1869年，在内战中支持北方的东田纳西大学校长Thomas Hughes获得了联邦战后重建基金的资助扩建这所曾被南北双方占领过的大学。<ref>Milton Klein, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 University of Tennessee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104015803/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 |date=2009-01-04 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref> 1879年，这所大学改名为田纳西大学以便于向田纳西立法机构申请更多的资金。1887年开始接任校长的Charles Dabney整顿了教师资源并建立了法学院，使得学校的视角更具现代化。<ref>Milton Klein, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 University of Tennessee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104015803/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 |date=2009-01-04 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
战后重建给这个城市带来了数千移民。诺城人口迅速从1860年的约5000增长到1900年的32637。在1897年，西诺克斯维尔被吞并。在1895年到1904年间，这里新增了超过5000个家庭。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
=== 进步时期和大萧条 ===
[[File:kingstonpike.jpg|thumb|Kingston Pike，大约1910年]]
1910年和1911年诺城主办了两次阿拉巴契探险。1913年主办了国家保护地探险，此次探险使得在诺城南{{convert|20|mi|km}}处的[[大烟山]]建立国家公园的呼声大大增强。<ref>Jack Neely, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 654.</ref>这一时段内，一些富裕的诺城人开始在[[Elkmont, Tennessee|Elkmont]]购买房屋并更为努力的推动建立国家公园的想法。这些人以诺城商人组成了以Colonel David C. Chapman为首的大烟山公园委员会，集资购买大烟山地区的土地，组成了后来公园的核心部分。1933年[[大烟山国家公园]]正式成立<ref>Carlos Campbell, ''Birth of a National Park In the Great Smoky Mountains'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969), 13-18, 32.</ref>
诺城经济依赖于制造业，这使得它在[[大萧条]]中身受重伤。祸不单行的是，田纳西峡谷受到了洪水的不断侵袭，上百万英亩农田被水土流失所破坏。为了治水并且促进田纳西峡谷地区的经济发展，联邦政府在1933年建立了[[田纳西河谷管理局]]。从[[诺里斯大坝]]开始，几十年内修建了一系列水电以及其他能源设施, 很好的控制了洪水，提供了很多就业岗位和充足的电力。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=T072 Tennessee Valley Authority]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref> 联邦政府的工作工程局在20世纪30年代协助建立了[[McGhee-Tyson机场]]，扩建了[[Neyland体育馆]].<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 376.</ref>[[田纳西河谷管理局]]的大楼是诺城最早的现代摩天大楼之一，建于10世纪70年代。
1948年，著名饮料[[激浪]]在诺城最早发售。这种饮料开始时是设计为加入威士忌中的一种调酒饮品的。[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165422/http://www.mountaindew.com/about_dew/history/index.php] 在同一时期，《美国内部》的作者John Gunther说诺城是美国最丑的城市，这在引发了诺城一系列的美化运动，改善了中心城区的市容。<ref>Jack Neely, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 654.</ref>
=== 现代诺克斯维尔 ===
[[File:Sterchi.jpg|thumb|300 px|Sterchi大楼名列诺克斯维尔市区“百大建筑”前茅。之前它是Sterchi兄弟家具商店，在它后来转变为租赁大厦之前空关了许多年。]]诺城的纺织业和制造业在20世纪50-60年代的时候迅速败给外国竞争者。60年代[[州际高速公路]]系统建立起来以后，诺城作为铁路运输枢纽的优势不复存在。从此诺城开始衰落。是政府部门的就业机会和多样的经济组织了失业率进一步恶化。城市开始试图扭转财政收入下滑的态势，于是试图和周边诺克斯郡的其他行政区域合并。合并计划引发了激烈的争论，几次有关行政区域合并的尝试都失败了。 <ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 376.</ref>
由于合并计划裹足不前，诺城启动了几个力图提高中心城区财政收入的项目。1982年的[[世博会]]是这些项目中最成功的一个。此次世博会是美国历史上最成功的世博会之一，吸引了1100万人参加。由于诺城是[[田纳西河谷管理局]]的所在地，并且紧邻[[橡树岭国家实验室]]，此次世博会的主题为能源。为了此次世博会，诺城建造了 高度为{{convert|266|ft|m|sing=on}}的[[太阳球]]，这个钢结构的金色玻璃巨球至今仍是诺城的名胜之一。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K026 Knoxville World's Fair of 1982]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
从那以后，诺城有重新开始发展。女子篮球馆、诺城传统中心、Regal电影院相继开业，市场广场得到了重建。
[[福布斯]]杂志把诺城选中为10大都市热点地区之一。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090628104959/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0407/097.html Hot Spots - Forbes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== 地理 ==
[[File:Knoxville-R.jpg|thumb|right|从东南部观察诺城]]
诺城位于{{coord|35|58|22|N|83|56|32|W}} (35.972882, -83.942161){{GR|1}}.
根据[[美国人口调查局]], 城区有98.1[[square mile|平方英里]] (254.1[[km²]]), 其中, 92.7[[square mile|平方英里]](240.0[[km²]])是陆地，5.4[[square mile|平方英里]] (14.1[[km²]]) 是水域。
=== 气候 ===
诺克斯维尔属于[[副热带湿润气候]]区， ([[柯本气候分类法|柯本气候分类法]] ''Cfa'')。由于诺城海拔较高，气候不像西部或南部那样炎热。夏季潮湿而且炎热。每年平均降水量为1,225 mm，冬季年均降雪25 cm。
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|按月温度列表：正常、历史最高和历史最低
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | 月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 一月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 二月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 三月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 四月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 五月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 六月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 七月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 八月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 九月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十一
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十二
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 历史最高 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 77
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 83
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 86
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 92
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 94
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 102
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 102
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 91
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 84
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 80
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 正常高温 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 46.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 60.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49.8
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 正常低温 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 28.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 31.8
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 39.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 55.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 63.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 68.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 67.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 60.8
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 47.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 38.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 31.9
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 历史最低 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -24
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -8
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 32
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 43
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 5
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -6
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| ''来源：USTravelWeather.com [http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-tennessee/knoxville-weather.asp]''
|}
== 人口特征 ==
[[File:Oldknoxcourthouse.JPG|thumb|诺克斯维尔市区的老诺克斯县立法院]]
根据2000年人口普查的结果, 城区有177,661人 , 40,164个家庭。诺克斯维尔人口统计区有616,079人. [[人口密度]]为每平方英里1,876.7人(724.6/平方公里). 总共有84,981个房屋，密度为354.1/km²。民族构成为：79.7%白人，16.2%非洲裔美国人，0.31%美国原住民，1.45%亚洲人，0.03%太平洋岛屿居民，0.72%其他种族，1.57%来自两个以上种族的混血。
在大诺城地区的76,650个家庭中，22.8%有未满18岁的孩子。35.3%是已婚夫妇住在一起的。13.7%由无丈夫的单身女性生活的，47.6%是无家庭独居的。38.3%只有一个人，11.4%是65岁以上的老人独居的。每房平均有2.12人，每家庭平均有2.84人。
== 诺克斯维尔名人 ==
:''更多诺克斯维尔名人请见 [[:Category:People from Knoxville, Tennessee]]''
{|
| valign="Top" |
* [[10 Years]], alternative rock band<ref>"[http://www.garageband.com/artist/10Years 10 Years - Band Bio]." Garageband.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Robert H. Adams]], [[United States Senator]] from Mississippi<ref name="Marquis 1607-1896">{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | location = Chicago | date = 1963}}</ref>
* [[James Agee]], author (''[[A Death in the Family]]'')
* [[The Aldridge Sisters]], 乡村音乐歌手<ref>"[http://www.welkmusicalfamily.com/aldridgesisters.html Sheila and Sherry: The Aldridge Sisters]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[维克多·艾什]], 前市长, 美国驻波兰大使<ref>"[http://www.rpts.tamu.edu/Pugsley/ashe.htm Victor Ashe]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chet Atkins]], 乡村音乐吉他手
* [[Ava Barber]], country music artist, featured performer from ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]''<ref>"[http://www.avabarber.com/index.html Ava Barber]" — official site. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Dave Barnes]], singer/songwriter/musician<ref>"[http://www.antones.net/index.cfm?Fuseaction=EventDetail&EventID=3491 Dave Barnes with Andy Davis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201022343/http://www.antones.net/index.cfm?Fuseaction=EventDetail&EventID=3491 |date=2008-12-01 }}." Retrieved: 23 May 2008.</ref>
* [[George Franklin Barber]], architect<ref>Katherine Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B006 Barber & McMurry Architects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628110837/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B006 |date=2009-06-28 }}." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* Dr. [[William M. Bass]] (Bill), founder of the University of Tennessee's [[Body Farm]] and author of ''[[Death's Acre]]''<ref>"[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/lifematters/stories/2005/1246568.htm Summer: Death's Acre: Inside Bill Bass's Body Farm]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]], guitarist for the band [[Weezer]]
* [[Polly Bergen]], actress
* [[William Blount]], statesman
* [[William Gannaway Brownlow|"Parson" William Gannaway Brownlow]], governor, newspaper publisher<ref>Forrest Conklin, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B102 William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], author of ''[[The Secret Garden]]''<ref>"[http://www.online-literature.com/burnett/ Francis Hodgson Burnett - Biography and Works]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jake Butcher]], banker; organized [[1982 World's Fair]], later pled guilty to fraud
* [[AC Entertainment|Ashley Capps]], AC Entertainment founder, co-creator of [[Bonnaroo Music Festival]]<ref>Wayne Bledsoe, "[http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/music/article/0,1406,KNS_349_4775568,00.html Man of Constant Motion]." Knoxnews.com, 15 June 2006. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Kenny Chesney]], country music artist<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Henry Cho]], stand-up comedian/actor
* [[Darby Conley]], cartoonist, ''[[Get Fuzzy]]''<ref>"[http://lambiek.net/artists/c/conley-darby.htm Comic Creator: Darby Conley]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Mary Costa]], opera singer, voice of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s ''[[Sleeping Beauty]]''
* [[Cylk Cozart]], actor
* [[John Cullum]], [[托尼奖]] winning actor and singer<ref>"[http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0191633/ John Cullum]." IMDb.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Lowell Cunningham]], ''[[Men in Black (comic)|Men in Black]]'' creator
* [[John Davis (singer-songwriter)|John Davis]], musician, former lead singer of [[Superdrag]]<ref>Darren Paltrowitz, "[http://www.dailyvault.com/article.php5?id=118 Superdrag's John Davis: The Daily Vault Interview]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Beauford Delaney]], artist
* [[George Roby Dempster|George Dempster]], inventor of the Dempster-Dumpster
* [[David Farragut]], Civil War admiral<ref>Leo Goodsell, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=F008 David Glasgow Farragut]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Harry Fujiwara]] (Mr. Fuji), professional wrestler<ref>"[http://wrestlingmat.wordpress.com/2008/02/07/ Superstar Lookback: Mr. Fuji]." 8 February 2008. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Phillip Fulmer]], head coach, Tennessee Vols football team<ref>"[http://smokeys-trail.com/bio-fulmer.html Biography of Phillip Fulmer]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Nikki Giovanni]], poet
* [[Guilford Glazer]], real estate developer and philanthropist<ref>"[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/SNVI.html The 400 Richest Americans - Guilford Glazer]." Forbes.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Alex Haley]], author of ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family|Roots]]''
* [[George Washington Harris]], humorist
* [[James Haslam Jr.]], founder of [[Pilot Corp.]]<ref>"[http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/outstanding_alum_2004.htm James Haslam II Receives 2004 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the College of Business Administration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104715/http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/outstanding_alum_2004.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[William H. Hastie]], [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] governor, first [[African American]] federal [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|appellate court]] judge<ref>Linda Wynn, "[http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/hastie.htm William Henry Hastie]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
| valign="Top" |
* [[Todd Helton]], [[Major League Baseball]] player ([[first baseman]] for the [[Colorado Rockies]])
* [[Homer and Jethro]], country musicians
* [[Ed Hooper]], author, journalist<ref>"[http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=arcadia&Product_Code=0738515574&Product_Count=&Category_Code= Arcadia Publishing: ''Knoxville'']." Arcadia bio. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Con Hunley]], country music artist
* [[Dennis Hwang]], graphic artist for [[Google]]
* [[Glen Jacobs]] (Kane), professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/k/kane.html Online World of Wrestling Profiles - Kane]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jeff Jarrett]], professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.cygywrestling.com/biographies/jeffjarrett.html Biography - Jeff Jarrett]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[David Keith]], actor
* [[Johnny Knoxville]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Joseph Wood Krutch]], writer, naturalist
* [[Mabry-Hazen House, Knoxville|Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr.]], businessman, entrepreneur, Confederate general, original owner and builder of Mabry-Hazen House<ref>Laura Holder, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M001 Mabry-Hazen House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628111209/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M001 |date=2009-06-28 }}." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Cormac McCarthy]], [[戈马克·麦卡锡]]，小说家，[[普立兹小说奖]]获奖者
* [[Brownie McGhee]], blues musician
* [[Stick McGhee]], blues musician<ref>"[http://www.unctv.org/piedmontblues/bmcghee.html Brownie McGhee]." Piedmont Blues bio. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Patricia Neal]], actress<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Gerald North]], climatologist
* [[Adolph Ochs]], newspaper publisher<ref>"[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ochs.html Adolph Ochs]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Randy Orton]], professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.karmaswrestlingretro.com/randyorton.html Randy Orton Profile]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chad Pennington]], American football player (quarterback for the [[New York Jets]])
* [[Dr. Jerry Punch]], [[ESPN]] analyst
* [[Nick Raskulinecz]], [[葛莱美奖|Grammy]]-winning record producer<ref>Wayne Bledsoe, "[http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/mar/25/have-you-heard-knoxville-home-to-variety-of/ Have you heard? Knoxville home to variety of music]." Knoxnews.com, 25 March 2007. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Florence Reece]], poet and songwriter<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2466817/ Florence Reece]." IMDb.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Brad Renfro]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Glenn Reynolds]], legal academic and blogger<ref>"[http://www.law.utk.edu/faculty/facultyreynolds.htm Glenn Harlan Reynolds]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[John Sevier]], statesman<ref>Robert Corlew, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S023 John Sevier]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Pat Summitt]], head coach, Tennessee Lady Vols basketball team<ref>Carroll Van West, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S116 Pat Head Summit]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Quentin Tarantino]], film director<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Dave Thomas (American businessman)|Dave Thomas]], founder of [[Wendy's]]<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jake Thomas]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Bob Thomas]], actor, radio announcer, writer
* [[Chris Whittle]], entrepreneur who founded [[Channel One News]] and [[Edison Schools]]<ref>"[http://www.wbir.com/news/specials/ourstories/story.aspx?storyid=40421 Our Stories: The Dramatic Rise and Fall of Chris Whittle]." WBIR.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chris Woodruff]], former professional tennis player<ref>"[http://www.collegetennisonline.com/view/teamstaff.asp?tmstId=1853&tmId=170 Chris Woodruff - Bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030712234415/http://www.collegetennisonline.com/view/teamstaff.asp?tmstId=1853&tmId=170 |date=2003-07-12 }}." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Tina Wesson]], winner of ''Survivor: The Australian Outback''<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0921895/ Tina Wesson]." IMDb.org. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
|}
== 姐妹城市 ==
根据国际姐妹城市组织，诺克斯维尔有七个[[姐妹城市]]：
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[海乌姆]], [[波兰]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[成都]], [[中华人民共和国]]
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[高雄]], [[中华民国]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[拉里萨]], [[希腊]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[室兰市]], [[日本]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[内乌肯]], [[阿根廷]]
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[礼山郡]], [[韩国]]
== 参考 ==
{{reflist|2}}
== 部分资料来源 ==
* Carey, Ruth. "Change Comes to Knoxville." in ''These Are Our Voices: The Story of Oak Ridge 1942-1970'', edited by James Overholt, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1987.
* Deaderick, Lucile, ed. ''Heart of the Valley--A History of Knoxville, Tennessee'' Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976.
* Jennifer Long; "Government Job Creation Programs-Lessons from the 1930s and 1940s" ''Journal of Economic Issues'' . Volume: 33. Issue: 4. 1999. pp 903+, a case study of Knoxville.
* {{cite web | url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 | title=Knoxville | work=The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture | accessdate=2006-03-14 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 | archivedate=2006-04-15 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/cities/knoxville | title=Knoxville | work=Tennessee History for Kids | accessdate=2007-02-07 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-South/Knoxville-History.html | title=Knoxville History | accessdate=2007-02-07 }}
* The Mcclung museum at The University of Tennessee Knoxville, "Archaeology & the Native Peoples of Tennessee" exhibit. {{cite web | url=http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/index.html | title=Exhibit Link | }}
* McDonald, Michael, and Bruce Wheeler. ''Knoxville, Tennessee: Continuity and Change in an Appalachian City'' University of Tennessee Press, 1983. the standard academic history
* ''The Future of Knoxville's Past: Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville, Tennessee.'' (Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission, October, 2006).
* Rothrock, Mary U., editor. ''The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee.'' (Knox County Historical Committee; East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946).
* Isenhour, Judith Clayton. ''Knoxville, A Pictorial History.'' (Donning Company, 1978, 1980).
* Barber, John W., and Howe, Henry. ''All the Western States and Territories, . . .'' (Cincinnati, Ohio: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867). pp. 631-632.
== 外部链接 ==
{|
<!-- | valign="Top" | -->
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215070543/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/ City of Knoxville] (官方网站)
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Tennessee/Localities/K/Knoxville/|Knoxville}}
* [http://www.knoxville.org/ Knoxville Tourism and Sports Corporation]
* [http://www.knoxville.com/ ''Knoxville, Tennessee Local Guide and Search'']
* [http://www.knoxnews.com/ ''The Knoxville News Sentinel'']
* [http://www.skstimes.com/ ''The South Knox·Seymour Times'']
* [http://www.knoxvoice.com/ ''Knoxville Voice''] (independent alternative bi-weekly)
* [http://www.metropulse.com/ ''Metropulse''] (alternative weekly)
* [http://www.knoxviews.com/ ''KnoxViews'']
* [http://www.cityviewonline.com/ ''City View'' Magazine]
* [http://www.knoxmag.com/ ''Knoxville'' Magazine]
* http://www.knoxvilletennessee.com/ "About Knoxville"]
* {{wikivoyage|Knoxville|诺克斯维尔|en}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.972882|-83.942161}}
|}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:田纳西州城市|K]]
[[Category:美国前州首府]]
|official_name = [[诺克斯维尔]]
|settlement_type = [[城市]]
|nickname = 大理石城, K-Town,<br/>Big Orange Country, 865, Rocky Top, Knoxvegas
|motto =
|image_skyline = Knoxville TN skyline.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Logo knox.gif
|seal_size = 85px
|image_shield =
|image_blank_emblem =
|image_map = TNMap-doton-Knoxville.PNG
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = 在[[美国]][[田纳西州]]的位置
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[美国|国家]]
|subdivision_name = [[美国]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[美国州份|州]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[田纳西州|田纳西]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[县 (美国)|县]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[市长议会制]]
|leader_title = [[市长]]
|leader_name = [[Bill Haslam]]
|established_title = 定居
|established_date = 1786年
|established_title2 = [[建制]]
|established_date2 = 1791年
|area_magnitude = 1 E+7
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="knoxareanotes">{{cite web |url=http://www.knoxvilletennessee.com/demographics.html |title=Knoxville Demographics |work=KnoxvilleTennessee.com |date=2007-03-10 |accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 254.0
|area_land_km2 = 240.0
|area_water_km2 = 14.1
|area_total_sq_mi = 98.09
|area_land_sq_mi = 92.66
|area_water_sq_mi = 5.43
|area_water_percent = 5.5
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_footnotes = <ref name="knoxpopnotes">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4740000.html |title=Knoxville (city) QuickFacts |work=United States Census Bureau |date=2007-05-07 |accessdate=2007-06-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608140339/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4740000.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 }}</ref>
|population_total = 173890
|-metro-area_total = 1,010,978
|population_density_sq_mi = 1876.7
|timezone = [[北美东部时区|东部时间]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[北美东部时区|东部日光节约时间]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 35 |latm = 58 |lats = 22 |latNS = N
|longd = 83 |longm = 56 |longs = 32 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name="knoxareanotes" />
|elevation_m = 276
|elevation_ft = 936
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = 865
|website = [http://www.cityofknoxville.org www.cityofknoxville.org]
|blank_name = [[联邦资料处理标淮|FIPS代码]]
|blank_info = 47-40000{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[地理名称信息系统|GNIS]] 代码
|blank1_info = 1648562{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''诺克斯维尔'''（[[英文]]：Knoxville），是[[美国]][[田纳西州]]东部的一个城市，在[[阿巴拉契亚山脉]]的西麓和[[田纳西河]]的河边，于1786年建市。诺克斯维尔的名字是纪念美国第一位的军事部长[[亨利·诺克斯]]（Henry Knox）。诺克斯维尔的人口比[[孟菲斯 (田纳西州)|孟菲斯]]和[[纳什维尔]]少，是田纳西州人口第三多的城市。人口180,130人（2005年统计）。面积254.1平方公里（98.1平方英里），其中陆地面积240.0平方公里（92.7平方英里），水域面积14.1平方公里（5.4平方英里）。城市的主要[[工业]]有[[化学]]、[[金属]]製品、[[电器]]、[[食品]]、[[木材]]加工和[[大理石]]开採。诺克斯维尔还是主要的农产品贸易中心，以[[烟草]]和牲畜交易为主。市[[交通]]发达，并有[[铁路]]、[[高速公路]]和航班与其他[[城市]]相联。
在田纳西的四个主要城市之中，诺克斯维尔是第二古老的，仅次于始建于1779年的纳什维尔。在[[田纳西]]1796年加入联邦之后，诺城是田纳西州的首府，直至1819年首府迁移到[[默弗里斯伯勒 (田纳西州)|默弗里斯伯勒]]为止。
诺城的一个昵称是“大理石城”。<ref>Jack Neely, ''The Marble City: A Photographic Tour of Knoxville's Graveyards'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), xxi.</ref>在20世纪早期，市内有很多采石场。
诺城曾是“世界内衣之都”。 在20世纪30年代，诺城有不少于20家制衣厂，这些工厂雇佣了许多工人。从50年代开始，这些工厂纷纷倒闭，直接导致了诺城在60年代有10%的人口迁出。
[[田纳西大学]]的主校区坐落在诺城。该校的球队在周边地区极为知名。
现任（2008年）市长为[[比尔·哈斯拉姆]](Bill Haslam)。在2003年他击败竞争者Madeline Rogero而当选<ref>{{cite news
|title = Election Roundup
|url = http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/us_mayor_newspaper/documents/11_17_03/elec_roundup.asp
|work = U.S. Conference of Mayors
|date = 2003-11-17
|accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}{{dead link|date=十月 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ，并在2007年在无竞争对手的情况下获连任。<ref>{{cite news
| author = Hayes Hickman
| title = Haslam sails to second term
| url = http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/sep/26/haslamsails-tosecondterm/
| work = Knoxville News-Sentinel
| date = 2007-09-26
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref>前任市长是[[维克多·艾什]](Victor Ashe)，在担任市长长达16年以后，由于连任限制他已不能继续连任，已于2004年被任命为美国驻[[波兰]]大使。
== 历史 ==
=== 早期历史 ===
早在[[古森林时期]]（公元前1000年至公元1000年），诺城地区已有人类定居。<ref>Fletcher Jolly III, "40KN37: An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County, Tennessee," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 31, nos. 1-2 (1976), 51.</ref> 诺城地区最古老的人造建筑之一是一个在公元1000年左右的时候建造的一个陵墓，属于[[密西西比文明]]. 该陵墓坐落于现田纳西大学的校园中。<ref>Frank H. McClung Museum, "[http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/woodland.html Woodland Period] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723130216/http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/woodland.html |date=2008-07-23 }}." Retrieved: 25 March 2008.</ref> 其他的史前聚居点有古森林时期的村落，位于[[田纳西河]]和Knob Creek的交汇处；<ref>Fletcher Jolly III, "40KN37: An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County, Tennessee," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 31, nos. 1-2 (1976), 51.</ref> 还有达拉斯时期密西西比文明的村庄，位于Post Oak岛；<ref>James Strange, "An Unusual Late Prehistoric Pipe from Post Oak Island (40KN23)," ''Tennessee Archaeologist'' 30, no. 1 (1974), 80.</ref> 和Bussell岛.<ref>Richard Polhemus, ''The Toqua Site — 40MR6'', Vol. I (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1987), 1240-1246.</ref>
到18世纪，[[切罗基人]]部落成了东田纳西地区的主要部落。他们和 [[Creek tribe|Creeks]]、[[Shawnee]]处于不断的战争中.<ref>Cora Tula Watters, "Shawnee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 278-279.</ref><ref>Ima Stephens, "Creek." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 252-253.</ref> Cherokee人把诺城地区叫做''kuwanda'talun'yi'', 意为桑树之地。<ref>James Mooney, ''Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee'' (Nashville: Charles Elder, 1972), 526.</ref>
切罗基人的聚居区大部分在诺城之南[[Little Tennessee River]]河畔的 [[Overhill Cherokee|Overhill settlements]].
17世纪晚期，欧洲裔美国人来到了田纳西峡谷。另外有证据表明在1540年[[Hernando De Soto]]曾到过Bussell岛。<ref>Jefferson Chapman, ''Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History'' (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985), 97.</ref> 第一次欧洲裔美国人在此地的大规模活动是[[Henry Timberlake]]探险。<ref>Henry Timberlake, Samuel Williams (ed.), ''Memoirs, 1756-1765'' (Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co., 1948), 54.</ref>
=== 定居 ===
[[File:James-white-fort-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|James White在诺克斯维尔的家]]
法兰西－印第安战争和[[美国独立战争]]结束以后，阿帕拉契山脉地区的白人聚居区快速增多<ref>William MacArthur, ''Knoxville, Crossroads of the New South'' (Tulsa, Okla.: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 1-15.</ref>。到18世纪80年代，在Holston和French Broad峡谷附近已有白人聚居区。由于切罗基人尚未放弃这片土地，多数白人移民的的移居都是非法的。美国国会在1785年下令所有非法移居者离开峡谷，可是收效甚微。随着白人移民继续蚕食切罗基人的土地，白人和切罗基人的摩擦此起彼伏<ref>Yong Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville, Tennessee'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Transportation Center, 1993), 9.</ref>。
1783年，美国内战将军[[James White (general)|James White]]及其朋友James Connor在First Creek河口购买了一块土地，三年后建立了怀特要塞<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref>。 1790年, James White将军的女婿Charles McClung这一块土地中First Creek和Second Creek之间的地块建立了一个面积有 64 {{convert|0.5|acre|sqkm|sing=on}}的小镇McClung, 预留了一块水边的土地作为城镇公共用地，两块土地留作教堂和墓地，四块土地留作学校用地(后来成了Blount学院，是田纳西大学的前身)。同一年，[[乔治·华盛顿|华盛顿总统]]提名[[北南卡罗莱纳]]的测量员[[William Blount]]为新建的行政区域"俄亥俄河南部地区"（田纳西州的前身）的管理者。
William Blount的第一个任务是解决切罗基人和白人非法移民之间的土地纠纷<ref>MacArthur, 17.</ref>。很快，1791年，各方在怀特要塞签署了Holston条约。William Blount本想把这块土地的首府建立在Clinch河和[[田纳西河]]的交汇处，即现在的田纳西州Kingston地区。然后切罗基人拒绝放弃这里。William Blount只好选择了怀特要塞。William Blount于是把新首府命名为诺克斯维尔。这样命名是根据美国独立战争将军[[亨利·诺克斯]](Henry Knox)的名字，而此时[[亨利·诺克斯]]将军刚刚好是William Blount的顶头上司<ref>William MacArthur, Jr., ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'' (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 17-22.</ref>。
Holston条约很快就代来了巨大的问题。 William Blount认为他在条约签订时已经“购买”了现今东田纳西地区的大片土地。然而，由于对条约条款的争议，双方都持续使用暴力。1792年, 200切罗基人在John Watts的带领下在诺城举行了游行，另外一群切罗基人在1793年袭击了Covet's Station。这两群切罗基人都被诺城白人移民击退了。诺城白人移民违令袭击了切罗基人，并害死了酋长夫人。经过和谈，双方在1794年实现和平<ref>G. H. Stueckrath, "[http://www.knoxcotn.org/history/debow.html Incidents in the Early Settlement of East Tennessee and Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401050724/http://www.knoxcotn.org/history/debow.html |date=2009-04-01 }}." Originally published in ''De Bow's Review'' Vol. XXVII (October 1859), O.S. Enlarged Series. Vol. II, No. 4, N.S. Pages 407-419. Transcribed for web content by Billie McNamara, 1999-2002. Retrieved: 25 February 2008.</ref>。
=== 南北战争前的诺克斯维尔 ===
[[File:Craighead-jackson-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|Craighead-Jackson在诺克斯维尔的家，建造于1818年]]
诺克斯维尔是“俄亥俄河南部地区”政治实体的首府。在1796年俄亥俄河南部地区被批淮建立田纳西州以后，诺克斯维尔是田纳西的首府。1817年<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref> 田纳西州首府迁移到了[[Murfreesboro, Tennessee|Murfreesboro]]。早期的诺城被称为有<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref> Early issues of the [[Knoxville Gazette]]— 田纳西的第一种报纸是《诺克斯维尔报》。早期该报充满了谋杀、盗窃以及被怀有敌意的切罗击人攻击的消息。州领导人William Blount的朋友Abishai Thomas在1794到过诺城之后写道，他惊讶于此地的有现代架构的建筑，然而这里有7家酒吧却没有一家教堂。<ref>MacArthur, ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'', 23.</ref>
早期，由于是旅行者和新移民西进的中间站，诺城逐渐变得繁盛。在19世纪上半，由于处于水运枢纽的位置，诺城很快成了区域交易中心。本地农产品，特别是烟草、谷物和威士忌，被用来和更南的地方交易棉花。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 9.</ref> 19世纪50年代，随着东田纳西－佐治亚铁路的贯通，诺城人口增倍。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref>
James White的儿子[[Hugh Lawson White]] (1773-1840)是诺城早期的杰出人士之一。 他开始的时候是法官和州议员，1825年被州立法机构提名为美国国会参议员议员，取代了原来的[[Andrew Jackson]]。1836年, White代表[[辉格党 (美国)|辉格党]]角逐美国总统宝座，铩羽而归。<ref>Jonathan Atkins, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=W050 Hugh Lawson White]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 26 February 2008.</ref>
=== 美国内战 ===
[[File:Fort-dickerson-site-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|南诺克斯维尔的Dickerson堡]]
{{main|诺克斯维尔战役}}
美国内战前，反奴隶制和反分裂情绪在东田纳西地区高涨。[[William Brownlow|William "Parson" Brownlow]]作为激进的报刊[[Knoxville Whig]]的出版商, 是这一地区反分裂主义运动的首领（虽然他支持奴隶制度）。<ref>Forrest Conklin, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B102 William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 27 February 2008.</ref> 诺城南部的Blount郡是废奴主义的一个中心: 这里有一个比较大的教友派教会分支，此地的玛丽威尔学院的校长Isaac Anderson是著名的反奴主义者。<ref>Durwood Dunn, ''Cades Cove: The Life and Death of An Appalachian Community'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 125.</ref> 据报道诺城的[[Greater Warner Tabernacle AME Zion教堂]]是[[地下铁路 (秘密结社)|地下铁路]]组织的一个分会.<ref>Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission, "[http://www.knoxmpc.org/historic/areas/citylist.htm Designated Properties: Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712083132/http://www.knoxmpc.org/historic/areas/citylist.htm |date=2007-07-12 }}." Retrieved: 27 February 2008.</ref> 然而，由于诺城和南部产绵地区在经济上的联系十分密切，城区内出现了很大规模的分离主义运动。 较著名的赞成分裂的人士包括历史学家J.G.M. Ramsey博士, 即[[Ramsey House]]的建造者的儿子。因此，当1861年东田纳西地区和大诺克斯郡投票反对分裂的时候，诺城赞成分裂与反对分裂的票数之比达到了1：2.<ref>MacArthur, ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'', 42-44.</ref>
1861年7月，在田纳西加入[[美利坚联盟国]]以后, [[Felix Zollicoffer]]将军抵达诺城，成为东田纳西地区的司令官。开始时，将军对北方联盟的同情者十分仁慈。然而在11月，在北方联盟的游击队毁坏了城中的7座桥之后，将军下令军事管制。此地的司令官一职后来短暂地传给了[[George Crittenden]]，然后是[[Kirby Smith]]。1862年8月，[[Kirby Smith]]入侵[[肯塔基州]]，失败。1863年初，[[Simon Buckner]]将军开始负责诺城的武装力量。为了防备北方军队，他下令修建了Loudon堡垒 (在诺城西部，不同于西南的Loudoun堡垒)，并且在城中到处挖地道备战。1863年夏季，在这些防御攻势尚未完工的时候，北方军队在[[Ambrose Burnside]]的率领下逼近诺城，[[Simon Buckner]]将军被迫撤出诺城。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 10.</ref>
[[Ambrose Burnside]] 在1863年9月抵达诺城。和南部军队一样，他立即下令加强城市防御。北方军队重建了Loudon堡垒并修建了另外12个堡垒和防御设施。[[Ambrose Burnside]]下令拆除了[[Loudon, Tennessee|Loudon]]上游的一座浮桥以方便北方军队顺流而下并在诺城南部建造了一系列堡垒，包括Stanley堡垒和Dickerson堡垒。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 10-12.</ref>
正在北方军队在诺城建堡设防之时，南方军队在田纳西－佐治亚一线的Chickamauga战役中击败了北方军队，并围困了[[查塔努加，田纳西|查塔努加]].1863年11月3日，南方军队派[[James Longstreet]]将军北上诺城攻击北方[[Ambrose Burnside]]将军的部队。Longstreet本想从南部开始攻击诺城地区，然而由于无法建造浮桥，他们无法过河，被迫绕道，于下游的Loudon渡河(11月14日)，而后艰难通过诺城西部已经高度设防的地区。11月15日，北方的[[Joseph Wheeler]]将军在诺城南部的高地阻击南方军队失败。第二天，Longstreet未能击退重新集结的北方军。 11月18日，[[William P. Sanders]]将军在诺城西部阻止南方军前进的战斗中受重伤而后牺牲。为了纪念他，后来Loudon堡垒改称Sanders堡垒。11月29日，在围困了两个星期以后，南方军进攻 Sanders堡垒，然而在交火20分钟以后撤退。12月4日，Longstreet将军知道了南方军队在第三次查塔努家战役中失败的消息以后，放弃了攻取诺城的尝试，并在冬季撤退到了[[Russellville, Tennessee|Russellville]]。他在第二年春季加入了北弗吉尼亚军队。<ref>Kim, ''The Sevierville Hill Site'', 15-17.</ref>
=== 重建和工业时代 ===
[[File:St-johns-cathedral-knoxville-tn1.jpg|thumb|圣约翰大教堂，建造于1890年代]]
战后，北方投资者如Joeseph和David Richards兄弟使诺克斯维尔比较快的恢复过来。Joseph和David Richards兄弟劝说了104个[[威尔士美国人|Welsh immigrant families]]从[[宾夕法尼亚]]移居来此地的轧钢厂工作。这些威尔士家庭定居的地方现在被称为[[Mechanicsville, Knoxville|Mechanicsville]]。Richards兄弟也是Knoxville Iron Works的投资人之一。此间工厂同样雇佣威尔士人，厂址后来被用于1982年[[世博会|世博会]].
除此之外，诺城在这一时期出现的工厂还有诺克斯维尔毛纺厂(Knoxville Woolen Mills), 南方水泥(Dixie Cement),还有武卓夫家具厂(Woodruff's Furniture)。在1880年到1887年之间，诺城公成立了97家工厂，其中，多数专于纺织、食品、钢铁等领域。<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 375.</ref> 到19世纪90年代，诺城拥有超过50家批发商场，这使得诺城成为美国南方第三大批发中心（以货物吞吐量计算）。<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 375.</ref> 1914年在Vestal社区建立的Candoro大理石厂是全国位居前列的粉红大理石生产商，也是全国最大的大理石进口商之一。<ref>Linda Snodgrass, "[http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/7332b42094ea15f685256bbc005814ba/c48e4cd3bc2fbf1185256bc0006da6ee The Candoro Marble Works] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628100005/http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/7332b42094ea15f685256bbc005814ba/c48e4cd3bc2fbf1185256bc0006da6ee |date=2009-06-28 }}." 2000. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
1869年，在内战中支持北方的东田纳西大学校长Thomas Hughes获得了联邦战后重建基金的资助扩建这所曾被南北双方占领过的大学。<ref>Milton Klein, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 University of Tennessee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104015803/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 |date=2009-01-04 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref> 1879年，这所大学改名为田纳西大学以便于向田纳西立法机构申请更多的资金。1887年开始接任校长的Charles Dabney整顿了教师资源并建立了法学院，使得学校的视角更具现代化。<ref>Milton Klein, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 University of Tennessee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104015803/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=U016 |date=2009-01-04 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
战后重建给这个城市带来了数千移民。诺城人口迅速从1860年的约5000增长到1900年的32637。在1897年，西诺克斯维尔被吞并。在1895年到1904年间，这里新增了超过5000个家庭。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 Knoxville] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 |date=2006-04-15 }}." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
=== 进步时期和大萧条 ===
[[File:kingstonpike.jpg|thumb|Kingston Pike，大约1910年]]
1910年和1911年诺城主办了两次阿拉巴契探险。1913年主办了国家保护地探险，此次探险使得在诺城南{{convert|20|mi|km}}处的[[大烟山]]建立国家公园的呼声大大增强。<ref>Jack Neely, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 654.</ref>这一时段内，一些富裕的诺城人开始在[[Elkmont, Tennessee|Elkmont]]购买房屋并更为努力的推动建立国家公园的想法。这些人以诺城商人组成了以Colonel David C. Chapman为首的大烟山公园委员会，集资购买大烟山地区的土地，组成了后来公园的核心部分。1933年[[大烟山国家公园]]正式成立<ref>Carlos Campbell, ''Birth of a National Park In the Great Smoky Mountains'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969), 13-18, 32.</ref>
诺城经济依赖于制造业，这使得它在[[大萧条]]中身受重伤。祸不单行的是，田纳西峡谷受到了洪水的不断侵袭，上百万英亩农田被水土流失所破坏。为了治水并且促进田纳西峡谷地区的经济发展，联邦政府在1933年建立了[[田纳西河谷管理局]]。从[[诺里斯大坝]]开始，几十年内修建了一系列水电以及其他能源设施, 很好的控制了洪水，提供了很多就业岗位和充足的电力。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=T072 Tennessee Valley Authority]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref> 联邦政府的工作工程局在20世纪30年代协助建立了[[McGhee-Tyson机场]]，扩建了[[Neyland体育馆]].<ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 376.</ref>[[田纳西河谷管理局]]的大楼是诺城最早的现代摩天大楼之一，建于10世纪70年代。
1948年，著名饮料[[激浪]]在诺城最早发售。这种饮料开始时是设计为加入威士忌中的一种调酒饮品的。[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165422/http://www.mountaindew.com/about_dew/history/index.php] 在同一时期，《美国内部》的作者John Gunther说诺城是美国最丑的城市，这在引发了诺城一系列的美化运动，改善了中心城区的市容。<ref>Jack Neely, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 654.</ref>
=== 现代诺克斯维尔 ===
[[File:Sterchi.jpg|thumb|300 px|Sterchi大楼名列诺克斯维尔市区“百大建筑”前茅。之前它是Sterchi兄弟家具商店，在它后来转变为租赁大厦之前空关了许多年。]]诺城的纺织业和制造业在20世纪50-60年代的时候迅速败给外国竞争者。60年代[[州际高速公路]]系统建立起来以后，诺城作为铁路运输枢纽的优势不复存在。从此诺城开始衰落。是政府部门的就业机会和多样的经济组织了失业率进一步恶化。城市开始试图扭转财政收入下滑的态势，于是试图和周边诺克斯郡的其他行政区域合并。合并计划引发了激烈的争论，几次有关行政区域合并的尝试都失败了。 <ref>William Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville, Tennessee." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 376.</ref>
由于合并计划裹足不前，诺城启动了几个力图提高中心城区财政收入的项目。1982年的[[世博会]]是这些项目中最成功的一个。此次世博会是美国历史上最成功的世博会之一，吸引了1100万人参加。由于诺城是[[田纳西河谷管理局]]的所在地，并且紧邻[[橡树岭国家实验室]]，此次世博会的主题为能源。为了此次世博会，诺城建造了 高度为{{convert|266|ft|m|sing=on}}的[[太阳球]]，这个钢结构的金色玻璃巨球至今仍是诺城的名胜之一。<ref>W. Bruce Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K026 Knoxville World's Fair of 1982]." ''The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 28 February 2008.</ref>
从那以后，诺城有重新开始发展。女子篮球馆、诺城传统中心、Regal电影院相继开业，市场广场得到了重建。
[[福布斯]]杂志把诺城选中为10大都市热点地区之一。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090628104959/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0407/097.html Hot Spots - Forbes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== 地理 ==
[[File:Knoxville-R.jpg|thumb|right|从东南部观察诺城]]
诺城位于{{coord|35|58|22|N|83|56|32|W}} (35.972882, -83.942161){{GR|1}}.
根据[[美国人口调查局]], 城区有98.1[[square mile|平方英里]] (254.1[[km²]]), 其中, 92.7[[square mile|平方英里]](240.0[[km²]])是陆地，5.4[[square mile|平方英里]] (14.1[[km²]]) 是水域。
=== 气候 ===
诺克斯维尔属于[[副热带湿润气候]]区， ([[柯本气候分类法|柯本气候分类法]] ''Cfa'')。由于诺城海拔较高，气候不像西部或南部那样炎热。夏季潮湿而且炎热。每年平均降水量为1,225 mm，冬季年均降雪25 cm。
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|按月温度列表：正常、历史最高和历史最低
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | 月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 一月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 二月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 三月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 四月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 五月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 六月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 七月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 八月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 九月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十月
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十一
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | 十二
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 历史最高 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 77
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 83
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 86
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 92
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 94
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 102
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 102
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 91
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 84
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 80
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 正常高温 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 46.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 60.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49.8
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 正常低温 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 28.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 31.8
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 39.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 55.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 63.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 68.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 67.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 60.8
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 47.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 38.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 31.9
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | 历史最低 °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -24
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -8
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 32
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 43
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 49
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 5
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -6
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| ''来源：USTravelWeather.com [http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-tennessee/knoxville-weather.asp]''
|}
== 人口特征 ==
[[File:Oldknoxcourthouse.JPG|thumb|诺克斯维尔市区的老诺克斯县立法院]]
根据2000年人口普查的结果, 城区有177,661人 , 40,164个家庭。诺克斯维尔人口统计区有616,079人. [[人口密度]]为每平方英里1,876.7人(724.6/平方公里). 总共有84,981个房屋，密度为354.1/km²。民族构成为：79.7%白人，16.2%非洲裔美国人，0.31%美国原住民，1.45%亚洲人，0.03%太平洋岛屿居民，0.72%其他种族，1.57%来自两个以上种族的混血。
在大诺城地区的76,650个家庭中，22.8%有未满18岁的孩子。35.3%是已婚夫妇住在一起的。13.7%由无丈夫的单身女性生活的，47.6%是无家庭独居的。38.3%只有一个人，11.4%是65岁以上的老人独居的。每房平均有2.12人，每家庭平均有2.84人。
== 诺克斯维尔名人 ==
:''更多诺克斯维尔名人请见 [[:Category:People from Knoxville, Tennessee]]''
{|
| valign="Top" |
* [[10 Years]], alternative rock band<ref>"[http://www.garageband.com/artist/10Years 10 Years - Band Bio]." Garageband.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Robert H. Adams]], [[United States Senator]] from Mississippi<ref name="Marquis 1607-1896">{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | location = Chicago | date = 1963}}</ref>
* [[James Agee]], author (''[[A Death in the Family]]'')
* [[The Aldridge Sisters]], 乡村音乐歌手<ref>"[http://www.welkmusicalfamily.com/aldridgesisters.html Sheila and Sherry: The Aldridge Sisters]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[维克多·艾什]], 前市长, 美国驻波兰大使<ref>"[http://www.rpts.tamu.edu/Pugsley/ashe.htm Victor Ashe]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chet Atkins]], 乡村音乐吉他手
* [[Ava Barber]], country music artist, featured performer from ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]''<ref>"[http://www.avabarber.com/index.html Ava Barber]" — official site. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Dave Barnes]], singer/songwriter/musician<ref>"[http://www.antones.net/index.cfm?Fuseaction=EventDetail&EventID=3491 Dave Barnes with Andy Davis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201022343/http://www.antones.net/index.cfm?Fuseaction=EventDetail&EventID=3491 |date=2008-12-01 }}." Retrieved: 23 May 2008.</ref>
* [[George Franklin Barber]], architect<ref>Katherine Wheeler, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B006 Barber & McMurry Architects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628110837/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B006 |date=2009-06-28 }}." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* Dr. [[William M. Bass]] (Bill), founder of the University of Tennessee's [[Body Farm]] and author of ''[[Death's Acre]]''<ref>"[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/lifematters/stories/2005/1246568.htm Summer: Death's Acre: Inside Bill Bass's Body Farm]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]], guitarist for the band [[Weezer]]
* [[Polly Bergen]], actress
* [[William Blount]], statesman
* [[William Gannaway Brownlow|"Parson" William Gannaway Brownlow]], governor, newspaper publisher<ref>Forrest Conklin, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=B102 William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], author of ''[[The Secret Garden]]''<ref>"[http://www.online-literature.com/burnett/ Francis Hodgson Burnett - Biography and Works]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jake Butcher]], banker; organized [[1982 World's Fair]], later pled guilty to fraud
* [[AC Entertainment|Ashley Capps]], AC Entertainment founder, co-creator of [[Bonnaroo Music Festival]]<ref>Wayne Bledsoe, "[http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/music/article/0,1406,KNS_349_4775568,00.html Man of Constant Motion]." Knoxnews.com, 15 June 2006. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Kenny Chesney]], country music artist<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Henry Cho]], stand-up comedian/actor
* [[Darby Conley]], cartoonist, ''[[Get Fuzzy]]''<ref>"[http://lambiek.net/artists/c/conley-darby.htm Comic Creator: Darby Conley]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Mary Costa]], opera singer, voice of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s ''[[Sleeping Beauty]]''
* [[Cylk Cozart]], actor
* [[John Cullum]], [[托尼奖]] winning actor and singer<ref>"[http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0191633/ John Cullum]." IMDb.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Lowell Cunningham]], ''[[Men in Black (comic)|Men in Black]]'' creator
* [[John Davis (singer-songwriter)|John Davis]], musician, former lead singer of [[Superdrag]]<ref>Darren Paltrowitz, "[http://www.dailyvault.com/article.php5?id=118 Superdrag's John Davis: The Daily Vault Interview]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Beauford Delaney]], artist
* [[George Roby Dempster|George Dempster]], inventor of the Dempster-Dumpster
* [[David Farragut]], Civil War admiral<ref>Leo Goodsell, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=F008 David Glasgow Farragut]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Harry Fujiwara]] (Mr. Fuji), professional wrestler<ref>"[http://wrestlingmat.wordpress.com/2008/02/07/ Superstar Lookback: Mr. Fuji]." 8 February 2008. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Phillip Fulmer]], head coach, Tennessee Vols football team<ref>"[http://smokeys-trail.com/bio-fulmer.html Biography of Phillip Fulmer]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Nikki Giovanni]], poet
* [[Guilford Glazer]], real estate developer and philanthropist<ref>"[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/SNVI.html The 400 Richest Americans - Guilford Glazer]." Forbes.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Alex Haley]], author of ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family|Roots]]''
* [[George Washington Harris]], humorist
* [[James Haslam Jr.]], founder of [[Pilot Corp.]]<ref>"[http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/outstanding_alum_2004.htm James Haslam II Receives 2004 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the College of Business Administration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104715/http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/outstanding_alum_2004.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[William H. Hastie]], [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] governor, first [[African American]] federal [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|appellate court]] judge<ref>Linda Wynn, "[http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/hastie.htm William Henry Hastie]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
| valign="Top" |
* [[Todd Helton]], [[Major League Baseball]] player ([[first baseman]] for the [[Colorado Rockies]])
* [[Homer and Jethro]], country musicians
* [[Ed Hooper]], author, journalist<ref>"[http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=arcadia&Product_Code=0738515574&Product_Count=&Category_Code= Arcadia Publishing: ''Knoxville'']." Arcadia bio. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Con Hunley]], country music artist
* [[Dennis Hwang]], graphic artist for [[Google]]
* [[Glen Jacobs]] (Kane), professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/k/kane.html Online World of Wrestling Profiles - Kane]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jeff Jarrett]], professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.cygywrestling.com/biographies/jeffjarrett.html Biography - Jeff Jarrett]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[David Keith]], actor
* [[Johnny Knoxville]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Joseph Wood Krutch]], writer, naturalist
* [[Mabry-Hazen House, Knoxville|Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr.]], businessman, entrepreneur, Confederate general, original owner and builder of Mabry-Hazen House<ref>Laura Holder, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M001 Mabry-Hazen House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628111209/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M001 |date=2009-06-28 }}." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Cormac McCarthy]], [[戈马克·麦卡锡]]，小说家，[[普立兹小说奖]]获奖者
* [[Brownie McGhee]], blues musician
* [[Stick McGhee]], blues musician<ref>"[http://www.unctv.org/piedmontblues/bmcghee.html Brownie McGhee]." Piedmont Blues bio. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Patricia Neal]], actress<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Gerald North]], climatologist
* [[Adolph Ochs]], newspaper publisher<ref>"[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ochs.html Adolph Ochs]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Randy Orton]], professional wrestler<ref>"[http://www.karmaswrestlingretro.com/randyorton.html Randy Orton Profile]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chad Pennington]], American football player (quarterback for the [[New York Jets]])
* [[Dr. Jerry Punch]], [[ESPN]] analyst
* [[Nick Raskulinecz]], [[葛莱美奖|Grammy]]-winning record producer<ref>Wayne Bledsoe, "[http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/mar/25/have-you-heard-knoxville-home-to-variety-of/ Have you heard? Knoxville home to variety of music]." Knoxnews.com, 25 March 2007. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Florence Reece]], poet and songwriter<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2466817/ Florence Reece]." IMDb.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Brad Renfro]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Glenn Reynolds]], legal academic and blogger<ref>"[http://www.law.utk.edu/faculty/facultyreynolds.htm Glenn Harlan Reynolds]." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[John Sevier]], statesman<ref>Robert Corlew, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S023 John Sevier]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Pat Summitt]], head coach, Tennessee Lady Vols basketball team<ref>Carroll Van West, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=S116 Pat Head Summit]." ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Quentin Tarantino]], film director<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Dave Thomas (American businessman)|Dave Thomas]], founder of [[Wendy's]]<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Jake Thomas]], actor<ref>[http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp City of Knoxville official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134621/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/about/famous.asp |date=2011-05-01 }}, 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Bob Thomas]], actor, radio announcer, writer
* [[Chris Whittle]], entrepreneur who founded [[Channel One News]] and [[Edison Schools]]<ref>"[http://www.wbir.com/news/specials/ourstories/story.aspx?storyid=40421 Our Stories: The Dramatic Rise and Fall of Chris Whittle]." WBIR.com. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Chris Woodruff]], former professional tennis player<ref>"[http://www.collegetennisonline.com/view/teamstaff.asp?tmstId=1853&tmId=170 Chris Woodruff - Bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030712234415/http://www.collegetennisonline.com/view/teamstaff.asp?tmstId=1853&tmId=170 |date=2003-07-12 }}." Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
* [[Tina Wesson]], winner of ''Survivor: The Australian Outback''<ref>"[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0921895/ Tina Wesson]." IMDb.org. Retrieved: 24 April 2008.</ref>
|}
== 姐妹城市 ==
根据国际姐妹城市组织，诺克斯维尔有七个[[姐妹城市]]：
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[海乌姆]], [[波兰]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[成都]], [[中华人民共和国]]
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[高雄]], [[中华民国]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[拉里萨]], [[希腊]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[室兰市]], [[日本]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[内乌肯]], [[阿根廷]]
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[礼山郡]], [[韩国]]
== 参考 ==
{{reflist|2}}
== 部分资料来源 ==
* Carey, Ruth. "Change Comes to Knoxville." in ''These Are Our Voices: The Story of Oak Ridge 1942-1970'', edited by James Overholt, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1987.
* Deaderick, Lucile, ed. ''Heart of the Valley--A History of Knoxville, Tennessee'' Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976.
* Jennifer Long; "Government Job Creation Programs-Lessons from the 1930s and 1940s" ''Journal of Economic Issues'' . Volume: 33. Issue: 4. 1999. pp 903+, a case study of Knoxville.
* {{cite web | url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 | title=Knoxville | work=The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture | accessdate=2006-03-14 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415050020/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=K017 | archivedate=2006-04-15 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/cities/knoxville | title=Knoxville | work=Tennessee History for Kids | accessdate=2007-02-07 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-South/Knoxville-History.html | title=Knoxville History | accessdate=2007-02-07 }}
* The Mcclung museum at The University of Tennessee Knoxville, "Archaeology & the Native Peoples of Tennessee" exhibit. {{cite web | url=http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/index.html | title=Exhibit Link | }}
* McDonald, Michael, and Bruce Wheeler. ''Knoxville, Tennessee: Continuity and Change in an Appalachian City'' University of Tennessee Press, 1983. the standard academic history
* ''The Future of Knoxville's Past: Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville, Tennessee.'' (Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission, October, 2006).
* Rothrock, Mary U., editor. ''The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee.'' (Knox County Historical Committee; East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946).
* Isenhour, Judith Clayton. ''Knoxville, A Pictorial History.'' (Donning Company, 1978, 1980).
* Barber, John W., and Howe, Henry. ''All the Western States and Territories, . . .'' (Cincinnati, Ohio: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867). pp. 631-632.
== 外部链接 ==
{|
<!-- | valign="Top" | -->
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215070543/http://www.ci.knoxville.tn.us/ City of Knoxville] (官方网站)
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Tennessee/Localities/K/Knoxville/|Knoxville}}
* [http://www.knoxville.org/ Knoxville Tourism and Sports Corporation]
* [http://www.knoxville.com/ ''Knoxville, Tennessee Local Guide and Search'']
* [http://www.knoxnews.com/ ''The Knoxville News Sentinel'']
* [http://www.skstimes.com/ ''The South Knox·Seymour Times'']
* [http://www.knoxvoice.com/ ''Knoxville Voice''] (independent alternative bi-weekly)
* [http://www.metropulse.com/ ''Metropulse''] (alternative weekly)
* [http://www.knoxviews.com/ ''KnoxViews'']
* [http://www.cityviewonline.com/ ''City View'' Magazine]
* [http://www.knoxmag.com/ ''Knoxville'' Magazine]
* http://www.knoxvilletennessee.com/ "About Knoxville"]
* {{wikivoyage|Knoxville|诺克斯维尔|en}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.972882|-83.942161}}
|}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:田纳西州城市|K]]
[[Category:美国前州首府]]