Albert Einstein檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史
| Albert Einstein | |
|---|---|
| 出生 |
March 14, 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire |
| 逝世 |
1955年4月18日（76歲） Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
| 居住地 | Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, United States |
| 配偶 |
Mileva Marić（1903年－1919年結婚） Template:Link‑en（1919年－1936年結婚） |
| 科學生涯 | |
| 研究領域 | Physics |
| 博士生 | {{{博士生}}} |
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a Jewish‑born physicist, born in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, Germany and a graduate of ETH Zurich. He was born into a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany in 1879, with both parents being Jewish. He graduated from ETH Zurich in 1900 and obtained Swiss citizenship. In 1905 he received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Zurich. He put forward the photon hypothesis and successfully explained the photoelectric effect, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. He developed the special theory of relativity in 1905 and the general theory of relativity in 1915. He passed away on April 18, 1955, aged 76.
Einstein laid the theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy and opened a new era of modern science and technology. He is widely regarded as the greatest physicist since Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. On December 26, 1999, he was named 「Person of the Century」 by the American magazine Time[1].
Chronology
- At 11:30 a.m. on March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein was born at 135 Bahnhofstraße, Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire. Both of his parents were Jewish.
- 1888 (aged 9): Albert Einstein entered the Luitpold‑Gymnasium. He received religious education and his bar mitzvah, with Friedman as his instructor.
- 1889 (aged 10): Guided by medical student Max Talmud, he read popular science and philosophical works.
- 1891 (aged 12): Einstein self‑studied Euclidean geometry and developed a strong passion for mathematics. He also began teaching himself higher mathematics.
- 1892 (aged 13): Einstein started reading works by Immanuel Kant.
- 1894 (aged 15): The Einstein family moved to Italy.
- 1895 (aged 16): Einstein finished learning calculus by himself. In the same year, he failed the entrance examination for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic. He began to think about what one would observe while travelling at the speed of light and became puzzled by contradictions within classical theories.
- 1896 (aged 17): Einstein obtained his high‑school diploma from Aargau Cantonal School. On October 29, he moved to Zurich and studied at ETH Zurich.
- October 19, 1899 (aged 20): Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship.
- August 1900 (aged 21): Einstein graduated from ETH Zurich. In December he completed his paper Conclusions Drawn from Capillary Phenomena, which was published in the Leipzig journal Annalen der Physik the next year. He acquired Swiss citizenship.
- March 21, 1901 (aged 22): Einstein officially obtained Swiss citizenship. Between May and July that year he finished a paper on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference.
After Graduation
- June 16, 1902 (aged 23): Einstein was employed by the Swiss Federal Patent Office in Bern.
- 1903 (aged 24): He married his university classmate Mileva Marić. The couple already had a child before marriage.
- September 1904 (aged 25): Einstein became a permanent employee from a probationary worker at the patent office.
- 1905 (aged 26): In March, Einstein published his quantum theory and proposed the light‑quantum hypothesis to solve the photoelectric effect. In April he submitted his thesis A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions to the University of Zurich and earned his doctorate. In May he finished On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, independently and completely establishing the principle of special relativity and opening a new chapter in physics. This year is known as 「Einstein’s Annus Mirabilis」.
- April 1906 (aged 27): Einstein was promoted to second‑class technical expert at the patent office. In November he completed a paper on the specific heat of solids, the first paper on quantum theory for solids.
- 1907 (aged 28): Promoted to first‑class technical expert at the patent office.
- October 1908 (aged 29): Einstein worked as an unpaid lecturer at the University of Bern in addition to his patent‑office job.
- October 1909 (aged 30): Einstein left the Bern Patent Office and took the post of associate professor of theoretical physics.
- October 1910 (aged 31): Einstein completed his paper on critical opalescence.
- 1911 (aged 32): Einstein moved from Switzerland to Prague.
- 1912 (aged 33): Einstein proposed the law of photochemical equivalence.
- 1913 (aged 34): Einstein returned to Germany. He became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin and professor at Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and was elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Exile to the United States
February 1932 (aged 53): Einstein protested in Pasadena against the conviction of German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky for treason. In March he returned to Berlin from the United States. In May he gave lectures at University of Cambridge and University of Oxford in Britain, then travelled to Geneva to attend the disarmament conference, where he felt deep disappointment. In June he held conversations with Murphy on causality. In July he corresponded with the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud about the psychology of war. He called on German people to defend the Weimar Republic and firmly oppose Fascism. On December 10, Einstein and his wife left Germany for the United States. Originally intended as a visit, they would never set foot on German soil again[2].
1933 (aged 54): The Nazi government of Germany ransacked his Berlin apartment, burned his books, seized his property and offered a reward of 100 000 marks for his capture. Einstein was a visiting professor at Princeton University at that time. Upon hearing the news, he later took United States citizenship. 1934 (aged 55): Einstein’s collection The World as I See It was edited and published by his son‑in‑law Rudolf Kayser. From May 1935 he took a short trip to Bermuda. There he formally applied for permanent residence in the United States; this would be his last time leaving the US. He received the Franklin Medal. Co‑operating with Podolsky and Rosen, he published a paper challenging the Copenhagen school, arguing that quantum mechanics gave an incomplete description of reality. He campaigned for the Nobel Peace Prize to be awarded to Ossietzky, who was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp.