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中国黄花柳 |
中文名:中国黄花柳 学 名:Salix sinica 界:植物界 门:被子植物门 Angiospermae 亚 门:双子叶植物纲 Dicotyledoneae 纲:原始花被亚纲 Archichlamydeae 目:杨柳目 Salicales 科:杨柳科 Salicaceae 属:柳属 Salix 组:黄花柳组 Sect. Vetrix 种:中国黄花柳 |
中国黄花柳(zhōng guó huáng huā liǔ,学名 Salix sinica (Hao) C. Wang et C. F. Fang,异名:Salix caprea var. sinica ),俗称寒柳,灌木或小乔木。当年生幼枝有柔毛,后无毛,小枝红褐色。在海拔1700米处生长,举世罕见,更为奇特处在于数九寒天,王莽岭上雾凇冰挂晶莹洁白之时,她却在冰挂雪裹中开出内黄透绿的小花,犹如一树翡翠,成为稀世奇观,正所谓“花在冰中绽,冰裹花盛开,欲睹真芳容,请君踏雪来”。 [1]
中国黄花柳形态特征
中国黄花柳, 灌木或小乔木。当年生幼枝有柔毛,后无毛,小枝红褐色。
叶形多变化,一般为椭圆形、椭圆状披针形、椭圆状菱形、倒卵状椭圆形、稀披针形或卵形、宽卵形,长3.5-6厘米,宽1.5-2.5厘米,先端短渐尖或急尖,基部楔形或圆楔形,幼叶有毛,后无毛,上面暗绿色,下面发白色,多全缘,在萌枝或小枝上部的叶较大,并常有皱纹,下面常被绒毛,边缘有不规整的牙齿;叶柄有毛;托叶半卵形至近肾形。
花先叶开放;雄花序无梗,宽椭圆形至近球形,长2-2.5厘米,粗1.8-2厘米,开花顺序,自上往下;雄蕊2,离生,花丝细长,长约6毫米,基部有极疏的柔毛,花药长圆形,黄色;苞片椭圆状卵形或微倒卵状披针形,长约3毫米,深褐色或近黑色,两面被白色长毛;仅1腺,近方形,腹生;
雌花序短圆柱形,长2.5-3.5厘米,粗7-9毫米,无梗,基部有2具绒毛的鳞片,子房狭圆锥形,长约3.5毫米,柄长1.2毫米,有毛,花柱短,柱头2裂,苞片椭圆状披针形,长约2.5毫米,深褐色或黑色,两面密被白色长毛;仅1腹腺。
蒴果线状圆锥形,长达6毫米,果柄与苞片几等长。花期4月下旬,果期5月下旬。 [2]
Salix sinica (Hao) C. Wang et C. F. Fang, comb. nov.——S. caprea L. var. sinica Hao in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 93: 91. t. 34: 67. 1936.——S. caprea auct. non L.: Burkill in Journ. Linn. Soc. 26: 527. 1899; Schneid. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 149. 1916,quoad sp. Hebei, Shanxi; Hao, 1. c. 93: 90. 1936, excl. sp. Amur. Wusuli (Ussuri) ; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学, 127. 图94. 1937; 中国高等植物图鉴, 1: 368. 图136. 1972; 秦岭植物志, 1 (2): 41. 1974.
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets russet, glabrous; juvenile branchlets downy. Stipules semiovate to subreniform; petiole pilose; leaf blade highly variable, usually elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-rhomboid, or obovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate, ovate, or broadly ovate, 3.5-6 × 1.5-2.5 cm, abaxially whitish, often wrinkled, usually tomentose, adaxially dull green, pilose when young, glabrescent, base cuneate, rounded-cuneate, or subrounded, margin entire or dentate, apex shortly acuminate, acute, or obtuse. Flowering precocious. Male catkin broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5 × 1.8-2 cm, sessile; bracts dull brown or nearly black, elliptic-ovate or slightly obovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, villous. Male flower: gland subsquare; stamens 2, distinct; filaments ca. 6 mm, slender, sparsely downy at base; anthers yellow, oblong. Female catkin shortly cylindric, 2.5-3.5 cm × 7-9 mm, sessile, with 2 tomentose scalelike leaflets at base; bracts dull brown or black, elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, long pubescent. Female flower: gland 1; ovary narrowly conical, ca. 3.5 mm, pilose; stipe ca. 1.2 mm; style short; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule linear-conical, ca. 6 mm; stipe ca. as long as bracts. Fl. Apr, fr. May.
中国黄花柳生长环境
生于山坡或林中。 喜光,喜湿,中度喜温,群居习性:散生。
中国黄花柳分布范围
产华北、西北和内蒙古。生于山坡或林中。模式标本采自河北蔚县。