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罗密欧与朱丽叶

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[[File:罗密欧1.jpg|缩略图|[https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0726/124459449.shtm 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶封面]]

《'''罗密欧与朱丽叶'''》('''''{{lang|en|Romeo and Juliet}}'''''),[[威廉·莎士比亚]]著名[[悲剧]]作品之一,因其知名度而常被误称为莎翁四大[[悲剧]]之一<ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=7FXoSYnhYwcC&pg=PA115&dq=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87+%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%90%E8%88%87%E8%8C%B1%E9%BA%97%E8%91%89&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ei=kG52VZv8K8zg8AXhzYHgCg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87%20%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%90%E8%88%87%E8%8C%B1%E9%BA%97%E8%91%89&f=false 流行语粉有趣: 兼论新闻中的英语辞句]</ref>(实为《[[麦克白]]》、《[[奥赛罗]]》、《[[李尔王]]》及《[[哈姆雷特]]》<ref>[http://tc.wangchao.net.cn/xinxi/detail_223206.html 莎士比亚四大悲剧和四大喜剧分别是????]</ref>)。

戏剧讲述了两位青年男女相恋,却因家族仇恨而遭不幸,最终两家和好的故事。戏剧在莎士比亚年代颇为流行,并与《[[哈姆雷特]]》一道成为最常上演的戏剧。今天,戏剧主角被认为是青年恋人的典型。

罗密欧与朱丽叶属于传统恋爱悲剧,其背景可以追溯至古代。戏剧基于意大利的故事,在1562年被[[亚瑟·布鲁克]]<ref>Arthur Brooke</ref>翻译为《罗密欧斯与朱丽叶的悲剧历史》<ref>''The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet''</ref>,并在1567年被[[威廉·品特]]<ref>William Painter</ref>用散文的方式改写为《欢愉宫殿》<ref>Palace of Pleasure</ref>。

莎士比亚从两者中获取了大量灵感,并在此基础上进行了拓展,加入了配角,如[[帕里斯]]、[[墨古修]]等。戏剧于1597年第一次出版,并被认为写于1591到1595年间。戏剧文字版品质低劣,之后几经修订,达到了莎士比亚戏剧的品质标准。

莎士比亚使用了富有诗意的戏剧结构,特别是将戏剧在喜剧和悲剧之间来回切换,增进了紧张气氛。他增强了配角作用,并使用次要剧情来润泽故事。戏剧因不同的角色而体现出不同的风格,有时因角色的成长而随之改变。例如,罗密欧随着戏剧的发展而运用了更多的[[十四行诗]]。

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》被多次改编,在剧场、银屏、音乐剧中上演。

[[File:罗密欧2.jpg|缩略图|[http://product.dangdang.com/20997777.html 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]
== 主要角色 ==

'''[[维洛那]]的统治者''' Ruling house of Verona

*埃斯卡勒斯亲王 Prince Escalus:维洛那的统治者,禁止蒙特鸠家族与卡帕莱特家族互相残杀。

*帕里斯伯爵 Count Paris:亲王的亲戚,被茱丽叶悔婚,在卡帕莱特的祖坟前被罗密欧杀死。

*莫枯修 Mercutio:亲王的亲戚,罗密欧的好友,在一场衝突中,死在提伯特剑下。

'''卡帕莱特家族''' House of Capulet

*卡帕莱特伯爵 Capulet: 卡帕莱特家族族长。

*卡帕莱特夫人 Capulet's wife: 卡帕莱特家族族长夫人。

*茱丽叶 Juliet:卡帕莱特的女儿,拥有他人无法媲美的美貌与坚强的意志力。

*提伯特 Tybalt:卡帕莱特夫人的姪子,最后被罗密欧杀死。

[[File:罗密欧3.jpg|缩略图|[http://www.shjuzhou.cn/a/2018/0228/26309.html 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]

*奶妈 The Nurse: 茱丽叶的近身僕人和亲信。

*罗瑟琳 Rosaline: 卡布雷特的侄女,戏剧前期中罗密欧的恋人。

*彼得、桑普森、葛莱古里 Peter, Sampson, Gregory: 卡帕莱特家族仆役。

'''蒙特鸠家族''' House of Montague

*蒙特鸠伯爵 Montague: 蒙特鸠家族族长。

*蒙特鸠夫人 Montague's Wife: 蒙特鸠家族族长夫人。

*罗密欧 Romeo:蒙特鸠的儿子,在舞会上对茱丽叶一见锺情,与茱丽叶私定终身。

*班福留 Benvolio:蒙特鸠之侄,罗密欧的挚友。

*亚伯兰、鲍尔萨泽 Abram, Balthasar: 蒙特鸠家族僕役。

'''其他人''' Others

[[File:罗密欧4.jpg|缩略图|[https://www.wendangwang.com/doc/05d9ae789d3519ee33931963834c43023951f997 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]

*劳伦斯神父 Friar Laurence:为罗密欧与茱丽叶秘密证婚的神父。

*约翰神父 Friar John: 为劳伦斯神父送信给罗密欧。

*卖药人 An Apothecary: 他很不情愿地给卖毒药给罗密欧。

*诗人 A Chorus: 在每场剧目前进行独白。

== 故事概要 ==

蒙太古和卡帕莱特是[[维洛那]]城的两大家族,但两个家族是世仇。戏剧的一开始,两家仆众就当街闹事。埃斯卡勒斯亲王出面制止,并称混乱制造者罪该当死。之后,帕里斯伯爵向卡帕莱特提亲,但卡帕莱特要求帕里斯伯爵再等两年(之后同意将朱丽叶许配给伯爵)并邀请他参加舞会。卡帕莱特夫人和乳媪则试图说服朱丽叶接受伯爵的求爱。罗密欧因爲意外杀了茱丽叶的表哥而遭到流放。最后二人为了在一起,茱丽叶先服假毒,计划醒来后就和罗密欧私奔。但因爲负责告诉罗密欧茱丽叶假死消息的人未能及时传信,令罗密欧因爲不愿独生而自杀。茱丽叶醒来发现罗密欧自尽,也相继自尽。故事以两个家族的和好结束。

==资料==
[[File:罗密欧5.jpg|缩略图|thumb|235×301px|[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_64ed94ea0100i9t3.html 原图链接]《罗密欧斯与朱丽叶》]]

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》从传统恋爱悲剧故事中汲取了许多内容,这些可以被追溯至上古时期。其中一个是皮拉缪斯和忒斯彼<ref>Pyramus and Thisbe</ref>的故事,来自[[奥维德]]的《[[变形记 (奥维德)|变形记]]》。《变形记》中包涵了与本剧类似的情形:恋人的家长相互仇视,皮拉缪斯误认为恋人忒斯彼去世<ref>Halio (1998: 93).</ref>。色诺芬<ref>Xenophon</ref>的《以弗所故事》<ref>''Ephesiaca''</ref>写于三世纪,也包涵了类似的剧情:恋人被分离,催眠药产生诈死效果。<ref>Halio (1998: 93).</ref>

名字蒙太古和卡帕莱特最早出现在[[但丁]]的《[[神曲]]》当中,其中在炼狱的六章中提到了Montecchi(蒙太古)、Capelletti(卡帕莱特):<ref>Moore (1930: 264–277).</ref>

:粗心大意的人啊!你来看一看蒙泰基奥和卡佩莱托两大家族,
:再来看一看莫纳尔多和菲利佩斯基奥两大派系,
:前者已经灰心丧气,后者也是满腹疑虑。
:——[[但丁]],《[[神曲]]》: 炼狱,第六章, ll. 106-8.<ref>Higgins (1998: 223).</ref>

然而,这种引述是佛罗伦萨、伦巴第和意大利半岛作为抵御道德败坏的一部分;[[阿尔布雷希特一世 (德意志)|阿尔布雷希特一世]]在任的不作为,以及接任教宗的不公导致了伦巴第政党之间战乱不断,而但丁通过了他笔下的人物对此进行了口诛笔伐。历史上,蒙太古家族领导着维罗纳的政党,而卡帕莱特则来自克雷莫纳家族。双方都在伦巴第地区争斗不断,而不是局限于维罗纳。<ref name="Higgins, 1998: 585">Higgins (1998: 585)</ref>由于政治纷争不断,两者都“灰心丧气”,一同被摧残毁灭,<ref name="Higgins, 1998: 585"/>而不是像戏剧中的那样因为子孙的不幸而哀伤;后者则是戏剧的史诗改编与再创作。

[[File:罗密欧6.jpg|缩略图|[https://item.m.jd.com/product/10596860.html#img 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]

类似莎士比亚戏剧的故事是《马里奥托和吉阿诺扎》<ref>Mariotto and Gianozza</ref>,选自马苏西欧·撒勒尼塔诺<ref>Masuccio Salernitano</ref>1476年出版的《故事集》<ref>''Il Novellino''</ref>中的第33篇。<ref name="Hosley"/> 撒勒尼塔诺将故事背景设在了锡耶纳,并坚称这些事情在他有生之年一一出现。在他的版本中,包涵了秘密婚姻、同谋神父、贵人被杀、马里奥托被逐、吉阿诺扎被逼改嫁、药剂、信使失败。然而,马里奥托最终被捕,并处以斩首,吉阿诺扎则因过度哀痛而去。<ref>Gibbons (1980: 33–34); Levenson (2000: 4).</ref>

路易吉·达·波尔图<ref>Luigi da Porto</ref>将故事改编为《朱丽叶塔和罗密欧》<ref>''Giulietta e Romeo''</ref>,并将其收录与自己1530年出版的故事集中<ref>''Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti''</ref>。<ref name="Moore38_44">Moore (1937: 38–44).</ref>达·波尔图参考了皮拉缪斯和忒斯彼的故事,以及[[乔万尼·薄伽丘]]的《[[十日谈]]》。他将这些故事赋予了时代气息,包括给恋人改名,将世仇家族蒙太古和卡帕莱特置于维罗纳城中。<ref name="Hosley">Hosley (1965: 168).</ref>他也塑造了一些配角,类似于莎士比亚的帕里斯、墨古修、提伯特。达·波尔图称他的故事在历史上属实,并发生在巴托洛梅奥二世治下<ref>Bartolomeo II della Scala</ref>。在达·波尔图笔下,罗密欧饮毒,朱丽叶塔自刎。<ref>Gibbons (1980: 34–35).</ref>

1554年,马泰奥·班德罗<ref>Matteo Bandello</ref>出版了他第二部故事集<ref>''Novelle''</ref>,其中包含了他的《朱丽叶塔和罗密欧》版本。<ref name="Moore38_44"/>班德罗强调了罗密欧之前的抑郁和两家的争斗,并设立了配角乳媪和班伏里欧。班德罗的故事在1559年被皮埃尔·巴蒂斯塔<ref>Pierre Boaistuau</ref>译成法文,选入了他的历史悲剧<ref>''Histories Tragiques''</ref>第一卷中。巴蒂斯塔在该版本中加入了许多道德和感情成分,角色则在修辞上颇为华丽。<ref>Gibbons (1980: 35–36).</ref>

1562年,亚瑟·布鲁克忠实地将巴蒂斯塔的故事翻译为叙事诗篇《罗密欧斯与朱丽叶的悲剧历史》<ref>''The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet''</ref>,但依然根据[[乔叟]]的《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》<ref>''Troilus and Criseyde''</ref>进行了改编。<ref name="Gibbons_37">Gibbons (1980: 37).</ref>当时,根据意大利小说<ref>''novelles''</ref>进行故事、戏剧改编是件时尚的事情,这是因为前者在这个时期的剧院十分受欢迎。莎士比亚应该对威廉·品特<ref>William Painter</ref>1567年出版的意大利故事集《欢愉宫殿》<ref>''Palace of Pleasure''</ref>十分了解。<ref>Keeble (1980: 18).</ref>这个故事集包涵了一个《罗密欧与朱丽叶》版本,名叫《罗密欧与朱丽叶的佳美历史和真挚爱情》<ref>''The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett''</ref>。莎士比亚的《[[威尼斯商人]]》、《[[无事生非]]》、《[[皆大欢喜]]》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等戏剧都从中受益匪浅。莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是布鲁克译文的戏剧版,并追随了其中的诗篇风格,但加入了许多细节,以及更多的主配角(特别是乳媪和墨古修)<ref>Roberts (1902: 41–44); Gibbons (1980: 32, 36–37); Levenson (2000: 8–14).</ref>

同年代的[[克里斯托弗·马洛]]写了《英雄与安利德》<ref>''Hero and Leander''</ref>和《迦太基女王戴朵》<ref>''Dido, Queen of Carthage''</ref>,这些也与莎士比亚的戏剧类似,但被认为有次要影响作用,不过它们依然在悲剧爱情故事上起了推波助澜的作用。<ref name="Gibbons_37"/>

==时期与文本==

[[File:罗密欧7.jpg|缩略图|thumb|left|[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_155e599c00102x324.html 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]
莎士比亚创作《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的具体时间不详。朱丽叶的乳媪在剧中提到过11年前发生的一场地震。<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'': I.iii.23.</ref>这应该是1580年多佛海峡地震,由此推理得出写作时间为1591年。而英格兰和维罗纳在历史上发生的不同地震则会推出不同的时间定位。<ref name="Arden_Date">Gibbons (1980: 26–27).</ref>戏剧的写作风格类似于《仲夏夜之梦》,这些剧目的创作时间大约在1594–95年间,这样本戏剧的创作时间也应在1591-1595年间。<ref>Gibbons (1980: 29–31). As well as ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', Gibbons draws parallels with ''Love's Labour's Lost'' and ''Richard II''.</ref>有一个推测认为莎士比亚在1591年开始写稿,在1595年将其完成。<ref>Gibbons (1980: 29).</ref>

莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》以两个四开本形式出版,早于1623年的《[[第一对开本]]》。第一份资料是1597年的《第一四开本》(Q1),由约翰·丹特<ref>John Danter</ref>印刷。由于该版本与之后版本在内容上出入甚多,被称为之为“坏四开本”;二十世纪的编辑斯宾塞<ref>T. J. B. Spencer</ref>称其为“文本可憎,可能是一两个演员根据些许回忆拼凑而成”,暗示其为盗版。<ref name="Spencer">Spencer (1967: 284).</ref>另一种解释是戏剧可能是剧团演出前的手稿。<ref name="Halio_History">Halio (1998: 1–2).</ref>不管怎样,Q1出现于1597年初,并可以确定戏剧的创作时间不会晚于1596年。<ref name="Arden_Date"/>

Q2版本的质量更优,并将戏剧署名为《最优秀最哀伤的悲剧之罗密欧与朱丽叶》<ref>''The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet''</ref>。它由托马斯·克里德<ref>Thomas Creede</ref>于1599年印刷,卡斯伯特·波比<ref>Cuthbert Burby</ref>出版。Q2比Q1多出800行。<ref name="Halio_History"/>它在扉页上标注了“新修订、增补、改正”的字眼。学者认为Q2是依据莎士比亚演出前的手稿改编而成,因为其中的文字古怪,有很多角色的标注,和“错误起头”;这些被作者删去,但排字工人错误地保留了下来。这是一本相对较全、较可靠地版本,之后在1609年、1622年、1637年重新印刷,分别为Q3、Q4、Q5。<ref name="Spencer" />结果是,之后《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的四开本和对开本都是依据Q2编撰的,所有衍生自Q2的版本都被认为出自编辑,而不是莎士比亚本人之手。<ref name="Halio_History"/>

1623年的《[[第一对开本]]》主要是基于Q3编写而成,其中的注释和更正可能来自剧院台词本或是Q1。<ref name="Spencer" /><ref>Gibbons (1980: 21).</ref>其它对开本包括1632年的F2,1664年的F3,1685年的F4。<ref>Gibbons (1980: ix).</ref>现代版本中——包括一些对开本和四开本——第一本为1709年尼古拉斯·罗<ref>Nicholas Rowe</ref>的版本,和1723年[[亚历山大·蒲柏]]的版本。蒲柏的版本被后世广泛采用,他在剧中加入了演出指令,这些指令在Q2中被遗失,但存在于Q1当中。这个传统一直延续到浪漫时期末。带有完全注释的版本第一次在维多利亚时代出现,并延续至今。其中包含了戏剧演出时的脚注和相关的文化背景等。<ref>Halio (1998: 8–9).</ref>

==主题==

学者们发现,为戏剧架设一个具体的、笼统的主题难度极大。一些被提出的主题包括对角色的挖掘,得出人类既不是至善或邪恶,而是在两者之间<ref name= "Bowling 208">Bowling (1949: 208–220).</ref>;从梦境中醒来,回到现实;冲动的危害;悲剧的命运等。这些主题没有一个得到广泛的支持。然而,即便是一个概括性的主题得到阐明,但是戏剧依然包含了许多较小的主题元素,并以复杂的方式相互交错。常被学者们争论的话题如下<ref>Halio (1998: 65).</ref>:

[[File:罗密欧8.jpg|缩略图|[https://www.hdavchina.com/show.php?contentid=27020 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶]]
===爱情===

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=right |quote='''''罗密欧'''''<br />要是我这俗手上的尘污<br />亵渎了你的神圣的庙宇,<br />这两片嘴唇,含羞的信徒,<br />愿意用一吻乞求你宥恕。<br />'''''朱丽叶'''''<br />信徒,莫把你的手儿侮辱,<br />这样才是最虔诚的礼敬;<br />神明的手本许信徒接触,<br />掌心的密合远胜如亲吻。|salign=right |source=《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,第一幕第五场<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', I.v.92–99.</ref>}}

戏剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中,除了爱情以外,被认为是缺乏统一主题的<ref name= "Bowling 208"/>。罗密欧与朱丽叶已经成为青年恋人和被毁灭的象征。这是戏剧最明显的主题,许多学者都尝试着发掘浪漫背后的语言与历史背景<ref name="Honegger">Honegger (2006: 73–88).</ref>。

在第一次会面时,罗密欧与朱丽叶使用了莎士比亚时代所推荐的礼节:暗喻。通过使用圣徒和罪的暗喻,罗密欧可以婉转地探知朱丽叶对自己的感情,并避免尴尬。这种方式被[[巴尔达萨雷·卡斯蒂利奥内]]所推崇。他指出,如果一位男士在邀请上使用暗喻,女士若想拒绝,可以装糊涂,前者可以不失颜面地全身而退。朱丽叶也在暗喻上下了功夫,并对此做出了发展。宗教词汇如“圣地”、“清教徒”、“圣徒”在当时是十分时尚的词汇,被理解为浪漫的用法而非亵渎,而圣徒则与早期天主教密切相连<ref>Groves (2007: 68–69).</ref>。布鲁克的《罗密欧斯与朱丽叶》中使用了包含对基督复活的暗喻;在之后的剧本中,莎士比亚则将这种大胆的手法去除了。<ref>Groves (2007: 61)</ref>

在之后的阳台一幕当中,莎士比亚安排罗密欧偷听朱丽叶的独白,但在布鲁克的版本中则没有偷听部分。通过对偷听的设立,莎士比亚打破了传统的求爱顺序。通常,女士被要求稳重,害羞,这样可以探知求爱人是否真心实意,但对这种方式的打破加速了戏剧进度。恋人可以跳过求爱过程,直接讨论两者的关系,并在一见钟情后的第二晚同意结婚<ref name="Honegger"/>。在最后的一幕当中,出现了一个矛盾的信息——在天主教义中,自杀被认为是要下地狱的,而当人们为爱情而殉情时,却可以因“爱情宗教”上天堂。罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情观似乎更符合“爱情宗教”而非天主教义。另一种观点是虽然他们的爱情是轰轰烈烈的,但只是在婚姻当中达到了高潮,以免失去观众对他们的同情。<ref>Siegel (1961: 371–392).</ref>

戏剧在某种程度上将爱、性、死亡做了等同。在故事中,罗密欧、朱丽叶以及其他角色在幻想黑暗时,将其等同为恋人。例如,当卡帕雷特第一次发现诈死的朱丽叶时,将其形容为女儿的失贞<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', II.v.38–42.</ref>。朱丽叶之后也将罗密欧和死亡做了对比。在她殉情之前,她抓起罗密欧的匕首,称:“啊,好刀子!这就是你的鞘子;你插了进去,让我死了吧。”<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', V.iii.169–170.</ref><ref>MacKenzie (2007: 22–42).</ref>

===命运===
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=right |quote=唉!我是受命运玩弄的人。|salign=right |source=罗密欧,第三幕第一场<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', III.i.138.</ref>}}

学者在命运问题上起了争议。就角色的不幸是命中注定,还是仅仅由于一连串的意外而导致的事故,学者们并没有给出统一意见。偏袒命运说的称恋人是“薄命的”("star-cross'd")。这种说法似乎暗示了星象在此起了前定作用<ref>Evans (1950: 841–865).</ref>。约翰·德拉珀<ref>John W. Draper</ref>指出剧中人物与伊丽莎白时代的[[体液学说]]有关(例如,提伯特是个胆汁质)。这种体液说法对现代观众来说并不感冒。<ref name= "Draper 16">Draper (1939: 16–34).</ref>另一些学者则认为悲剧不过是一连串意外所导致的——在某种情况下,他们认为这根本不是悲剧,而是一种情景剧罢了。<ref name="Draper 16"/>路德·内沃<ref>Ruth Nevo</ref>叙述中离奇的意外让戏剧在概率上变得“不那么悲剧”。例如罗密欧挑战提伯特不是出于冲动;这是因为墨古修的死而采取的必然行动。在此,内沃认为罗密欧清楚[[社会规范]]、身份、誓言的危险性。他决定击杀提伯特,不是因为角色的人物瑕疵,而是因为形势所迫。<ref name="Nevo 241">Nevo (1969: 241–258).</ref>

===光明与黑暗===

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=right |quote=啊,吵吵闹闹的相爱,亲亲热热的怨恨!<br />啊,无中生有的一切!<br />啊,沉重的轻浮,严肃的狂妄,<br />整齐的混乱,铅铸的羽毛,<br />光明的烟雾,寒冷的火焰,憔悴的健康,<br />永远觉醒的睡眠,否定的存在!|salign=right |source=罗密欧,第一幕第一场<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', I.i.167–171.</ref>}}

学者们都注意到莎士比亚在戏剧中大量使用了光明与黑暗的对比。卡洛琳·斯波俊<ref>Caroline Spurgeon</ref>认为光明作为主题“象征了青年恋情的自然美”;这一观点被后续评论家们拓展<ref name="Nevo 241"/><ref name="Parker 663">Parker (1968: 663–674).</ref>。例如,罗密欧与朱丽叶都将对方视为黑暗中的光明。罗密欧将朱丽叶描述为太阳<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', II.ii.</ref><ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', I.v.42.</ref> ,比火把还要亮,有如黑暗中闪烁的珠宝<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', I.v.44–45.</ref>,乌云中的光明天使<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', II.ii.26–32.</ref>。即便是当她躺在坟墓当中,他称“她的美貌使这一个墓窟变成一座充满着光明的欢宴的华堂。”<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', I.v.85–86.</ref> 朱丽叶将罗密欧描述为“黑夜中的白天”、“比乌鸦背上的新雪还要皎白。”<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', III.ii.17–19.</ref><ref>Halio (1998: 55–56).</ref>这种明暗对比可以视为象征的拓展——是爱与恨的对比、年轻与衰败的暗喻<ref name="Nevo 241"/>。有时候,这些相互交织的暗喻制造出了一种戏剧性的讽刺。例如,罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情是被包围在黑暗与仇恨之中的:他们所有的恋情都在夜间的阴影下偷偷摸摸进行,而一切家族仇恨却在光天化日之下堂而皇之地械斗。这种悖论增加了恋人们之间进退两难的窘境:是忠于家族、还是忠于爱情?在故事的最后,清晨不再明朗,太阳也躲在了乌云之后,家族仇恨的争斗终于因害死了年轻恋人而感到悲哀。所有人都在此领悟到自己的愚昧与荒唐,事物也因恋人的不幸最终回到了应有的自然秩序<ref name="Parker 663"/>。戏剧中“光明”也与“时间”紧密相连,莎士比亚常常通过描述太阳、月亮、星辰等光明体来反衬出“时间”这一概念<ref name="Tanselle">Tanselle (1964: 349–361).</ref>


===时间===

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=right |quote=我在你们正在伤心的时候来此求婚,实在是太冒昧了。|salign=right |source=帕里斯,第三幕第四场<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', III.iv.8–9.</ref>}}

时间在戏剧的剧情和语言上起了重要作用。罗密欧与朱丽叶俩人都极力维持着不涉及时间的虚幻世界,回避着包围他们的残酷现实。例如,当罗密欧向月亮起誓,宣布他对朱丽叶的爱时,朱丽叶抗议道:“啊!不要指着月亮起誓,它是变化无常的,每个月都有盈亏圆缺;你要是指着它起誓,也许你的爱情也会像它一样无常。”<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', II.ii.109–111</ref>从一开始,爱人被设计为“Star-cross'd”<ref name="RJ_Prologue">''Romeo and Juliet'', I.0.6. Levenson (2000: 142) defines "star-cross'd" as "thwarted by a malign star".</ref>,其中引用了当时流行的占星术。占星术认为星座会影响人类的命运,随着时间的推移,星系会在空中移动,并改变着人们的命运。罗密欧在戏剧之初预感到星座运动的征兆,当他得知朱丽叶的不幸时,他对星座采取了挑战态度。<ref name= "Draper 16"/><ref>Muir (2005: 34–41).</ref>

另一主题是时间的仓促:在莎士比亚的版本,时间跨度不过是四到六天,而不是布鲁克的九个月<ref name="Tanselle" />。学者如托马斯·谭瑟勒<ref>G. Thomas Tanselle</ref>相信在莎士比亚的戏剧中时间“十分重要”,因为他使用“短暂的时间”来描述青年恋人,而不是“漫长的时间”来叙述“老去的一代”;这着重手法“向着毁灭直冲”<ref name="Tanselle" />。罗密欧与朱丽叶与时间较力,使得他们的爱情永垂不朽。在最后,他们击败时间的唯一途径似乎是死亡,这样他们的爱情将以艺术的方式存活下去。<ref name="Lucking">Lucking (2001: 115–126).</ref>

时间也与光明、黑暗的主题密切相连。在莎士比亚的时代,戏剧通常在正午的大太阳下上演。这迫使戏剧作者使用文字来制造白天、黑夜的景象。莎士比亚使用黑夜、白昼、星辰、月亮、太阳等假象用它们来制造时间概念。他也使用角色来提及日期、时间来帮助观众了解故事的进程。总之,全剧对时间的引述不超过103句,并大量使用了假想的方式来进行表达。<ref>Halio (1998: 55–58); Driver (1964: 363–370).</ref>

==评论==
===批评史===

[[File:罗密欧9.jpg|缩略图|thumb|right|[https://www.997788.com/pr/detail_102_12466469.html 原图链接]罗密欧与朱丽叶。]]
已知最早的评论家是日记作家[[塞缪尔·皮普斯]],他在1662年写道:“这是我有生以来见到的最糟糕的戏剧了。”<ref name="ShakeCrit415">Scott (1987: 415).</ref>诗人[[约翰·德莱顿]]在10年后提笔赞扬这部戏剧,以及其中的滑稽角色墨古修:“莎士比亚在墨古修身上展示了他最高超的才华,他甚至自言自语道:得在第三幕里弄死墨古修,否则我就完蛋了。”<ref name="ShakeCrit415"/>十八世纪时期对戏剧的评论甚少,也没有什么分歧。出版人尼古拉·罗<ref>Nicholas Rowe</ref>是第一个探讨戏剧主题的人,他认为悲剧是对争斗家族公正的惩戒。在世纪中叶,作家查理斯·吉尔顿<ref>Charles Gildon</ref>和哲学家凯姆斯爵士<ref>Lord Kames</ref>辩称戏剧是一部失败的作品,因为它没有遵循经典规则:悲剧中的主人公必须存在人物瑕疵,而不是命运中的意外。作家、评论家[[塞缪尔·约翰逊]]则认为本剧是莎士比亚作品中“最受欢迎的戏剧”。<ref name="ShakeCrit410">Scott (1987: 410).</ref>

十八世纪末期到十九世纪,评论集中在戏剧所阐述的伦理道德上。评论家大卫·迪布丁<ref>Charles Dibdin</ref>认为罗瑟琳之所以出现在戏剧当中,是要显明主角是多么的大意鲁莽,这便是他悲惨结局的原因。其它人则认为罗伦斯神父可能是莎士比亚的代言人,用以警示过分仓促所导致的恶果。

===结构===
在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中,莎士比亚使用的一些戏剧手法受到了佳评;最值得注意的是突乎其来的乐极生悲(例如班伏里欧与墨古修在提伯特出现前的戏言)。在第三幕墨古修不幸前,故事是喜剧的<ref>Shapiro (1964: 498–501).</ref>。在他不幸后,戏剧突然变得严肃,蒙上了一层悲凉的语调。当罗密欧被放逐,而不是被处死时,罗伦斯神父为朱丽叶设立拯救计划。此时,观众们依然相信一切不过是有惊无险。在墓地边,所有人都处在“窒息般的悬疑”当中:如果罗密欧再稍等片刻,当神父来到时,一切都会转危为安。<ref>Bonnard (1951: 319–327).</ref>戏剧经历了从希望到绝望、缓和、新希望、并强化了末尾崩溃,以及恋人在剧终时亡覆的悲哀。<ref name="Halio 20">Halio (1998: 20–30).</ref>

莎士比亚也应用了次要情节来对主角进行阐明。例如,当戏剧开始时,罗密欧与罗瑟琳相恋,后者拒绝了他的一切示好。罗密欧对她的迷恋与他和朱丽叶的感情截然不同。观众可以通过罗密欧与朱丽叶相恋、结婚中看出他们的真情。帕里斯对朱丽叶的感情也对此形成对比。她对帕里斯所使用的语言相对正式,类似她对乳媪的用语。除此之外,蒙太古与卡帕莱特的争斗也是贯穿全剧的次要情节,为戏剧提供了仇恨的气氛,也是戏剧以悲惨告终的主要原因之一。<ref name = "Halio 20"/>

===语言===

莎士比亚在戏剧中使用了许多诗歌形式。在乐工的开场白中,他使用了[[十四行诗]]。罗密欧与朱丽叶绝大多数的段落则是无韵诗,有很多则是抑扬格五音步,对比于莎士比亚后续戏剧来说在节律变化上相对较小。<ref name="Halio 1998: 51">Halio (1998: 51).</ref>在选择形式上,莎士比亚为不同的角色赋予了不同的风格。例如,罗伦斯神父使用了布道和警句风格,乳媪使用了特别的无韵诗、类似于口语对话。<ref name="Halio 1998: 51"/>每一种风格都与场景形势、角色情绪对应。例如,当罗密欧谈论罗瑟琳时,他尝试使用彼特拉克体十四行诗。彼特拉克体十四行诗常被用来形容女子的美丽,其中的夸张令人产生高不可攀的感觉。这种诗体也在卡帕莱特夫人与帕里斯之间使用。<ref>Halio (1998: 47–48).</ref>当罗密欧与朱丽叶相遇时,诗体从彼特拉克体十四行诗转化为当时更加流行的形式,使用“清教徒”、“圣徒”作为暗喻。<ref>Halio (1998: 48–49).</ref>最后,当两人在阳台相遇,罗密欧试图使用短诗来表白,而朱丽叶却直接打断:“你爱我吗?”<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', II.ii.90.</ref>这样,她直接探究了对方的真是感情,而不是诗意话的夸张。<ref>Halio (1998: 49–50).</ref>朱丽叶对罗密欧使用单音节字眼,而对帕里斯则使用了正式用语。<ref>Levin (1960: 3–11).</ref>其它形式包括朱丽叶的颂歌,墨古修的马布女王狂想曲,以及帕里斯的哀歌。<ref>Halio (1998: 51–52).</ref>莎士比亚笔下的俗众则多使用普通散文。<ref>Halio (1998: 52–55).</ref>幽默也是另一看点:学者莫利·马胡德<ref>Molly Mahood</ref>发现全剧至少有175处双关语和俏皮话。<ref>Bloom (1998: 92–93).</ref>这些笑话多于性有关系,特别是在墨古修和乳媪的台词中出现多次。<ref>Wells (2004: 11–13).</ref>

===精神分析===
早期精神分析家发现罗密欧为人冲动,有些“自控问题,掩饰的攻击性”,这导致了墨古修和后续的不幸。<ref>Halio (1998: 82) quoting Karl A. Meninger's 1938 ''Man Against Himself''.</ref>戏剧在精神分析上并不复杂,读者可以发现悲剧男主角都多少有些病态。<ref>Appelbaum (1997: 251–272).</ref>诺曼·荷兰<ref>Norman Holland</ref>在1966年作品中认为罗密欧<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'' V.i.1–11.</ref>的梦想是试图“完成他成人世界的愿望和童年的假想”——并认为角色并非真人,而与作者的意志密切相关。<ref>Halio (1998: 83, 81).</ref>评论家如茱莉亚·克丽丝塔<ref>Julia Kristeva</ref>则将注意力放在家族仇恨上,并认为是仇恨导致两人的热恋。仇恨在恋人的语言中得到彰显;例如,朱丽叶称:“恨灰中燃起了爱火融融”,<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'' I.v.137.</ref>并多次预言罗密欧的不幸。<ref>Halio (1998: 84–85).</ref>这令人对剧作家的心理产生兴趣,特别是儿子哈姆尼特的去世令莎士比亚格外哀伤。<ref>Halio (1998: 85).</ref>

===女权主义===
女权主义评论家认为家族争斗是源于维罗纳父系社会制度。科波拉·卡恩<ref>Coppélia Kahn</ref>认为罗密欧身上的男权暴力主义是悲惨结局的主要推动力之一。当提伯特杀死墨古修时,罗密欧用暴力还击,并因朱丽叶使其变得“娘娘腔”而不满。<ref>''Romeo and Juliet'', III.i.112.</ref>在此,年轻男性“成人”的方式是继承父辈的暴力特征,无论是仆众,还是他们的主子。这种争斗与男子生殖器有关联,而剧中多次在处女膜上的戏言也阐明了这点。<ref>Kahn (1977: 5–22); Halio (1998: 87–88).</ref>朱丽叶的女性顺从也表现在让他人,如神父来帮助她解决问题。其它评论家,如丁普娜·卡拉翰<ref>Dympna Callaghan</ref>则从历史角度来看待问题,认为戏剧中的封建秩序被日益强大的中央集权政府和新兴资本主义所挑战。此时的清教徒对婚姻观点减少地考虑“女性的邪恶”,而更多地注重恋人求偶上:当朱丽叶回避父亲的提亲时,她实际上在挑战父系制度,而在当时是不太可能成功的。<ref>Halio (1998: 89–90).</ref>

==配图==
<gallery>
Image:Romeo and Juliet Q2 Title Page-2.jpg|《第二四开本》中的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,1599年版
Image:Prologue.jpg|第一幕独白
Image:Scene-1.jpg|第一幕第一场:两家争斗
Image:Scene 2.jpg|第一幕第二场
Image:Scene 3.jpg|第一幕第三场
Image:Scene 4.jpg|第一幕第四场
Image:Act I scene 5.jpg|第一幕第五场
Image:Miller-RomeoJulietAct1.jpg|第一幕第五场:初次相遇
Image:Act 2 prologue.jpg|第二幕独白
Image:Act II Scene III.jpg|第二幕第三场
Image:Smirke-JulietNurse.jpg|第二幕第五场:朱丽叶祈求乳媪
Image:Act II Scene VI.jpg|第二幕第六场
Image:Rigaud-RomeoJuliet.jpg|第三幕第五场:罗密欧离开朱丽叶
Image:Opie-JulietsDeath.jpg|第四幕第五场:朱丽叶诈死
Image:Romeo and Juliet (Act IV, scene V).jpg|第四幕第五场
Image:Northcote-JulietAwakes.jpg|第五幕第三场:不幸的发现
</gallery>

== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
{{refbegin}}
对《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的所有引述,若无特指,皆来自Arden Shakespeare second edition (Gibbons, 1980)的1599年Q2版,以及1597年Q1版。<ref>Gibbons (1980: vii).</ref>在此系统下,使用的罗马数字,如II.ii.33 代表 act 2, scene 2, line 33, 而0代表剧幕前的独白。
{{refend}}
{{Reflist|2|20em}}

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|author=Stites, Richard (Ed.)
|year = 1995
|publisher=Indiana University Press
|location = Bloomington
|isbn = 978-0-253-20949-8
}}
* {{cite journal
|title = Romeo and Juliet: The Source of its Modern Stage Career
|last = Stone
|first = George Winchester Jr
|year = 1964
|journal=Shakespeare Quarterly
|volume = 15
|issue = 2
|pages = 191–206
|doi = 10.2307/2867891
|publisher=Folger Shakespeare Library
|jstor = 2867891
}}
* {{cite journal|title = Time in Romeo and Juliet
|last = Tanselle
|first = G. Thomas
|year = 1964
|journal=Shakespeare Quarterly
|volume = 15
|issue = 4
|pages = 349–361
|doi = 10.2307/2868092
|publisher=Folger Shakespeare Library
|jstor = 2868092
}}
* {{cite book
|title = The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film
|chapter = The tragedies of love on film
|last = Tatspaugh
|first = Patricia
|editor = Jackson, Russell
|year = 2000
|pages = 135–159
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location = Cambridge
|isbn = 0-521-63975-1
}}
* {{cite book
|title = The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage
|chapter = Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages
|last = Taylor
|first = Gary
|editor = Wells, Stanley; Stanton, Sarah
|year = 2002
|pages = 1–20
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location = Cambridge
|isbn = 978-0-521-79711-5
}}
* {{cite book|title = The London Stage, 1660–1800
|author=Van Lennep, William (Ed.)
|coauthors = Avery, Emmett L.; Scouten, Arthur H.
|year = 1965
|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press
|location = Carbondale
|url = http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/h/b/hb1/London%20Stage%202001/
|accessdate =August 2008
}}
* {{cite book|title = Looking for Sex in Shakespeare
|last = Wells
|first = Stanley
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location = Cambridge
|year = 2004
|isbn = 0-521-54039-9
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* {{cite book|title = The Life and Art of Edwin Booth
|last = Winter
|first = William
|year = 1893
|publisher=MacMillan and Co
|location = London
|url = http://www.archive.org/details/lifeartofedwinbo00mattuoft
|accessdate =August 2008}}
{{refend}}

== 外部连结 ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia-2|Zh-yue-罗密欧与朱丽叶(上).ogg|Zh-yue-罗密欧与朱丽叶(下).ogg|2015年|7月24日|粤语}}
{{Wikisourcelang|en|The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1112 Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare],文字版本([[古腾堡计划]]){{en}}
* [http://shakespeare.mit.edu/romeo_juliet/ ''Romeo and Juliet''] HTML version at MIT
* [http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/romeoscenes.html ''Romeo and Juliet''] HTML Annotated Play
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907211630/http://romeoandjuliet.publicliterature.org/ ''Romeo and Juliet''] Full text with audio.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130918020129/http://romeoandjulietagain.com/ ''Romeo and Juliet ... Again!''] A musical adaptation for the live stage.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105182142/http://www.kiwipublications.co.uk/romeoandjuliet.html ''Easy Read Romeo and Juliet''] Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page.

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{{莎士比亚}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Romeo and Juliet}}
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