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{{Infobox officeholder
| name = James G. Blaine
| image = James G. Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order1 = 第31届
| office1 = 美国众议院议长
| term_start1 = 1869年3月4日
| term_end1 = 1875年3月4日
| president1 = [[尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特]]
| predecessor1 = Theodore Medad Pomeroy
| successor1 = Michael C. Kerr
| order2 = 第31届
| office2 = 美国国务卿
| term_start2 = 1889年3月7日
| term_end2 = 1892年6月4日
| president2 = [[本杰明·哈里森]]
| predecessor2 = [[托马斯·F·贝亚德]]
| successor2 = [[约翰·W·福斯特]]
| order3 = 第28届
| office3 = 美国国务卿
| term_start3 = 1881年3月7日
| term_end3 = 1881年12月19日
| president3 = {{plainlist |
* [[詹姆斯·A·加菲尔德]]
* [[切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟]]
}}
| predecessor3 = [[威廉·M·埃瓦茨]]
| successor3 = [[弗雷德里克·西奥多·弗里林海森]]
| order4 = 来自[[缅因州]]的[[美国参议院|联邦参议员]]
| term_start4 = 1876年7月1日
| term_end4 = 1881年3月5日
| predecessor4 = [[洛特·M·莫里尔]]
| successor4 = William P. Frye
| order5 = 来自[[缅因州]]第3选区的众议员
| term_start5 = 1863年3月4日
| term_end5 = 1876年7月10日
| predecessor5 = Samuel C. Fessenden
| successor5 = Edwin Flye
|birth_name=詹姆斯·吉莱斯·皮布莱恩
| birth_date = {{birth date|1830|1|31}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|美国[[宾夕法尼亚州]]西布朗斯维尔}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1893|1|27|1830|1|31}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|美国[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]}}
| party = [[共和黨 (美國)|共和党]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = 哈里特·斯坦伍德·布莱恩
| children = {{Flatlist|
* Stanwood Blaine
* Walker Blaine
* Emmons Blaine
* Alice Blaine Coppinger
* James Blaine Jr
* Margaret Blaine Damrosch
* Harriet Blaine Beale
}}
| alma_mater = Washington & Jefferson College
| profession = {{Flatlist|
* [[法律]]
* [[政治]]
}}
| religion = [[公理会]]
| signature = Appletons' Blaine James Gillespie signature.jpg
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''詹姆斯·吉莱斯皮·布莱恩'''（{{lang-en|James Gillespie Blaine}}，{{bd|1830年|1月31日|1893年|1月27日}}），[[美国]][[律师]]、[[政治家]]，曾經擔任[[美国众议院议长]]、[[缅因州]][[美国参议院|联邦参议员]]和两任[[美国国务卿]]。於1884年被提名为总统候选人，以微弱劣势败给民主党人[[格罗弗·克利夫兰]]。布莱恩是19世纪后期共和党的领袖人物，也是共和党内温和的改良主义派系“[[混血儿]]”派的拥护者。
布莱恩出生于宾夕法尼亚州西部后迁至缅因州，在那里他成为一名报纸编辑，被人冠以绰号“磁人”。在那个重视演讲术的年代，他是一位有魅力的演说家。他的政治生涯始于作为一名[[亚伯拉罕·林肯]]的早期支持者和对[[南北战争]]中北方联邦的支持。在内战后的[[美国重建时期|重建时期]]布莱恩支持黑人拥有投票权，但反对一些激进共和党人提出的更为强制的举措。布莱恩最初支持[[贸易保护主义]]，后来致力于降低关税和美国对外贸易的扩张。在他所处的时期，铁路的推广和建设是重要的议题。由于他关注和支持铁路建设，因此被人怀疑在授予铁路特许经营权的过程中贪污受贿。这些无证据的指控给他在1884年的总统选举中造成了麻烦。
作为国务卿，布莱恩是一个过渡性的人物，他标志着美国外交政策方面孤立主义时代的终结。预示着自[[美西战争]]起的美国世纪的开始。他致力于扩大美国的贸易和影响力，使美国的外交政策更加积极。布莱恩倡导关税互惠并且敦促美国更大程度地参与拉丁美洲事务。作为一名扩张主义者，布莱恩的政策使得美国在不到十年的时间内在太平洋建立起了殖民地并在[[加勒比海|加勒比地区]]确立了主导地位。
== 早年经历 ==
=== 家庭和童年 ===
詹姆斯·布莱恩在1830年1月31日出生于宾夕法尼亚州西布朗斯维尔{{sfnm|Muzzey||1p=6|Russell||2p=5}}，他是Ephraim Lyon Blaine和妻子Maria Gillespie Blaine的第三个孩子。布莱恩的父亲是宾州西部的一位商人和地主，布莱恩的家境相对优渥。{{sfn|Crapol|p=1}}布莱恩父亲祖上是1745年第一批迁徙至宾夕法尼亚州定居的苏格拉-爱尔兰裔美国人。{{sfn|Muzzey|p=1}} 他的曾祖父Ephraim Blaine曾作为军需官在[[美国独立战争]]中为[[乔治·华盛顿]]效力。{{sfn|Muzzey|p=1}} 布莱恩的母亲及其祖辈是十八世纪八十年代移民至宾夕法尼亚州的爱尔兰裔天主教徒。{{sfnm|Muzzey||1p=5|Russell||2p=5}}
== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist|colwidth = 26em| refs =}}
'''书籍'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Blaine | first = James G. | title = Twenty Years of Congress | year = 1886 | volume = 2 | publisher = The Henry Bill Publishing Company | location = Norwich, Connecticut | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=q6MSAAAAYAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|Blaine}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Calhoun | first = Charles William | year = 2005 | title = Benjamin Harrison | publisher = Times Books | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-6952-5 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=5mLuIx6z1qcC | ref = {{sfnRef|Calhoun}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Crapol | first = Edward P. | year = 2000 | title = James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire | publisher = Scholarly Resources | location = Wilmington, Delaware | series = Biographies in American Foreign Policy | volume = 4 | isbn = 978-0-8420-2604-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Crapol}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Doenecke | first = Justus D. | year = 1981 | title = The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-0208-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Doenecke}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Healy | first = David | year = 2001 | title = James G. Blaine and Latin America | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia, Missouri | isbn = 978-0-8262-1374-7 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=cnoiCofaj4oC | ref = {{sfnRef|Healy}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Hoogenboom | first = Ari | year = 1995 | title = Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-0641-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hoogenboom}}}}
* {{cite book | last = McClelland | first = William Craig | year = 1903 | chapter = A History of Literary Societies at Washington & Jefferson College | title = The Centennial Celebration of the Chartering of Jefferson College in 1802 | publisher = George H. Buchanan and Company | location = Philadelphia | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=t1QyAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=t1QyAAAAYAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|McClelland}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Muzzey | first = David Saville | year = 1934 | title = James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days | publisher = Dodd, Mead, and Company | location = New York, New York | ref = {{sfnRef|Muzzey}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Nevins | first = Allan | year = 1932 | title = Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage | publisher = Dodd, Mead, and Company | location = New York, New York | ref = {{sfnRef|Nevins}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Peskin | first = Allan | year = 1978 | title = Garfield: A Biography | publisher = Kent State University Press | location = Kent, Ohio | isbn = 978-0-87338-210-6 | ref = {{sfnRef|Peskin}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Reeves | first = Thomas C. | year = 1975 | title = Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-394-46095-6 | ref = {{sfnRef|Reeves}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Rolde | first = Neil | year = 2006 | title = Continental Liar from the State of Maine: James G. Blaine | location = Gardiner, Maine | publisher = Tilbury House | isbn = 978-0-88448-286-4 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rolde}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Rose | first = Anne C. | year = 2001 | title = Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-00640-9 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xy2yCFBYJuwC | ref = {{sfnRef|Rose}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Russell | first = Charles Edward | year = 1931 | title = Blaine of Maine | publisher = Cosmopolitan Book Corporation | location = New York, New York | ref = {{sfnRef|Russell}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Smith | first = Jean Edward | year = 2001 | title = Grant | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-684-84927-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Smith}}}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Socolofsky | first1 = Homer E. | last2 = Spetter | first2 = Allan B. | year = 1987 | title = The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-0320-6 | ref = {{sfnRef|Socolofsky & Spetter}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Summers | first = Mark | year = 2000 | title = Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 | location = Chapel Hill, North Carolina | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | isbn = 978-0-8078-2524-2 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 | ref = {{sfnRef|Summers}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Unger | first = Irwin | year = 2008 | title = The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879 | origyear = 1964 | publisher = ACLS Humanities | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-1-59740-431-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Unger}}}}
{{refend}}
'''文章'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last = Green | first = Steven K. | title = The Blaine Amendment Reconsidered | journal = The American Journal of Legal History | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–69 | jstor = 845452 | doi = 10.2307/845452 | ref = {{sfnRef|Green}}|date=1992年1月}}
* {{cite journal | last = Pletcher | first = David M. | title = Reciprocity and Latin America in the Early 1890s: A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–89 | jstor = 3637339 | ref = {{sfnRef|Pletcher}}|date=1978年2月}}
* {{cite journal | last = Rigby | first = Barry | title = The Origins of American Expansion in Hawaii and Samoa, 1865–1900 | journal = The International History Review | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–237 | jstor = 40105868 | doi = 10.1080/07075332.1988.9640475 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rigby}}|date=1988年5月}}
* {{cite journal | last = Sewell | first = Mike | title = Political Rhetoric and Policy-Making: James G. Blaine and Britain | journal = Journal of American Studies | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–84 | doi = 10.1017/S0021875800028711 | jstor = 27555267 | ref = {{sfnRef|Sewell}}|date=1990年4月}}
* {{cite journal | last = Thompson | first = George H. | title = Asa P. Robinson and the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad | journal = The Arkansas Historical Quarterly | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–20 | jstor = 40023148 | doi = 10.2307/40023148 | ref = {{sfnRef|Thompson}}|date=Spring 1980}}
{{refend}}
== 拓展阅读 ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last = Bastert | first = Russell H. | title = Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan-American Policy in 1882 | journal = The Mississippi Valley Historical Review | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | jstor = 1889232 | pages = 653–671 | doi = 10.2307/1889232|date=1956年3月}}
* {{cite book | last = Langley | first = Lester D. | year = 1974 | chapter = James Gillespie Blaine: The Ideologue as Diplomat | editor1-last = Merli | editor1-first = Frank J. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Theodore A. | title = Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger | pages = 253–278 | publisher = Scribner | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-684-13786-5}}
* {{cite journal | last = Makemson | first = Harlen | year = 2004–05 | title = One Misdeed Evokes Another: How Political Cartoonists Used 'Scandal Intertextuality' Against Presidential Candidate James G. Blaine | journal = Media History Monographs | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–21 | url = http://facstaff.elon.edu/dcopeland/mhm/volume7.htm}}
* {{cite journal | last = Peskin | first = Allan | year = 1979 | title = Blaine, Garfield and Latin America | journal = Americas: a Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–89 | doi = 10.2307/981139}}
* {{cite book | last = Tyler | first = Alice Felt | year = 1927 | title = The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | publisher = University of Minnesota Press}}
{{refend}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box|[[威廉·M·埃瓦茨]]|[[弗雷德里克·西奥多·弗里林海森]]|[[美国国务卿]]|1881年}}
{{succession box|[[托马斯·F·贝亚德]]|[[约翰·W·福斯特]]|[[美国国务卿]]|1889年-1892年}}
{{end box}}
{{美国联邦众议院议长}}
{{美國國務卿}}
{{James A. Garfield cabinet}}
{{Chester A. Arthur cabinet}}
{{Benjamin Harrison cabinet}}
{{1880年美国总统选举}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Blaine, James}}
[[Category:美国国务卿]]
[[Category:美国共和党联邦参议员]]
[[Category:1880年美国总统选举候选人]]
[[Category:1892年美国总统选举候选人]]
[[Category:1884年美国总统选举候选人]]
[[Category:緬因州聯邦參議員]]
[[Category:美國眾議院議長]]
[[Category:美国共和党联邦众议员]]
[[Category:美國共和黨總統候選人]]
[[Category:19世纪美国报纸编辑]]
[[Category:苏格兰－爱尔兰裔美国人]]
[[Category:缅因州共和党人]]
[[Category:参与美国内战的缅因州人士]]
[[Category:缅因州众议员]]