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加里宁格勒

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{{noteTA|1=zh-hans:勃兰登堡门; zh-hant:布兰登堡门;|2=zh-hant:公里;zh-hans:千米;}}{{Infobox Russian city|en_name=Kaliningrad|ru_name=Калининград|image_skyline=Kaliningrad_Montage_(2016).png|image_caption=渔港一处德国风格建筑; [[哥尼斯堡大教堂]]；胜利广场；波罗的海人纪念碑；基督救世主大教堂；海员{{le|文化馆|Palace of Culture}}|latd=54|latm=42|lats=|longd=20|longm=27|longs=|pushpin_map=European Russia|pushpin_mapsize=250|map_label_position=right|image_coa=Coat of arms of Kaliningrad.svg|coa_caption=[[加里宁格勒市徽|市徽]]|image_flag=Flag of Kaliningrad.svg|flag_caption=市旗|anthem=无|anthem_ref=<ref name="Anthem">Article&nbsp;6 of the Charter of Kaliningrad states that the city may have an anthem, providing one is officially adopted. As of 2015, an anthem is not listed among the symbols of the city shown on the [http://www.klgd.ru/city/characters/ official website of Kaliningrad].</ref>|holiday=|holiday_ref=|federal_subject=[[加里宁格勒州]]|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref648">Resolution #640</ref>|adm_data_as_of=2011年11月|adm_city_jur=加里宁格勒{{le|联邦重要城市|city of federal subject significance}}|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref648"/>|adm_ctr_of1=[[加里宁格勒州]]|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref253"/>|adm_ctr_of2=city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref648"/>|inhabloc_cat=市|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref648"/>|inhabloc_type=|inhabloc_type_ref=|mun_data_as_of=2009年7月|urban_okrug_jur= 加里宁格勒市|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref719"/>|mun_admctr_of= 加里宁格勒市|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref719">Law #397</ref>|leader_title=市长|leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis">Charter of Kaliningrad, Article&nbsp;25</ref>|leader_name=亚历山大·亚罗舒克|leader_name_ref=<ref name="Bio">Official website of Kaliningrad. [http://www.klgd.ru/administration/mayor/bio/ Head of the City], Alexander Georgiyevich Yaroshuk. {{ru icon}}</ref>|representative_body=市议会代表|representative_body_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis" />|area_of_what=|area_as_of=2013年2月|area_km2=223.03|area_km2_ref=<ref name="Passport">加里宁格勒官方网站. [http://www.klgd.ru/useful/passport.zip Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug]. {{ru icon}}</ref>|pop_2010census=431402|pop_2010census_rank=40th|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>|pop_density=1900|pop_density_as_of=2013年2月|pop_density_ref=<ref name="Passport"/>|pop_latest=448548|pop_latest_date=2014年1月|pop_latest_ref=<ref name="2014Est">Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]]. [http://kaliningrad.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/kaliningrad/resources/b83a6880438f7408a9a9b994bbf9ce90/%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.pdf Оценка численности населения Калининградской области по состоянию на 1 января 2014 года] {{ru icon}}</ref>|established_date=1255年9月1日|established_title=|established_date_ref=<ref name="Passport" />|current_cat_date=|current_cat_date_ref=|prev_name1=哥尼斯堡（基奥尼格斯堡）|prev_name1_date=1946|prev_name1_ref=<ref name="Rename">Decree of July&nbsp;4, 1946</ref>|prev_name2=|prev_name2_date=|prev_name2_ref=|postal_codes=236001, 236003–236011, 236013–236017, 236019–236024, 236028, 236029, 236034–236036, 236038–236041, 236043, 236044, 236700, 236880, 236885, 236890, 236899, 236931, 236950, 236960–236962, 236967, 236970, 236980–236983, 236985, 236989, 236999|dialing_codes=4012|website=http://www.klgd.ru|website_ref=|date=2010年5月}}'''加里宁格勒'''（{{lang-ru|Калининград}}，拉丁字母转写：Kaliningrad），旧名[[哥尼斯堡]]（{{lang-de|Königsberg}}，在德文中意指「国王之山」；{{lang-ru|Кёнигсберг}}；[[古普鲁士语]]：Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg ；{{lang-pl|Królewiec}}；{{lang-lt|Karaliaučius}}） ，是[[俄罗斯]][[加里宁格勒州]]的[[首府]]，为濒临[[波罗的海]]的[[海港]][[城市]]，市区面积215.7平方千米，2010年人口为431,402人。
此地最早是[[古普鲁士人]]的定居点，1255年[[条顿骑士团]]于[[北方十字军入侵]]期间在此建立据点，并出于对[[普热米斯尔·奥托卡二世]]国王的敬意取名“哥尼斯堡”。之后，该城一直是[[条顿骑士团国]]、[[普鲁士]]和[[德国]][[东普鲁士]]的一部分，直到[[二战]]末期的1945年，[[苏联]][[苏联红军|红军]]占领整个东普鲁士为止。二战结束后，根据《[[波茨坦协定]]》，东普鲁士约三分之一的面积划归给苏联，其余部分划归给[[波兰]]。1946年7月4日，苏联把划归给其的东普鲁士部分领土，取名为加里宁格勒州，以纪念当时刚逝世的[[最高苏维埃主席团主席]][[米哈伊尔·伊万诺维奇·加里宁|米哈伊·加里宁]]，哥尼斯堡也同步更改为现名，并成为该州之首府至今。
== 历史 ==
<gallery>
File:AfterwarKaliningrad.jpg|城堡遗迹
File:KoenigsbergWappen.jpg|属于德国领土时期哥尼斯堡的城徽
File:Kant Kaliningrad.jpg|康德铜像
File:Istoriko-hudozhestvennyMuzey.JPG|历史艺术博物馆
File:Kaliningrad 05-2017 img75 Drama Theatre.jpg|剧院
File:Kaliningrad 05-2017 img18 Kings Gate.jpg|[[国王门 (加里宁格勒)|国王门]]
</gallery>
加里宁格勒在[[第二次世界大战]]结束之前原名[[哥尼斯堡]]，是[[普鲁士|普鲁士王国]]省份之一的[[东普鲁士]]首府。哥尼斯堡与其週边的地区，在第二次世界大战结束、[[德国]]战败之后被当时的[[苏联]]併吞，划分为[[俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国]]的一个州。1946年时[[苏联最高苏维埃主席团]]主席（国家元首）[[加里宁]]过世，为了纪念他，苏联将哥尼斯堡改名为加里宁格勒，而週遭区域也变成今日的加里宁格勒州。1990年代苏联瓦解，原本的加盟共和国[[立陶宛]]、[[拉脱维亚]]与[[白俄罗斯]]纷纷独立，使得加里宁格勒连同整个加里宁格勒州，与俄罗斯本土之间失去了实体的领土相连，而变成今日被[[波兰]]与[[立陶宛]]两国分离的[[外飞地]]状态。
| [[十月革命]]
|}
 
== 气候 ==
{{Weather box
|location=加里宁格勒
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
| Jan record high C=12.7
| Feb record high C=15.6
| Mar record high C=23.0
| Apr record high C=31.7
| May record high C=30.6
| Jun record high C=33.5
| Jul record high C = 36.3
| Aug record high C = 36.5
| Sep record high C = 31.2
| Oct record high C = 26.4
| Nov record high C = 19.4
| Dec record high C = 13.3
|year record high C = 36.5
| Jan high C = 0.7
| Feb high C = 1.5
| Mar high C = 5.6
| Apr high C = 12.3
| May high C = 18.0
| Jun high C = 20.5
| Jul high C = 23.0
| Aug high C = 22.6
| Sep high C = 17.6
| Oct high C = 12.1
| Nov high C = 5.6
| Dec high C = 1.9
|year high C = 11.8
| Jan mean C = -1.5
| Feb mean C = -1.1
| Mar mean C = 2.0
| Apr mean C = 7.3
| May mean C = 12.5
| Jun mean C = 15.5
| Jul mean C = 18.1
| Aug mean C = 17.6
| Sep mean C = 13.1
| Oct mean C = 8.4
| Nov mean C = 3.3
| Dec mean C = -0.3
|year mean C = 7.9
| Jan low C = -3.8
| Feb low C = -3.5
| Mar low C = -1.1
| Apr low C = 2.9
| May low C = 7.5
| Jun low C = 10.9
| Jul low C = 13.6
| Aug low C = 13.1
| Sep low C = 9.3
| Oct low C = 5.2
| Nov low C = 1.1
| Dec low C = -2.5
|year low C = 4.4
| Jan record low C = -32.5
| Feb record low C = -33.3
| Mar record low C = -21.7
| Apr record low C = -5.4
| May record low C = -3.1
| Jun record low C = 0.7
| Jul record low C = 4.5
| Aug record low C = 1.6
| Sep record low C = -2.0
| Oct record low C = -11.2
| Nov record low C = -18.7
| Dec record low C = -25.6
|year record low C = -33.3
|precipitation colour=green
| Jan precipitation mm = 68
| Feb precipitation mm = 49
| Mar precipitation mm = 51
| Apr precipitation mm = 36
| May precipitation mm = 54
| Jun precipitation mm = 78
| Jul precipitation mm = 76
| Aug precipitation mm = 96
| Sep precipitation mm = 74
| Oct precipitation mm = 82
| Nov precipitation mm = 82
| Dec precipitation mm = 72
|year precipitation mm = 818
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan precipitation days = 23.0
| Feb precipitation days = 20.0
| Mar precipitation days = 19.0
| Apr precipitation days = 15.0
| May precipitation days = 13.1
| Jun precipitation days = 16.0
| Jul precipitation days = 15.0
| Aug precipitation days = 17.0
| Sep precipitation days = 17.0
| Oct precipitation days = 19.1
| Nov precipitation days = 21.0
| Dec precipitation days = 22.0
| Jan rain days = 14
| Feb rain days = 13
| Mar rain days = 14
| Apr rain days = 14
| May rain days = 14
| Jun rain days = 16
| Jul rain days = 15
| Aug rain days = 16
| Sep rain days = 17
| Oct rain days = 18
| Nov rain days = 18
| Dec rain days = 16
| Jan snow days = 15
| Feb snow days = 15
| Mar snow days = 10
| Apr snow days = 3
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 1
| Nov snow days = 7
| Dec snow days = 13
| Jan humidity= 85
| Feb humidity= 83
| Mar humidity= 78
| Apr humidity= 72
| May humidity= 71
| Jun humidity= 74
| Jul humidity= 75
| Aug humidity= 76
| Sep humidity= 81
| Oct humidity= 83
| Nov humidity= 86
| Dec humidity= 87
|year humidity= 79
| Jan sun = 34.1
| Feb sun = 61.6
| Mar sun = 120.9
| Apr sun = 171.0
| May sun = 254.2
| Jun sun = 264.0
| Jul sun = 257.3
| Aug sun = 229.4
| Sep sun = 159.0
| Oct sun = 96.1
| Nov sun = 39.0
| Dec sun = 24.8
|year sun =
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
|url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26702.htm | title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = September 8, 2007
|publisher =
|language = ru}}</ref>
|date=2010年8月
|source 2 = Hong Kong Observatory <ref>Climatological Norms of Kaliningrad [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/kaliningrad_e.htm]. Retrieved on: August 24, 2011.</ref>
|date 2=2011年8月
}}
{{Clear}}
[[File:Acropol at evening - panoramio.jpg|缩略图|Acropol百货]]
[[File:Kaliningrad 05-2017 img03 Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|哥尼斯堡证券交易所]]
[[File:2011-03-24 at 13-56-43.jpg|缩略图|伍登桥一带的高级住宅区]]
[[File:Baltika stadion avia.jpg|缩略图|Baltika体育馆]]
== 知名地标 ==
== 友好城市 ==
* {{GER}}[[基尔]]* {{SWE}}[[马尔默]]* {{DEN}}[[奥尔堡]]* {{POL}}[[比亚维斯托克]]* {{POL}}[[艾布隆格]]* {{POL}}[[格但斯克]]* {{POL}}[[格地尼亚]]* {{POL}}[[罗兹 (波兰)|罗兹]]* {{POL}}[[奥尔什丁]]* {{POL}}[[托伦]]* {{POL}}[[扎布热]]* {{NET}}[[格罗宁根]]* {{HOL}}[[兹沃勒]]* {{SWE}}[[卡尔马]]* {{LIT}}[[克莱佩达]]* {{LIT}}[[希奥利艾]]* {{MEX}}[[墨西哥城]]* {{RUS}}[[摩尔曼斯克]]* {{USA}}[[诺福克 (维吉尼亚州)|诺福克]]
== 外部链接 ==
{{commons|Kaliningrad|加里宁格勒}}
* [http://www.klgd.ru/en/ 加-{里}-宁格勒市政厅官方网站]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060211082749/http://www.kcxc.org/index.php 加-{里}-宁格勒东正教大教堂]
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