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简·奥斯丁
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{{Infobox writer
| name = 简·奥斯汀<br>{{lang|en|Jane Austen}}
| image = CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c[[File:奥斯汀1.1810) hiresjpg|缩略图|居中|250px|[http://www.yoka.com/dna/pics/ba17a719/1/d3d3daebe5e5151dd11.jpg原圖鏈接] [http://www.yoka.com/dna/d/401/417.html 來自YOKA时尚网]]]
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
=== 家庭 ===
[[File:CassandraAustenSilhouette奥斯汀2.pngjpg|thumb缩略图|upright右| 简的姐姐兼密友 250px|''' 卡 珊 桑 德拉 的侧面轮廓剪影。所作奥斯丁肖像'''[http://i7.hexunimg.cn/2013-03-10/151899477.jpg 原圖鏈接] [http://news.hexun.com/2013-03-10/151899475.html 來自东方早报 ]]]
奥斯汀的父亲乔治·奥斯汀(1731–1805)是[[英国国教会]]的一位[[堂区|堂区长]],母亲卡珊德拉(1739–1827)是一个殷实的乡绅家庭之女<ref>Honan, 29–30.</ref>。父方家庭祖上制造羊毛织品,通过从事该行业跻身拥有土地的下层乡绅阶级<ref>Honan, 11–14; Tucker, "Jane Austen's Family", ''The Jane Austen Companion'', 143.</ref>。而母亲是贵族家庭男爵利({{lang|en|Baron Leigh}})的一员。他们于1764年4月26日在[[巴斯_(薩默塞特郡)|巴斯]]的沃尔科特教堂({{lang|en|Walcot Church}})结婚<ref>Tomalin, 6, 13–16, 147–151, 170–171; Greene, "Jane Austen and the Peerage", ''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays'', 156–157; Fergus, "Biography", ''Jane Austen in Context'', 5–6; Collins, 10–11.</ref>。1765年至1801年,也就是简人生中的大部分时间,父亲乔治担任了汉普郡[[史蒂文顿]]和一个邻近村庄的堂区长<ref>Irene Collins estimates that when George Austen took up his duties as rector in 1764, Steventon comprised no more than about thirty families. Collins, 86.</ref>。1773年至1796年,他种地,为住宿在他家的三到四个男孩做老师,以补贴家用<ref>Honan, 14, 17–18; Collins, 54.</ref>。
=== 早年和教育 ===
[[File:SteventonRectory奥斯汀3.jpg|left缩略图|thumb左| 据《简· 250px|''' 奥斯 汀回忆录》描述,汉普郡史蒂文顿堂区位于山谷中,被牧场环绕<ref>Le Faye, 丁三哥过继图''Family Record'', 20[http://i5.hexunimg.cn/2013-03-10/151899478.jpg 原圖鏈接] [http://news.hexun.<com/ref>。2013-03-10/151899475.html 來自和讯网]]]
奥斯汀于1775年12月16日在史蒂文顿堂区出生,于次年4月5日公开洗礼<ref>Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 27.</ref>。她在家里待了几个月后,被母亲送到住在附近的乳母伊丽莎白·利透伍德(Elizabeth Littlewood)家抚养,为期一年或18个月<ref>Tomalin, 7–9; Honan, 21–22; Collins, 86; Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 19. Le Faye and Collins add that the Austens followed this custom for all of their children.</ref>。1783年,简和卡珊德拉按照家庭传统被送到[[牛津]],在安·考利太太({{lang|en|Mrs. Ann Cawley}})处接受教育,同年晚些时候跟着老师去了[[南安普顿]]。两个女孩都得了[[斑疹傷寒]],简差点丧命<ref>Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 47–49; Collins, 35, 133.</ref>。奥斯汀随后在家学习,直到于1785年和姐姐一起去寄宿学校。学校课程可能包含了法语、拼写、针线活、舞蹈和音乐,可能还有戏剧。至1786年12月,简和卡珊德拉已回到家,因为奥斯汀家无法承担同时送两个女儿上学<ref>Tomalin, 9–10, 26, 33–38, 42–43; Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 52; Collins, 133–134.</ref>。
=== 少年 ===
可能早至1787年奥斯汀就开始创作诗歌、故事和剧本,作为她自己和家人的娱乐消遣<ref>Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 66; Litz, "Chronology of Composition", ''The Jane Austen Companion'', 48; Honan, 61–62, 70; Lascelles, 4.</ref>。她日后取了这些早期作品中的29篇汇编成了三本笔记本,它们如今被称为《少年作品》({{lang|en|''Juvenilia''}}),包括了1787年到1793年间的创作<ref>Honan, 62–76; Le Faye, ''A Family Record'', 270.</ref>。手稿中有证据表示奥斯汀直到1809年至1811年间还在继续修改这些作品,她的侄子侄女表示最晚修改时间可至1814年<ref>Sutherland, 14; Doody, "The Short Fiction", ''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen'', 85–86.</ref>。其中有一篇书信体讽刺小说题名为《爱与友情》(原文为{{lang|en|''Love and Freindship''}}),嘲讽了流行的[[感伤小说]]({{lang|en|sentimental novel}})<ref>Litz, 21; Tomalin, 47; Honan, 73–74; Southam, "Juvenilia", ''The Jane Austen Companion'', 248–249.</ref>。还有一篇《英格兰历史》({{lang|en|''The History of England''}})的手稿长34页,姐姐卡珊德拉为其添加了13幅水彩插画。
完成《苏珊夫人》后,奥斯汀开始写作第一部长篇小说《埃莉诺和玛丽安》(''{{lang|en|Elinor and Marianne}}'')。卡珊德拉日后回忆,这部书信体小说在1796年前在家人面前被朗读。原稿没有保存,现已无法确定该书中有多少内容成了1811年出版的《[[理智与情感]]》的一部分<ref>Sutherland, 16–18; LeFaye, "Chronology", 4; Tomalin, 107, 120, 154, 208.</ref>。
奥斯汀20岁时,[[湯姆·勒弗羅伊|托马斯·兰洛伊斯·勒弗罗伊]](邻居家的侄子)从1795年12月到1796年1月拜访了史蒂文顿。他刚大学毕业,正要搬去伦敦接受训练,准备成为律师。他和奥斯汀可能在舞会或其他邻里社交场合上被介绍认识。从奥斯汀与姐姐的信中可以看出,他们俩在一起度过了相当长的时间:“我几乎不敢告诉你,我和我的爱尔兰朋友的行为举止。你自己想象下最不检点、最放肆的跳舞、坐在一起的方式。<ref>Qtd. in Le Faye, ''Family Record'', 92.</ref>”勒弗罗伊家族介入此事,让他在1月底离开。结婚是不现实的,因为两人都知道:他们没有钱,而且他依靠爱尔兰伯祖父的经济支援来完成教育,开启法律生涯。勒弗罗伊日后再拜访汉普郡时,他被小心地安排避开奥斯汀一家。奥斯汀再也没有见到他<ref>Le Faye, "Chronology", 4; Fergus, "Biography", 7–8; Tomalin, 112–120, 159; Honan, 105–111.</ref>。
=== 查顿 ===
1809年初,奥斯汀的哥哥爱德华安排母亲和妹妹搬去位于[[查顿 (汉普郡)|查顿]]({{lang|en|Chawton}})的一幢大农舍里,让她们过上了更安稳的生活。查顿是一个小村庄,1811年普查的人口为417人<ref>Collins, 89.</ref>,农舍是爱德华附近庄园的一部分,名叫“查顿之屋”({{lang|en|Chawton House}})。母女三人于1809年7月7日搬入农舍{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|pp=194–206}}{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=237–245}}<ref>Le Faye, "Chronology", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|p=8}}.</ref>{{sfn|MacDonagh|1991|p=49}},过上了搬到巴斯后未有过的安定宁静的生活。她们没有与村里的乡绅来往,只招待来访的亲戚。奥斯汀的侄女安娜如此描述这家人在查顿的生活:“在我们看来,那样的生活很平淡,但她们热爱阅读,而且姑姑们除了料理家事外还帮助穷人,教小孩读书写作。<ref>Grey, "Chawton", in {{harvnb|Grey|1986|p=38}}.</ref>”奥斯汀几乎每天写作,减轻的家务负担显然让她有更多时间精力投入创作中{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|pp=208, 211–212}}{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=265–266, 351–352}}<ref>Grey, "Chawton", in {{harvnb|Grey|1986|pp=37–38}}.</ref>。在这样的环境里,她再一次开始产出作品<ref>Doody, "The Short Fiction", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|p=87}}.</ref>。
同年4月5日,在全家搬到查顿三个月后,奥斯汀给出版商理查德·考斯比写了一封愤怒的信,在信中表示如果能立即出版《苏珊》,她会提供一份新原稿,不然请退回原稿,好让她去找另其他人出版。考斯比回复说,他不打算在某段时间内出版此书(或根本不出版),奥斯汀可以以10英镑的原价买回版权,找其他出版商。她在当时没有足够的钱{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|p=207}},但最终在1816年买回了原稿<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
=== 出版作品 =热点视频==[[File{{#ev:SenseAndSensibilityTitlePage.jpgyouku|leftXMzcyMTQ2MTY2OA|thumb640|uprightcenter|alt=Title page, indicating an anonymous author. "Sense and Sensibilty简奥斯丁的遗憾|frame}} {{#ev: A novel. In three volumes. By a Lady. Vol.1. Londonyouku|XMzU5MjQ5MzIzNg|640| center |成为简奥斯丁: Printed for the author, by C. Roworth, Bell-yard, Temole-bar, and 每个女人一生必读简奥斯丁| frame}} {{notatypo#ev:youku|XOTYwMDQ0ODI4|640|publiched}} by T. Egerton, Whitehall, 1811."center | 生活小说:简 奥斯 汀 丁 的 傲慢与偏见 第一 部 期 | frame}} == 出版作品 《理智与情感》,1811年首版的标题页。]]==
在查顿时,奥斯汀出版了四本小说,大体上反响都不错。通过哥哥亨利的关系,出版商托马斯·埃杰顿({{lang|en|Thomas Egerton}})同意出版《理智与情感》{{efn-ua|All of Jane Austen's novels except ''Pride and Prejudice'' were published "on commission", that is, at the author's financial risk. When publishing on commission, publishers would advance the costs of publication, repay themselves as books were sold and then charge a commission for each book sold, paying the rest to the author. If a novel did not recover its costs through sales, the author was responsible for them.{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=285–286}}<ref>Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=15–17}}.</ref><ref> Raven, "Book Production", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|p=198}}.</ref>}}。小说于1811年10月出版,收获了好评,流行于舆论界人士间{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=289–290}},首版在1813年中旬售罄{{efn-ua|Jane Austen's novels were published in larger editions than was normal for this period. The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of handmade paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or less, in order to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist. Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued. Austen's novels were published in larger editions, ranging from about 750 copies of ''Sense and Sensibility'' to about 2,000 copies of ''Emma''. It is not clear whether the decision to print more copies than usual of Jane Austen's novels was driven by the publishers or the author. Since all but one of Jane Austen's books were originally published "on commission", the risks of overproduction were largely hers (or Cassandra's after her death) and publishers may have been more willing to produce larger editions than was normal practice when their own funds were at risk. Editions of popular works of non-fiction were often much larger. For more information and a discussion of the economics of book publishing during this period, see Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=18}}, and Raven, "Book Production", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|p=196–203}}.}}。小说的利润使奥斯汀取得了一定程度上的经济和心理独立{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|p=218}}{{sfn|Honan|1987|p=290}}。随后,埃杰顿在1813年1月出版了《傲慢与偏见》,是《第一印象》修改后的成果。他为这本书做了宣传,它立即大获成功,收到了三篇好评,销量也很好。到同年10月,埃杰顿开始了第二版的销售{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|pp=210–212, 216–220}}{{sfn|Honan|1987|p=287}}<ref>Sutherland, "Chronology of Composition and Publication", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|pp=16–17, 21}}.</ref><ref>Le Faye, "Chronology", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=8–9}}.</ref><ref>Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=19–23}}.</ref>。1814年5月,《[[曼斯菲爾德莊園]]》出版。虽然它被评论界忽视,但受到大众欢迎,在六个月内全部卖出,给奥斯汀带来的收入比其他作品都高{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|pp=236, 240–241, 315, n. 5}}<ref>Le Faye, "Chronology", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|p=9}}.</ref><ref>Sutherland, "Chronology of Composition and Publication", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|pp=18–19}}.</ref><ref>Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=22–24}}.</ref>。
奥斯汀得知[[攝政王]](即后来的[[喬治四世]])欣赏她的作品,每个住地都有一套她的书。1815年11月,摄政王的图书管理员詹姆斯·斯坦尼尔·克拉克({{lang|en|James Stanier Clarke}})邀请奥斯汀拜访位于伦敦的王室居所,并暗示她向摄政王献上即将出版的小说《[[愛瑪]]》。尽管奥斯汀不喜欢摄政王,她无法拒绝这个请求<ref>Austen letter to James Stannier Clarke, 15 November 1815; Clarke letter to Austen, 16 November 1815; Austen letter to John Murray, 23 November 1815, Le Faye, ''Jane Austen's Letters'', 296–298.</ref>。日后,她写了讽刺文《根据各方意见写就的小说计划》({{lang|en|''Plan of a Novel, according to Hints from Various Quarters''}}),是听取图书管理员为她将来作品提供的许多建议后作出的“完美小说”大纲{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=367–369}}<ref>[http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol27no1/sheehan.htm Note on the relationship]; [http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeart.html#mrclarke Correspondence].</ref>{{sfn|Litz|1965|pp=164–165}}。
1815年中旬,奥斯汀的出版商换成了更有名的[[約翰·默里公司|約翰·默里]]{{sfn|Honan|1987|pp=364–365}}{{sfn|Le Faye|1995|p=291}}。他于1815年12月出版了《爱玛》,于1816年2月出版了《曼斯菲尔德庄园》的第二版。虽然前者卖的不错,但后者销量惨淡,抵消了《爱玛》的大部分利润。这两本书是在她生前出版的最后两部小说{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|p=256}}<ref>Le Faye, "Chronology", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=8–9}}.</ref><ref>Sutherland, "Chronology of Composition and Publication", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|pp=16–21}}.</ref><ref>Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", in {{harvnb|Copeland|McMaster|1997|pp=23–27, 30, n.29, 31, n.33}}.</ref><ref>Fergus, "Biography", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|p=10}}.</ref>。
=== 身后出版 ===
奥斯汀去世后,卡珊德拉和亨利与约翰·默里联系,安排《劝导》和《诺桑觉寺》在1817年12月捆绑出版{{efn-ua|卡珊德拉和亨利·奥斯汀定下了最终书名。}}。亨利为这两本书贡献了一篇传记文(托玛林称之为“一篇优美、精炼的悼文”),首次点出她小说作者的身份{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|p=272}}。该套装在第一年的销量很好,在1818年末仅剩下321套未卖出,之后销量下滑。1820年,默里处理掉了未售出的书籍,奥斯汀的小说在后来的12年间绝版了{{sfn|Tomalin|1997|p=321, n.1 and 3}}<ref>Gilson, "Editions and Publishing History", in {{harvnb|Grey|1986|pp=136–137}}.</ref>。1832年,出版商{{tsl|en|Richard Bentley (publisher)|理查德·班特利}}({{lang|en|Richard Bentley}})买下了奥斯汀剩余小说的版权。从1832年末(或1833年初)起,这些小说以插图本的形式分为五册出版,成为了班特利“标准小说”系列的一部分。1833年10月,他出版了奥斯汀作品的第一部合集。自那时起,她的小说持续再版至今<ref>Gilson, "Editions and Publishing History", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|p=137}}</ref><ref>Gilson, "Later publishing history, with illustrations", in {{harvnb|Todd|2005|p=127}}</ref><ref>Southam, "Criticism, 1870–1940", in {{harvnb|Grey|1986|p=102}}.</ref>。
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|文学|英国|人物}}