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旱柳
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'''旱柳'''
[[File:旱柳1.jpg|缩略图|左|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=3933090955,481026713&os=2134909455,1160616184&simid=4221740557,517796077&pn=15&rn=1&di=550&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.cn.made-in-china.com%2Fprodzip%2F000-YSPTBdEChpkq.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz)落叶乔木,高达18米,胸径达80厘米,为杨柳科、柳属乔木。大枝斜上,树冠广圆形,树皮暗灰黑色,纵裂,枝直立或斜展,褐黄绿色,后变褐色,无毛,幼枝有毛,芽褐色,微有毛。 喜阳光耐寒冷干旱植物,分布于[[北美洲]]、[[欧洲]]、[[ 俄罗斯]]、[[中国]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、 [[日本]]。具有绿化、观赏价值。生长于海拔10米至3,600米的地区,常生长在干旱地或水湿地,尚未由人工引种栽培。
==生长习性==
喜光,耐寒,湿地、旱地皆能生长,但以湿润而排水良好的土壤上生长最好;根系发达,抗风能力强,生长快,易繁殖。 [[File:旱柳2.jpg|缩略图|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=313404188,3603622343&os=3901744036,66066385&simid=4119488067,632473266&pn=20&rn=1&di=1100&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fplant.cila.cn%2Fzhiwutu%2F201211%2Fhanlium.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
==分布范围==
==主要变种==
[[File:旱柳3.jpg|缩略图|左|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=2314067163,2877015137&os=13314407,3310979362&simid=3414299149,220947731&pn=21&rn=1&di=61490&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffile.youboy.com%2Fd%2F157%2F45%2F18%2F3%2F719613s.png&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
绦柳(变型)Salix matsudana f. pendulaSchneid.
====功能主治====
清热除湿,消肿止痛。主治急性膀胱炎,小便不利,关节炎,黄水疮,疮毒,牙痛。 [[File:旱柳4.jpg|缩略图|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=2747752984,2400971302&os=1924224773,2461036306&simid=113166206,718810389&pn=28&rn=1&di=25090&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=15&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsmiaomu.cn%2Fupload%2F201392710445394132.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
====附方====
==绿化价值==
[[File:旱柳5.jpg|缩略图|左|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=1262311007,2585470411&os=2841677225,808573742&simid=4094455319,682726850&pn=31&rn=1&di=3190&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fmeiti.fabumao.cn%2Fjinzemiaomu156%2F20180926214711391.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
旱柳枝条柔软,树冠丰满,是[[中国北方]]常用的庭荫树、行道树。常栽培在河湖岸边或孤植于草坪,对植于建筑两旁。亦用作公路树、防护林及沙荒造林,农村“[[四旁]]”绿化等,是早春密源树种。防护林及绿化树种,亦可作用材树种。树形美,易繁殖,深为人们喜爱。其柔软嫩绿的枝条 、丰满的树冠及稍加修剪的树姿,更加美观。适合于庭前、道旁、河堤、溪畔、草坪栽植。在北方园林,柳属的一些绿化树种是落叶树种中绿期最长的一种。但由于种子成熟后柳絮飘扬,故在工厂、街道路旁等处,最好栽植雄株。持条、插干极易成活,亦可播种繁殖,绿化宜用雄株。
旱柳枝条柔软,树冠丰满,是中国北方常用的庭荫树、行道树。常栽培在河湖岸 边或孤植于草坪。
[[File:旱柳7.jpg|缩略图|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=16053451,3953633072&os=4018417325,1491551724&simid=4132786707,708032552&pn=35&rn=1&di=12980&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yuhuagu.com%2Fuploads%2Fallimg%2F121205%2F10-121205194311.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
==经济价值==
==繁殖方法==
[[File:旱柳8.jpg|缩略图|左|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=3915092237,4273668692&os=1064445252,377343821&simid=3412031713,338601965&pn=37&rn=1&di=60620&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=15&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fa3.att.hudong.com%2F20%2F78%2F01300000239358122492787340715.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
旱柳对病虫害及大气污染的抵抗性较强。容易繁殖。喜湿润排水良好的沙壤土,河滩、河谷、低湿地都能生长成林,忌粘土及低洼积水,在干旱沙丘生长不良。深根性,萌芽力强,生长快,多虫害,寿命长达400年以上。
扦插:以垄作为常见。单行或双行抒插均可。单行扦插株距15-20厘米;双行扦插行距为20厘米,株距10-20厘米。扦插时宜按插穗分级分别扦插。以小头朝上垂直扦插较好。穗顶与地面平齐,插后踏实。有条件的地方可立即灌水,使土壤折实并与插穗密接,有利于成活。
[[File:旱柳9.jpg|缩略图|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=2830213352,1026366521&os=4066823397,473679670&simid=3419419087,98104446&pn=38&rn=1&di=84920&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimg1.qunarzz.com%2Ftravel%2Fd5%2F1703%2F48%2Ffd60d8305549ab5.jpg_r_720x480x95_5b43dcf9.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
抚育管理要点:出茁期应保持土壤湿润,干旱时可在垄间步道放水灌溉。幼苗期要及时追肥和中耕除草,并注意清除多余的萌条,选留一枝健壮的培养成主干。速生期苗干上的新生腋芽常抽生侧枝,为保证主干生长,除保留五分之三的枝条外,应及时分期抹掉下部苗干的腋芽,至8月上、中旬应停止抹芽。其余管理可参照杨树进行。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/7032618/f35ftsb2qCUWRGibJzVYA0BV9dEzmFyapxwt0qJiouASph1yi5gtl89vAb5v3hmh7_B_skppjPf4W7yUC0es0isDsYVBeUIQDkmXZg | 中国柳树网,引用日期2014-04-03] </ref>
播种:一般均用苗床播种。播种前,苗床先灌足底水。与此同时将种子用清水浸泡使之吸胀,然后混以温砂,拌匀后播种。条播或撒播均可。播后用细筛筛土覆盖,以不见种子为度。无风沙危害处亦可不再覆土,播后轻轻镇压(用铁锹轻拍床面),再用清水喷雾,使种子落实,与土壤密接。若有风沙危害或旱害较重,可在床边插枝遮阴、挡风。
[[File:旱柳10.jpg|缩略图|左|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=1904536918,2825780975&os=908210394,1173459193&simid=0,0&pn=57&rn=1&di=66110&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs-fd.zol-img.com.cn%2Ft_s1200x5000%2Fg1%2FM08%2F00%2F06%2FCg-4jVMMi_OIF39_ABVA0wJBsMkAAJBfgL2kHsAFUDr109.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
抚育管理要点:播种后,如温、湿度合适2—3天即可出苗。出苗后应注意水分管理,保持床面湿润,同时注意遮阴,勿使幼苗受日晒灼伤。其余管理与杨树相同。柳树产地多有河川池塘,种子往往随柳絮飘落水边和湿地,随即自然萌发生长成苗。笔者曾在河漫滩采集天然落种的小柳苗归圃培养。省去采种、出苗期管理等环节。当年苗高达1.5-2米,最高可达2.5米,效果很好。
北方地区多在秋季进行深翻地,深度25~30厘米,翌春解冻后,顶凌耙地2~3次,耙细耙匀,整平地面。做成高垄,垄底宽60厘米,垄面宽30厘米,垄高15~20厘米。结合做垄集中施足底肥,每亩施入经过充分腐熟的厩肥0.5~1万千克。
[[File:旱柳11.jpg|缩略图|旱柳[http://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%97%B1%E6%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&cs=3553122824,3430624893&os=1828646653,3893832656&simid=3406387395,240243890&pn=63&rn=1&di=90090&ln=734&fr=&fmq=1591528644013_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=1e&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpic.baike.soso.com%2Fp%2F20110125%2Fbki-20110125133502-1214106305.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接]]]
====管理方法====