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创建页面，内容为“{{noteTA |G1=美國總統 |G2=USState }} {{Infobox_President | name = 尤利西斯·S·格蘭特 | original_name = Ulysses S Grant | nationality = 美國 | image =…”
{{noteTA
|G1=美國總統
|G2=USState
}}
{{Infobox_President
| name = 尤利西斯·S·格蘭特
| original_name = Ulysses S Grant
| nationality = 美國
| image = Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg
| country = [[美國]]
| order = 18
| office = 美國總統
| term_start = 1869年3月4日
| term_end = 1877年3月4日
| vicepresident = [[斯凱勒·科爾法克斯]]<small>（1869年－1873年）</small><br />[[亨利·威爾遜]]<small>（1873年－1875年）</small><br />空缺<small>（1875年－1877年）</small>
| predecessor = [[安德魯·詹森]]
| successor = [[拉瑟福德·B·海斯]]
| birth_date = 1822年4月27日
| birth_place = {{USA}}[[俄亥俄州]][[波恩特普里山特]]
| death_date = {{death_date_and_age|1885|7|23|1822|4|27|mf=y}}
| death_place = {{USA}}[[紐約州]][[威爾頓]]
| resting_place = [[格蘭特將軍國家紀念堂]]
| religion = [[衛理宗]]
| spouse = [[茱莉亞·格蘭特]]
| party = [[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]
| profession = 陸軍上將
| signature = UlyssesSGrantSignature.svg
|}}
'''尤利西斯·S·格兰特'''（{{lang-en|Ulysses S Grant}}；{{bd|1822年|4月27日|1885年|7月23日|catIdx=G}}），[[美国]][[上將]]、[[政治人物]]，第18任[[美国总统]]。作為[[美國重建時期]]的重要总统，八年任期政绩平平，政府更因貪污腐败、收受贿赂、对南方奴隶主的妥协而遭批评。但他作為[[南北戰爭]]的戰爭英雄，對維護聯邦統一的貢獻，因為軍事身份和愛國主義而成為50元美金上所繪人物。
== 生平 ==
=== 早年生涯 ===
生于[[美国]][[俄亥俄州]]一个小业主的家庭，1843年于[[西点军校]]（陆军军官学校）毕业，并参加过[[美墨战争]]，1854年退役。
=== 南北战争 ===
1861年[[南北战争]]爆发后，格兰特于[[伊利諾伊州]][[喬戴維斯縣 (伊利諾伊州)|喬戴維斯縣]][[加利纳]]协助招募并训练军队。先后担任志愿军的[[团长]]、[[旅长]]，作战于西部战场。1862年2月，率军攻克[[美利堅聯盟國|南军]]的[[亨利堡]]及[[多纳尔森堡]]，从此名声大震，并升任[[少将]]。4月在[[西羅之役]]（Battle of Shiloh）中击败并重创南军。1863年4至7月率[[田纳西州]]军队迂回包抄[[密西西比河]]畔南军最重要的堡垒[[维克斯堡]]，经历了外围作战和攻坚战，最终迫使南军投降，俘获南军3.1万人。11月率部挫败进攻[[查塔努加]]的南军。
1864年起，格兰特被任命为[[南北战争]][[联邦军]][[总司令]]，同[[威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼|威廉·薛曼]]制定东西战线协同作战，分割歼敌的计划。5月率主力军在[[弗吉尼亚州]]同[[罗伯特·李]]率领的南军主力决战，并命令[[威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼|薛曼]]进攻[[佐治亚州]]，南军遭受重创。1865年4月2日，攻克[[美利堅聯盟國]]「首都」[[里士满 (維吉尼亞州)|里士满]]，南军被迫于4月9日在[[阿波马托克斯]]投降。
在整个南北战争期间，格蘭特將軍的表现被视为富有政治胆识，意识到废除奴隸制和[[黑人]]武装的重要；善于整体把握战争，指挥坚决果断，无惜代价地，主动采取进攻来消灭敌方的有生力量，破坏了敌方的战争潜力。他为内战[[美國聯邦政府|北方]]的胜利作出了卓越的贡献。
1865年4月9日，格蘭特接受[[李將軍]]投降，長達四年的南北战爭结束。在接受南方军队投降时，北方军营响起庆贺的炮声，但随即遭到格兰特的制止，他说：“叛乱者现在又是我们的同胞了。”双方随后互致军礼。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2012_04/13/13849687_0.shtml|title=学者谈祭奠国民党抗战烈士：党争息，民族兴 |publisher=凤凰网 |accessdate=2012-04-13 |work= |language =zh-cn}}</ref>
南北战爭结束後，1866年4月，格蘭特晋升[[陆军上将]]。1867年8月至1868年1月任陆军代理部长。
=== 总统生涯 ===
[[1868年美國總統選舉|1868年的總統選舉]]，由於在內戰時期彪炳的戰功，格蘭特贏得執政的共和黨提名，成功當選[[美国总统]]，並於1872年的總統選舉，再次擊敗獲民主黨支持的激進共和黨人成功連任，而選舉期間，因對手在[[選舉人團]]投票前去世，導致出現大量不忠選舉人的情況。
作為[[美國重建時期]]的重要总统，八年任期政绩平平，政府更因貪污腐败、收受贿赂、对奴隶主的妥协而遭批评，激進共和黨人批評他對南方妥協太多，而南方及民主黨則批評其領導的聯邦政府對南方實行剝削。卸任前與南方達成的協議，使南方民主黨人得以在重建時期後重新控制南方近一個世紀。
=== 卸任后 ===
格兰特1877年3月卸任后，于5月偕妻開始環遊世界，曾到[[埃及]]參觀[[金字塔]]，在[[英國]]受到熱烈歡迎，直到1879年12月回到美國。
1878年，格兰特成為[[美国]]第一位到达[[日本]]和[[中国]]的[[美國總統|总统]]，會見[[明治天皇]]，并與當時中國[[清朝]][[北洋大臣]][[李鴻章]]合照，李鴻章並且稱兩人是當代偉大的人。時值日本強迫[[琉球國|琉球]][[國王]]退位，設置[[沖繩縣|沖繩-{}-縣]]，並將琉球併入日本版圖，中國清朝[[總理各國事務衙門]]大臣[[恭親王]]委請格蘭特為調解人，格蘭特欣然同意前往日本調解此事。但赴日后则被日方以《中日北京专约》为由搪塞，只好力劝中日互让，以免失和。美国非正式地提出试探性“琉球三分案”，即琉球南部归中国，中部归琉球，北部归日本。由于日本当时尚未做好对华开战准备，1880年只好暂且接受格兰特的调停，但不接受“琉球三分案”，日本因此提出「分島改約案」，將[[宮古島]]以南諸島歸還琉球國，但未獲中國同意，最後不了了之。琉球南部由中國控制，北部由日本控制，直至[[甲午戰爭]]爆發。
1880年，在共和黨人士及支持者的推動下，他計劃第三度參選總統，欲打破華盛頓以來總統不擔任多過二任的習慣，但最後在共和黨大會初選三十六輪投票中落敗。
1881年，格兰特的兒子巴克(Buck)與瓦德(Ferdinand Ward)在華爾街成立「格蘭特與瓦德」公司，他被兒子說服參與投資，但因瓦德[[詐欺]]，「格蘭特與瓦德」公司於1884年倒閉，導致格兰特的生活陷入貧困。
1885年在[[紐約州]]去世，終年63歲。
== 電影 ==
* 電影[[飆風戰警]]（Wild Wild West）中的美國總統即是尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特。
* 1995年，由[[李察·狄恩·安德森]]主演的電視影集《[[:en:Legend (TV series)|新百戰天龍]]》（Legend），該故事背景正是尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特就任時期。
== 著作 ==
* 《U.S. 格兰特的个人回忆录》
== 參見 ==
* [[黑色星期五 (1869年)]]
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}
==文獻==
'''Biographical and political'''
* ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=maIoAAAAYAAJ&dq=ulysses+intitle:cyclopedia&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1869&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1873&as_brr=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s American Annual Cyclopedia... 1868]''. Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873.
* Bunting III, Josiah. ''Ulysses S. Grant''. New York: Times Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8050-6949-5.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/americannation22hartrich Dunning. William. ''Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865–1877'' (1905), vol 22].
* {{cite journal |ref=Cox |last=Cox |first=Jacob Dolson |title=How Judge Hoar Ceased to be Attorney General |authorlink=Jacob Dolson Cox|journal=Atlantic Monthly Making of America |publisher=Cornell University Library |url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fatla%2Fatla0076%2F&tif=00171.TIF&pagenum=162 |volume=76 |issue=454 |date=July 1895 |pages=162–173 |accessdate=2012-05-20}}
* [[Hamlin Garland|Garland, Hamlin]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AEIOAAAAIAAJ&dq=ulysses+intitle:Ulysses+intitle:S+intitle:Grant+intitle:His+intitle:Life+intitle:and+intitle:Character&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3 Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character]''. New York, Doubleday & McClure co., 1898.
* Hardy, William E. "South of the Border: Ulysses S. Grant and the French Intervention," ''Civil War History'' Vol. 54#1 (2008) pp 63+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5026686310 online edition]
* Hesseltine, William B. ''[http://www.questia.com/library/book/ulysses-s-grant-politician-by-william-b-hesseltine.jsp Ulysses S. Grant, Politician]''. New York, F. Ungar Pub. Co. [1957, 1935]. ISBN 978-1-931313-85-8.
* {{cite book |ref=Longacre |last=Longacre |first=Edward G. |title=General Ulysses S. Grant The Soldier And The Man |publisher=First De Capo Press |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]|year=2006 |isbn=0-306-81269-X}}
* Mantell, Martin E. ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89815306 Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction]''. New York, Columbia University Press, 1973.
* {{cite book |ref=McFeely |last= McFeely |first= William S. |title=Grant: A Biography |publisher= Norton |year=1981 |isbn= 0-393-01372-3}}; Pulitzer Prize
* {{Cite book |ref=McFeely-Woodward|last=McFeely |first=William S |editor=C. Vann Woodward |title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Delacorte Press |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-440-05923-2}}
* [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]], ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94934148 Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration]''. New York, Dodd, Mead, 1936, 2 vol.
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24644891 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896]''. Volume: 6 and 7, 1920.
* {{cite book |last=Sarna |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Sarna |year=2012 |title=When General Grant Expelled the Jews |location=New York, NY |publisher=Nextbook Press |isbn=978-0-8052-4279-9 |url=http://nextbookpress.com/books/248/when-grant-expelled-the-jews/}}
* Scaturro, Frank J. ''President Grant Reconsidered''. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998.
* Simpson, Brooks D., ''Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
* Simpson, Brooks D. ''The Reconstruction Presidents''. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
* {{cite book |ref=Simpson (2000) Ulysses S. Grant |last=Simpson |first=Brooks D. |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiXipzGjMxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ulysses+S.+Grant,+1861%E2%80%931864:+His+Rise+from+Obscurity+to+Military+Greatness#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-395-65994-9}}
* Simon, John Y. "Ulysses S. Grant". in Henry Graff, ed. ''The Presidents: A Reference History'' (2nd ed. 1997), pp. 245–260.
* {{cite book |ref=Smith |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |title=Grant |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=[[New York, New York|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-684-84927-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=Waugh |last=Waugh |first=Joan |title=U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3317-9}}
'''Historiography'''
* Skidmore, Max J. "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: A Reconsideration". ''White House Studies'' (Feb 2005), 5#2, pp. 255–270
* Rafuse, Ethan S. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006", ''Journal of Military History'' (July 2007) 71#3, pp. 849–874,
* {{cite news |ref=Wilentz |last=Wilentz |first=Sean |title=Who's Buried in the History Books? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/opinion/14wilentz.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 14, 2010 |accessdate=11-04-2011}}
* Wilson, Edmund. ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 131–173 on Grant's ''Memoirs''.
'''Military'''
* Badeau, Adam. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JeUDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:Badeau+inauthor:Adam&num=30&as_brr=0 Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April 1861, to April 1865]''. New York: D. Appleton, 1881.
* Ballard, Michael B. ''Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8078-2893-9.
* [[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]]. ''The Vicksburg Campaign''. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1991. ISBN 978-0-89029-308-9.
* {{cite book |ref=Bonekemper |last=Bonekemper III |first=Edward H. |title=A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=Regnery |year=2004 |isbn= 0-89526-062-X}}
* {{cite journal |ref=Bonkemper III (April, 2011) |last=Bonekemper III |first=Edward H. |title=The butcher's bill: Ulysses S. Grant is often referred to as a 'butcher,' but does Robert E. Lee actually deserve that title? |journal=Civl War Times |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |date=April 2011}}
* Carter, Samuel III. ''The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg, 1862–1863''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. ''Grant Moves South''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. ISBN 978-0-316-13207-7; ''Grant Takes Command''. (1968). ISBN 978-0-316-13210-7; ''U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition''. 1954.
* Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel. ''The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25 – August 6, 1864''. Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1989.
* Davis, William C. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg''. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1986. popular
* [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-84944-7.
* Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
* [[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]]. ''Grant and Lee, a Study in Personality and Generalship''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. ISBN 978-0-253-13400-4.
* {{cite book |ref=Farina |last=Farina |first=William |title=Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiXipzGjMxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ulysses+S.+Grant:+1861-1864&cd=1#v=onepage&q |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina|Jefferson]], [[North Carolina]] |publisher=McFarland & Co |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7864-2977-6}}
* {{cite news |last=Isbell |first=Tim |title=Fort Donelson Victory Brings Forth 'Unconditional Surrender' Grant |newspaper=Sun Herald |publisher=SunHerald.com |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2012/02/13/3750488/fort-donelson-victory-brings-forth.html |location=Biloxi-Gulfport and South Mississippi |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2012-02-13}}
* Gott, Kendall D. ''Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8.
* Korda, Michael. ''Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero''. New York: Atlas Books/HarperCollins, 2004.
* Lewis, Lloyd. ''Captain Sam Grant''. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1950. ISBN 978-0-316-52348-6.
* McWhiney, Grady. ''Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee''. Fort Worth: Ryan Place Publishers, 1995.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Shiloh: In Hell Before Night''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
* Maney, R. Wayne. ''Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864''. Shippensburg, Pa., US: White Mane Pub. Co., 1994.
* Matter, William D. ''If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
* Miers, Earl Schenck. ''The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg''. New York: Knopf, 1955.
* Mosier, John. ''Grant''. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4039-7136-4.
* Rafuse, Ethan Sepp. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006," ''Journal of Military History,'' Volume 71, Number 3, July 2007, pp. 849–874 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v071/71.3rafuse.html in Project MUSE]
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1873-3.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8071-2136-8.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8071-2535-9.
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8071-2803-9.
* Schenker, Carl R., Jr. "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and 'The Turning Point of the War'". ''Civil War History'' (June 2010), vol. 56, no. 2, p. 175.
* Simpson, Brooks D. "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant". ''The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
* Simpson, Brooks D. "After Shiloh: Grant, Sherman, and Survival". ''The Shiloh Campaign''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009.
* Steere, Edward. ''The Wilderness Campaign''. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Co., 1960.
* Walsh, George. ''"Whip the Rebellion": Ulysses S. Grant's Rise to Command'' (2005) 480pp ISBN 978-0-7653-0527-5; popular narrative
* Williams, Kenneth P. ''Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War''. New York, Macmillan, 1959 (volume 5).
* Williams, T. Harry, ''McClellan, Sherman and Grant''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1962.
* Woodworth, Steven E. ''Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 – 1865''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 978-0-375-41218-9.
'''Primary sources'''
* {{cite book |ref=Simon (1967) |last=Simon |first=John Y. |title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant |year=1967–2012, 32 vol. |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |url=http://www.siupress.com/%28S%28ncswkbmyrobsrw45bwtf1yqq%29%29/catalog/ProductSearch.aspx?ExtendedSearch=false&SearchOnLoad=true&rhl=U%20S%20Grant%20Papers&sj=1009&rhdcid=1009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233122/http://www.siupress.com/Catalog/ProductSearch.aspx?ExtendedSearch=false&SearchOnLoad=true&rhl=U%20S%20Grant%20Papers&sj=1009&rhdcid=1009 |archivedate=2015-09-05 }}
* Grant, Ulysses S. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/1011/ Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant]''. C.L. Webster & Co., 1885.
** Wilson, Edmund. ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. pp. 131–173 for commentary
* Grant, Ulysses S. ''Memoirs and Selected Letters'' (Mary Drake McFeely & William S. McFeely, eds.) [http://www.loa.org/ The Library of America], 1990. ISBN 978-0-940450-58-5
* Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds. ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887–88.
* Porter, Horace. ''Campaigning with Grant''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1897.
* Sherman, William Tecumseh, ''Memoirs of General William T. Sherman''. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1875.
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant1.htm First Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
|G1=美國總統
|G2=USState
}}
{{Infobox_President
| name = 尤利西斯·S·格蘭特
| original_name = Ulysses S Grant
| nationality = 美國
| image = Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg
| country = [[美國]]
| order = 18
| office = 美國總統
| term_start = 1869年3月4日
| term_end = 1877年3月4日
| vicepresident = [[斯凱勒·科爾法克斯]]<small>（1869年－1873年）</small><br />[[亨利·威爾遜]]<small>（1873年－1875年）</small><br />空缺<small>（1875年－1877年）</small>
| predecessor = [[安德魯·詹森]]
| successor = [[拉瑟福德·B·海斯]]
| birth_date = 1822年4月27日
| birth_place = {{USA}}[[俄亥俄州]][[波恩特普里山特]]
| death_date = {{death_date_and_age|1885|7|23|1822|4|27|mf=y}}
| death_place = {{USA}}[[紐約州]][[威爾頓]]
| resting_place = [[格蘭特將軍國家紀念堂]]
| religion = [[衛理宗]]
| spouse = [[茱莉亞·格蘭特]]
| party = [[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]
| profession = 陸軍上將
| signature = UlyssesSGrantSignature.svg
|}}
'''尤利西斯·S·格兰特'''（{{lang-en|Ulysses S Grant}}；{{bd|1822年|4月27日|1885年|7月23日|catIdx=G}}），[[美国]][[上將]]、[[政治人物]]，第18任[[美国总统]]。作為[[美國重建時期]]的重要总统，八年任期政绩平平，政府更因貪污腐败、收受贿赂、对南方奴隶主的妥协而遭批评。但他作為[[南北戰爭]]的戰爭英雄，對維護聯邦統一的貢獻，因為軍事身份和愛國主義而成為50元美金上所繪人物。
== 生平 ==
=== 早年生涯 ===
生于[[美国]][[俄亥俄州]]一个小业主的家庭，1843年于[[西点军校]]（陆军军官学校）毕业，并参加过[[美墨战争]]，1854年退役。
=== 南北战争 ===
1861年[[南北战争]]爆发后，格兰特于[[伊利諾伊州]][[喬戴維斯縣 (伊利諾伊州)|喬戴維斯縣]][[加利纳]]协助招募并训练军队。先后担任志愿军的[[团长]]、[[旅长]]，作战于西部战场。1862年2月，率军攻克[[美利堅聯盟國|南军]]的[[亨利堡]]及[[多纳尔森堡]]，从此名声大震，并升任[[少将]]。4月在[[西羅之役]]（Battle of Shiloh）中击败并重创南军。1863年4至7月率[[田纳西州]]军队迂回包抄[[密西西比河]]畔南军最重要的堡垒[[维克斯堡]]，经历了外围作战和攻坚战，最终迫使南军投降，俘获南军3.1万人。11月率部挫败进攻[[查塔努加]]的南军。
1864年起，格兰特被任命为[[南北战争]][[联邦军]][[总司令]]，同[[威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼|威廉·薛曼]]制定东西战线协同作战，分割歼敌的计划。5月率主力军在[[弗吉尼亚州]]同[[罗伯特·李]]率领的南军主力决战，并命令[[威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼|薛曼]]进攻[[佐治亚州]]，南军遭受重创。1865年4月2日，攻克[[美利堅聯盟國]]「首都」[[里士满 (維吉尼亞州)|里士满]]，南军被迫于4月9日在[[阿波马托克斯]]投降。
在整个南北战争期间，格蘭特將軍的表现被视为富有政治胆识，意识到废除奴隸制和[[黑人]]武装的重要；善于整体把握战争，指挥坚决果断，无惜代价地，主动采取进攻来消灭敌方的有生力量，破坏了敌方的战争潜力。他为内战[[美國聯邦政府|北方]]的胜利作出了卓越的贡献。
1865年4月9日，格蘭特接受[[李將軍]]投降，長達四年的南北战爭结束。在接受南方军队投降时，北方军营响起庆贺的炮声，但随即遭到格兰特的制止，他说：“叛乱者现在又是我们的同胞了。”双方随后互致军礼。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2012_04/13/13849687_0.shtml|title=学者谈祭奠国民党抗战烈士：党争息，民族兴 |publisher=凤凰网 |accessdate=2012-04-13 |work= |language =zh-cn}}</ref>
南北战爭结束後，1866年4月，格蘭特晋升[[陆军上将]]。1867年8月至1868年1月任陆军代理部长。
=== 总统生涯 ===
[[1868年美國總統選舉|1868年的總統選舉]]，由於在內戰時期彪炳的戰功，格蘭特贏得執政的共和黨提名，成功當選[[美国总统]]，並於1872年的總統選舉，再次擊敗獲民主黨支持的激進共和黨人成功連任，而選舉期間，因對手在[[選舉人團]]投票前去世，導致出現大量不忠選舉人的情況。
作為[[美國重建時期]]的重要总统，八年任期政绩平平，政府更因貪污腐败、收受贿赂、对奴隶主的妥协而遭批评，激進共和黨人批評他對南方妥協太多，而南方及民主黨則批評其領導的聯邦政府對南方實行剝削。卸任前與南方達成的協議，使南方民主黨人得以在重建時期後重新控制南方近一個世紀。
=== 卸任后 ===
格兰特1877年3月卸任后，于5月偕妻開始環遊世界，曾到[[埃及]]參觀[[金字塔]]，在[[英國]]受到熱烈歡迎，直到1879年12月回到美國。
1878年，格兰特成為[[美国]]第一位到达[[日本]]和[[中国]]的[[美國總統|总统]]，會見[[明治天皇]]，并與當時中國[[清朝]][[北洋大臣]][[李鴻章]]合照，李鴻章並且稱兩人是當代偉大的人。時值日本強迫[[琉球國|琉球]][[國王]]退位，設置[[沖繩縣|沖繩-{}-縣]]，並將琉球併入日本版圖，中國清朝[[總理各國事務衙門]]大臣[[恭親王]]委請格蘭特為調解人，格蘭特欣然同意前往日本調解此事。但赴日后则被日方以《中日北京专约》为由搪塞，只好力劝中日互让，以免失和。美国非正式地提出试探性“琉球三分案”，即琉球南部归中国，中部归琉球，北部归日本。由于日本当时尚未做好对华开战准备，1880年只好暂且接受格兰特的调停，但不接受“琉球三分案”，日本因此提出「分島改約案」，將[[宮古島]]以南諸島歸還琉球國，但未獲中國同意，最後不了了之。琉球南部由中國控制，北部由日本控制，直至[[甲午戰爭]]爆發。
1880年，在共和黨人士及支持者的推動下，他計劃第三度參選總統，欲打破華盛頓以來總統不擔任多過二任的習慣，但最後在共和黨大會初選三十六輪投票中落敗。
1881年，格兰特的兒子巴克(Buck)與瓦德(Ferdinand Ward)在華爾街成立「格蘭特與瓦德」公司，他被兒子說服參與投資，但因瓦德[[詐欺]]，「格蘭特與瓦德」公司於1884年倒閉，導致格兰特的生活陷入貧困。
1885年在[[紐約州]]去世，終年63歲。
== 電影 ==
* 電影[[飆風戰警]]（Wild Wild West）中的美國總統即是尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特。
* 1995年，由[[李察·狄恩·安德森]]主演的電視影集《[[:en:Legend (TV series)|新百戰天龍]]》（Legend），該故事背景正是尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特就任時期。
== 著作 ==
* 《U.S. 格兰特的个人回忆录》
== 參見 ==
* [[黑色星期五 (1869年)]]
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}
==文獻==
'''Biographical and political'''
* ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=maIoAAAAYAAJ&dq=ulysses+intitle:cyclopedia&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1869&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1873&as_brr=0&source=gbs_navlinks_s American Annual Cyclopedia... 1868]''. Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873.
* Bunting III, Josiah. ''Ulysses S. Grant''. New York: Times Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8050-6949-5.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/americannation22hartrich Dunning. William. ''Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865–1877'' (1905), vol 22].
* {{cite journal |ref=Cox |last=Cox |first=Jacob Dolson |title=How Judge Hoar Ceased to be Attorney General |authorlink=Jacob Dolson Cox|journal=Atlantic Monthly Making of America |publisher=Cornell University Library |url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fatla%2Fatla0076%2F&tif=00171.TIF&pagenum=162 |volume=76 |issue=454 |date=July 1895 |pages=162–173 |accessdate=2012-05-20}}
* [[Hamlin Garland|Garland, Hamlin]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AEIOAAAAIAAJ&dq=ulysses+intitle:Ulysses+intitle:S+intitle:Grant+intitle:His+intitle:Life+intitle:and+intitle:Character&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3 Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character]''. New York, Doubleday & McClure co., 1898.
* Hardy, William E. "South of the Border: Ulysses S. Grant and the French Intervention," ''Civil War History'' Vol. 54#1 (2008) pp 63+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5026686310 online edition]
* Hesseltine, William B. ''[http://www.questia.com/library/book/ulysses-s-grant-politician-by-william-b-hesseltine.jsp Ulysses S. Grant, Politician]''. New York, F. Ungar Pub. Co. [1957, 1935]. ISBN 978-1-931313-85-8.
* {{cite book |ref=Longacre |last=Longacre |first=Edward G. |title=General Ulysses S. Grant The Soldier And The Man |publisher=First De Capo Press |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]|year=2006 |isbn=0-306-81269-X}}
* Mantell, Martin E. ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89815306 Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction]''. New York, Columbia University Press, 1973.
* {{cite book |ref=McFeely |last= McFeely |first= William S. |title=Grant: A Biography |publisher= Norton |year=1981 |isbn= 0-393-01372-3}}; Pulitzer Prize
* {{Cite book |ref=McFeely-Woodward|last=McFeely |first=William S |editor=C. Vann Woodward |title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Delacorte Press |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-440-05923-2}}
* [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]], ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94934148 Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration]''. New York, Dodd, Mead, 1936, 2 vol.
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24644891 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896]''. Volume: 6 and 7, 1920.
* {{cite book |last=Sarna |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Sarna |year=2012 |title=When General Grant Expelled the Jews |location=New York, NY |publisher=Nextbook Press |isbn=978-0-8052-4279-9 |url=http://nextbookpress.com/books/248/when-grant-expelled-the-jews/}}
* Scaturro, Frank J. ''President Grant Reconsidered''. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998.
* Simpson, Brooks D., ''Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
* Simpson, Brooks D. ''The Reconstruction Presidents''. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
* {{cite book |ref=Simpson (2000) Ulysses S. Grant |last=Simpson |first=Brooks D. |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiXipzGjMxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ulysses+S.+Grant,+1861%E2%80%931864:+His+Rise+from+Obscurity+to+Military+Greatness#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-395-65994-9}}
* Simon, John Y. "Ulysses S. Grant". in Henry Graff, ed. ''The Presidents: A Reference History'' (2nd ed. 1997), pp. 245–260.
* {{cite book |ref=Smith |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |title=Grant |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=[[New York, New York|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-684-84927-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=Waugh |last=Waugh |first=Joan |title=U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3317-9}}
'''Historiography'''
* Skidmore, Max J. "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: A Reconsideration". ''White House Studies'' (Feb 2005), 5#2, pp. 255–270
* Rafuse, Ethan S. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006", ''Journal of Military History'' (July 2007) 71#3, pp. 849–874,
* {{cite news |ref=Wilentz |last=Wilentz |first=Sean |title=Who's Buried in the History Books? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/opinion/14wilentz.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 14, 2010 |accessdate=11-04-2011}}
* Wilson, Edmund. ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 131–173 on Grant's ''Memoirs''.
'''Military'''
* Badeau, Adam. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JeUDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:Badeau+inauthor:Adam&num=30&as_brr=0 Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April 1861, to April 1865]''. New York: D. Appleton, 1881.
* Ballard, Michael B. ''Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8078-2893-9.
* [[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]]. ''The Vicksburg Campaign''. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1991. ISBN 978-0-89029-308-9.
* {{cite book |ref=Bonekemper |last=Bonekemper III |first=Edward H. |title=A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=Regnery |year=2004 |isbn= 0-89526-062-X}}
* {{cite journal |ref=Bonkemper III (April, 2011) |last=Bonekemper III |first=Edward H. |title=The butcher's bill: Ulysses S. Grant is often referred to as a 'butcher,' but does Robert E. Lee actually deserve that title? |journal=Civl War Times |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |date=April 2011}}
* Carter, Samuel III. ''The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg, 1862–1863''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. ''Grant Moves South''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. ISBN 978-0-316-13207-7; ''Grant Takes Command''. (1968). ISBN 978-0-316-13210-7; ''U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition''. 1954.
* Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel. ''The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25 – August 6, 1864''. Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1989.
* Davis, William C. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg''. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1986. popular
* [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-84944-7.
* Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher|Eicher, David J.]] ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
* [[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]]. ''Grant and Lee, a Study in Personality and Generalship''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. ISBN 978-0-253-13400-4.
* {{cite book |ref=Farina |last=Farina |first=William |title=Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiXipzGjMxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ulysses+S.+Grant:+1861-1864&cd=1#v=onepage&q |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina|Jefferson]], [[North Carolina]] |publisher=McFarland & Co |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7864-2977-6}}
* {{cite news |last=Isbell |first=Tim |title=Fort Donelson Victory Brings Forth 'Unconditional Surrender' Grant |newspaper=Sun Herald |publisher=SunHerald.com |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2012/02/13/3750488/fort-donelson-victory-brings-forth.html |location=Biloxi-Gulfport and South Mississippi |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2012-02-13}}
* Gott, Kendall D. ''Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8117-0049-8.
* Korda, Michael. ''Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero''. New York: Atlas Books/HarperCollins, 2004.
* Lewis, Lloyd. ''Captain Sam Grant''. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1950. ISBN 978-0-316-52348-6.
* McWhiney, Grady. ''Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee''. Fort Worth: Ryan Place Publishers, 1995.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Shiloh: In Hell Before Night''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977.
* McDonough, James Lee. ''Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
* Maney, R. Wayne. ''Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864''. Shippensburg, Pa., US: White Mane Pub. Co., 1994.
* Matter, William D. ''If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
* Miers, Earl Schenck. ''The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg''. New York: Knopf, 1955.
* Mosier, John. ''Grant''. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4039-7136-4.
* Rafuse, Ethan Sepp. "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006," ''Journal of Military History,'' Volume 71, Number 3, July 2007, pp. 849–874 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v071/71.3rafuse.html in Project MUSE]
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1873-3.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8071-2136-8.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8071-2535-9.
* Rhea, Gordon C., ''Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864''. Louisiana State University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8071-2803-9.
* Schenker, Carl R., Jr. "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and 'The Turning Point of the War'". ''Civil War History'' (June 2010), vol. 56, no. 2, p. 175.
* Simpson, Brooks D. "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant". ''The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
* Simpson, Brooks D. "After Shiloh: Grant, Sherman, and Survival". ''The Shiloh Campaign''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009.
* Steere, Edward. ''The Wilderness Campaign''. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Co., 1960.
* Walsh, George. ''"Whip the Rebellion": Ulysses S. Grant's Rise to Command'' (2005) 480pp ISBN 978-0-7653-0527-5; popular narrative
* Williams, Kenneth P. ''Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War''. New York, Macmillan, 1959 (volume 5).
* Williams, T. Harry, ''McClellan, Sherman and Grant''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1962.
* Woodworth, Steven E. ''Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 – 1865''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 978-0-375-41218-9.
'''Primary sources'''
* {{cite book |ref=Simon (1967) |last=Simon |first=John Y. |title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant |year=1967–2012, 32 vol. |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |url=http://www.siupress.com/%28S%28ncswkbmyrobsrw45bwtf1yqq%29%29/catalog/ProductSearch.aspx?ExtendedSearch=false&SearchOnLoad=true&rhl=U%20S%20Grant%20Papers&sj=1009&rhdcid=1009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233122/http://www.siupress.com/Catalog/ProductSearch.aspx?ExtendedSearch=false&SearchOnLoad=true&rhl=U%20S%20Grant%20Papers&sj=1009&rhdcid=1009 |archivedate=2015-09-05 }}
* Grant, Ulysses S. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/1011/ Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant]''. C.L. Webster & Co., 1885.
** Wilson, Edmund. ''Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. pp. 131–173 for commentary
* Grant, Ulysses S. ''Memoirs and Selected Letters'' (Mary Drake McFeely & William S. McFeely, eds.) [http://www.loa.org/ The Library of America], 1990. ISBN 978-0-940450-58-5
* Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds. ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887–88.
* Porter, Horace. ''Campaigning with Grant''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1897.
* Sherman, William Tecumseh, ''Memoirs of General William T. Sherman''. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1875.
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant1.htm First Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant2.htm Second Inaugural Address]