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|<center><img src="http://kexuer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/fffffasd.png" width="280" ></center><small>[http://kexuer.com/enlightenment-history/history/13619/ 圖片來自科學公園]</small>
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'''首都''' [[圖爾奈]] (431−508)<br> [[巴黎]] (508−768)<br> [[亞琛]] (768−843)