过去分词查看源代码讨论查看历史
过去分词 | |
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过去分词,是分词的一种,英文缩写(PP)规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加-ed构成(规则见后)。
基本信息
中文名称 过去分词 [1]
外文名称 past participle
别名 过去分词 [2]
应用学科 英语
常见结构 动词原形加-ed
类别 类动词
简写 pp.
构成规则
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加"-ed "。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited
(2)以不发音的"e"结尾的动词,只在词尾加"d "。
live---lived---lived
(3)以"辅音字母 + y "结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加"-ed"。
study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried,try-tried-tried,fry-fried-fried.
(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加"-ed"。
stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped
特例:有两类动词本身应该直接加"ed",但由于历史习惯,依旧要双写最后一个字母,再加"ed"。以"元音字母+l"非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写"l",再加"ed"。例如cancel→cancelled,dial→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加"ed"。例如:kidnap→kidnapped,worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加"ed"。 注:这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。根据英文的拼写规则,c在字母e、i、y之前均发/s/,其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加"ed"的话,trafficed将会读成/'træfɪsɪd/,而不读/'træfɪkt/。
不规则动词
AAA型
即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。(共10个)
cast--cast--cast cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut hit-hit-hit hurt(损伤)-hurt-hurt let(让)-let-let put-put-put read-read-read(read的原形和过去式、过去分词 读音不同 ) set-set-set shut-shut-shut
BB型
过去式、过去分词相同。(共42个)
过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。(4个) bring-brought-brought buy-bought-bought think-thought-thought fight-fought-fought 词尾有-ild,-end时,只需把d变为t。(4个) build-built-built lend-lent- lent send-sent-sent spend-spent- spent 过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。(2个) catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught 把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。(4个) keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep- swept-swept feel-felt- felt 把-ell变为-old。(2个) tell-told-told sell-sold-sold 把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。(3个) smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt-spelt spill-spilt-spilt 把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。(4个) feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met 过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。(6个) learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant spoil-spoilt-spoilt burn-burnt-burnt dream-dreamt-dreamt deal-dealt-dealt 过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id(3个) say-said-said pay-paid-paid lay-laid-laid 改变元音字母。(12个) get-got-got sit-sat-sat find-found-found hold-held-held spit-spat-spat shine-shone-shone win-won-won hang-hung-hung dig- dug-dug lose-lost-lost 改变辅音字母。(4个) make-made-made 改变元、辅音字母。(4个) leave-left-left stand-stood-stood have/has-had-had understand-understood-understood 折叠ABC型 原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。(共39个)
i-a-u变化。(7个) begin-began-begun drink-drank-drunk sing- sang-sung ring-rang-rung swim-swam-swum sink- sank-sunk spring-sprang-sprung 词尾为-ow,-aw时,过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加n。(5个) blow-blew-blown draw-drew-drawn grow- grew-grown know-knew-known throw-threw-thrown(show除外) 词尾为"i+辅(1个)+e",过去式将i变为o,过去分词多在原形后加n,若那个辅音字母为d或t,须双写d或t后加n。(4个)(give,hide除外) drive-drove-driven write-wrote-written ride- rode-ridden rise-rose-risen 过去分词在过去式后加n。(3个) wake-woke-woken speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen 过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。(2个) get-got-gotten/got forget-forgot-forgotten 过去分词由原形加(e)n构成。(7个) be-was(were)-been eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen give-gave-given see-saw-seen hide-hid-hidden(hid) take-took-taken 词尾为-ake时,过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后加-n。(2个) take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。(6个) do-did-done fly-flew-flown go-went-gone lie-lay-lain show-showed-shown wear-wore-worn 词尾为-eak时,过去式将其变为-oke,过去分词在过去式后加-n。(2个) break-broke-broken speak-spoke-spoken 词中间为"oo+辅(1个)+e"或"ee+辅(1个)+e",过去式将oo、ee变为o,过去分词在过去式后加-n。(2个) choose-chose-chosen freeze-froze-frozen
AAB型
过去式和原形相同。(1个)
beat-beat-beaten
ABA型
过去分词和原形相同。(共3个)
(单个元音字母改变)
come-came-come
become-became-become
run-ran-run