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折射率
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[[File:折射率2.jpg|350px|缩略图|右|<big></big>[https://img.51wendang.com/pic/b31cb3aa3b2722ccaf0801c3/2-810-jpg_6-1080-0-0-1080.jpg 原图链接][http://www.51wendang.com/doc/b31cb3aa3b2722ccaf0801c3/2 来自 无忧文档 的图片]]] '''折射率'''<math>n</math>等于「[[光速|光在真空中的速度]]（<math>c</math>）」跟「光在介质中的[[相速度]]（<math>v</math>）」之比 <ref>[http://www.docin.com/p-7607846.html 第十二章光学] ，豆丁，2009-2-9</ref> ，即：
:<math>n=\frac{c}{v}</math>
历史上，折射率最早出现在[[折射定律]]([[斯涅爾定律]])中，<math>n_1\sin\theta_1 = n_2\sin\theta_2</math>。其中，<math>\theta_1</math>与<math>\theta_2</math>分别是光在介质界面上的入射角和折射角，两种介质的折射率分别是<math>n_1</math>与<math>n_2</math>。
== 水波的相對折射率 ==
== 雙折射率 ==
[[雙折射]]材料的折射率，取決於光的[[偏振]] <ref>[https://www.sohu.com/a/212910068_99961126 光学经典理论|光的偏振和偏振光详解] ，搜狐，2017-12-26</ref> 和傳播方向。
== 介質的折射率 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''一些物質的折射率（可見光中）'''
! colspan="4" |氣體（標準大氣壓0ﾟC）
|-
|[[空氣]]||589.29||1.000293||<ref name="ref1">{{cite book | first = Eugene | last = Hecht | title = Optics, Fourth Edition | publisher = Pearson Higher Education | date = 18 March 2003 | isbn = 9780321188786}}</ref>|-|[[氦|氦氣]]||589.29||1.000036||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[氫|氫氣]]||589.29||1.000132||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[二氧化碳]]||589.29||1.00045||<ref name="ref4">{{cite book | first = Joseph | last = Morgan | title = Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics | publisher = McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC. | year = 1953}}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{cite book | author = Charles D. Hodgman | coauthors = Selby, Weast | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Thirty-Ninth Edition | publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. | year = 1957}}</ref><ref name="ref5">{{cite book | author = Frank L. Pedrotti | coauthors = Pedrotti, Pedrotti | title = Introduction to Optics, Third Edition | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | page = 221 | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0131499331}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="4" |液體（20°C）
|-
|[[苯]]||589.29||1.501||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[二硫化碳]]||589.29||1.628||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[四氯化碳]]||589.29||1.461||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[酒精|酒精（乙醇）]]||589.29||1.361||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|矽油|| ||1.52045||<ref>[http://www.dcglass.com/htm/p-ri-oil.htm Silicon and Oil Refractive Index Standards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829074306/http://www.dcglass.com/htm/p-ri-oil.htm |date=2010-08-29 }}</ref>
|-
|[[水]]||589.29||1.3330||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[三硫化二砷]]和[[二碘甲烷]]中的[[硫]]|| ||1.9||<ref>[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM40/AM40_398.pdf Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)]</ref>
|-
! colspan="4" | 固體（室溫）
|-
|[[二氧化钛]]（金红石）||589.29||2.496||<ref>[http://refractiveindex.info/?group=CRYSTALS&material=TiO2 RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index and related constants]</ref>|-|[[金刚石]]（鑽石）||589.29||2.417||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[鈦酸鍶]]||589.29||2.41||
|-
|[[琥珀]]||589.29||1.55||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[石英]]||589.29||1.458||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[氯化鈉]]||589.29||1.50||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
! colspan="4" | 其他物質
|[[聚四氟乙烯|特氟隆]]|| ||1.35 - 1.38||
|-
|[[聚四氟乙烯|特氟隆AF]]|| ||1.315|| <ref name="Teflon_AF">{{cite web|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html |title=Teflon AF |accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>
|-
|Cytop|| ||1.34|| <ref name=Cytop>{{cite web|url=http://www.agcce.eu.com/CYTOP/TechInfo.asp|title=Cytop|accessdate=2010-10-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824120507/http://www.agcce.eu.com/CYTOP/TechInfo.asp|archivedate=2010-08-24}}</ref>
|-
|Sylgard 184|| ||1.43||
|[[燧石玻璃|燧石玻璃（掺杂）]]|| ||1.523 - 1.925||
|-
|[[高硼矽]]|| ||1.470||<ref name="ref2">{{cite web |url=http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/Content/Refraction/absolute.html |title=Absolute Refractive Index |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=[[利物浦大學]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161040/http://matter.org.uk/schools/Content/Refraction/absolute.html |archivedate=2007-10-12 }}</ref>
|-
|[[冰晶石]]|| ||1.338||
|[[氧化鋅]]||390||2.4||
|-
|[[矽]]||590 ||3.96||<ref name="si_website">{{cite web|url=http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/APPEND/OPTICAL.HTM |title=Optical Properties of Silicon |accessdate=2009-05-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605222316/http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/APPEND/OPTICAL.HTM |archivedate=2009-06-05 }}</ref>
|-
|[[鍺]]|| ||4.00||
在相同介質中，不同的[[波長|波长]]的光，因為行進速度不同，造成在折射過程中偏折角度不同，其折射率<math>n(\lambda)</math>也不同，這叫做[[光色散]]。折射率與[[波長|波长]]或者[[頻率|频率]]的關係稱為光的[[色散關係|色散关系]]。常用的折射率有：
* ''n''<sub>d</sub>是介质在[[夫朗和斐谱线]]d（氦黄线587.56纳米）的折射率。
===柯西公式===
<math>n=A+\frac{B}{\lambda^2}+\frac{C}{\lambda^4}</math><ref>Rudolf Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals,p12, Academic Press 1978</ref>
===康拉迪公式===
<math>n=A+\frac{B}{\lambda}+\frac{C}{\lambda^{3.5}}</math><ref>A.E.Conrady Applied Optics and Optical Design, part II,p659, Dover</ref>
===Herzberger公式===
<math>n=A+B*\lambda^2+\frac{C}{\lambda^2-\delta^2}+\frac{C}{(\lambda^2-\delta^2)^2}</math><ref>Rudolf Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals,p14, Academic Press 1978</ref>
===肖特玻璃廠公式===
<math>n=A+\frac{B}{\lambda}+\frac{C}{\lambda^2}+\frac{D}{\lambda^4}+\frac{E}{\lambda^6}+\frac{F}{\lambda^8}</math><ref>Rudolf Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals,p14, Academic Press 1978</ref>
===Sellmeier公式===
<math>N^2-1=\frac{A\cdot\lambda^2}{\lambda^2-D}+\frac{B\cdot\lambda^2}{\lambda^2-E}+\frac{C\cdot\lambda^2}{\lambda^2-F}</math><ref>Milton Laikin Lens Design p9 2006 CRC Press 978-0849382789 </ref>
== 不透明物體的折射率 ==
== 複數折射率 ==
<math>\tilde{n} = n + i\kappa</math>
複折射率的實部即為尋常的折射率，而虚部則稱為消光係數（extinction coefficient），表示電磁波進入材料後的衰減量。
* [[阿贝数]]
==视频==
===<center> 折射率 相关视频</center>===
<center> 折射率 </center>
<center>{{#iDisplay:v0374cfinb6|560|390|qq}}</center>
<center> 折射率定义 </center>
<center>{{#iDisplay:o0152klatrj|560|390|qq}}</center>
==参考文献==
[[Category:336 光；光學]]