柳約翰
柳約翰 |
|---|
 出生 1967年7月10日 現職 加州大學伯克利分校法學教授 |
柳約翰 原名有俊，（英語：John Yoo，1967年7月10日－），出生於韓國首爾，韓裔美籍法律學者，是加州大學伯克利分校的 Emanuel Heller 法學教授。他還是美國企業研究所的非常駐高級研究員和斯坦福大學胡佛研究所的訪問研究員。
曾在小布什總統任內出任美國司法部高級官員，因其批准美國陸軍與中央情報局在伊拉克戰爭中對戰俘施行暴力審訊（尤其是使用「坐水凳」方式）而飽受爭議。[1][2][3][4]
目錄
生平
同父母移民美國並定居費城，1993年獲得賓夕法尼亞州律師從業資格，在加州大學伯克利分校法學院就任教授。以優異成績獲得哈佛大學美國歷史學士學位。 在大學和法學院之間，他在華盛頓特區擔任報紙記者。他從耶魯法學院獲得了法學博士學位，是耶魯法律雜誌的文章編輯。[5]
2001年，小布什政府聘請柳約翰就任副助理司法部長，任期中主持批准對美國反恐戰爭中俘獲的戰俘實施被外界普遍視作酷刑的「加強審訊」，其中「坐水凳」一項尤其受到爭議。柳約翰認為，美國施行的這些審訊手段不受到日內瓦公約中保護戰俘權利條款的限制，同時布什政府批准這些審訊手段也不違反1996年頒布的《反戰爭罪法》。[6][7][8]另外，柳約翰還為布什政府實施的新竊聽計劃提供了法律依據。柳約翰的法律意見受到了布什政府其他官員的反對，其中包括時任國務卿的鮑威爾和海軍總法律顧問Alberto J. Mora[9]。柳約翰離任後的2003年到2004年間，司法部陸續撤銷了其就任期間負責制定的政策[10]，且於2009年頒布了一份調查報告譴責了柳約翰「故意的專業失當」[11][12][13][14]，然而柳約翰本人認為這些調查是出於政黨鬥爭而對他實施的報復行為。奧巴馬就任總統後正式宣布撤銷其就任期間提出的法律意見。[15][16]
2008年，一名在反恐戰爭期間獲刑的美國公民José Padilla起訴柳約翰失職導致其受到政府不公正待遇。[17]美國北加州區法院判決柳約翰一審敗訴[18]，但其後第九巡迴法院撤銷原判，判決柳約翰無過失。[19]曾任布什政府國務卿的鮑威爾在此案宣判後表示其認為柳約翰的作為違反了職業道德與法律。[20]2009年，一名西班牙法官指示西班牙檢查部門調查柳約翰等六名布什政府高官（媒體稱其為「布什六人幫」）任期內可能犯下的戰爭與反人類罪，但是西班牙檢方拒絕提出起訴。[21][22]
儘管其行政經歷飽受質疑，柳約翰從2003年退出政府後一直享受加州大學伯克利大學的教授待遇。校方稱柳約翰的政見受到學術自由的保護，並且拒絕了批評者提出的解除柳約翰聘約的要求。柳約翰則批判反對其政見的伯克利師生為「停留在越戰期間的原始穴居人類」，但是也聲稱他「非常喜歡在伯克利任教」。
出版書籍
- The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11. University of Chicago Press. 2005. ISBN 0-226-96031-5.
- War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terror. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2006. ISBN 0-87113-945-6.
- Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush. Kaplan Publishing. 2010. ISBN 1-60714-555-3.
- Taming Globalization: International Law, the U.S. Constitution, and the New World Order (co-author Julian Ku). Oxford University Press. 2012.
- Point of Attack: Preventive War, International Law, and Global Welfare. Oxford University Press. 2014.
視頻
參考文獻
- ↑ Richardson, John. Is John Yoo a Monster?. Esquire. May 13, 2008 [April 21, 2009].
- ↑ Frontline Interview with John Yoo. Frontline (PBS). July 19, 2005.
- ↑ O'Neil, Robert M. 美國學術自由面臨的新挑戰. 國際高等教育. 2009年12月, 2 (4) [2014-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
- ↑ 撰寫布什「酷刑備忘錄」的律師約翰·尤（John Yoo）證實，他正在幫助特朗普政府找到繞過國會並強加自己政策的方法，businessinsider，21Jul2020
- ↑ PA Attorney Information John Choon Yoo. The Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. [July 8, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2011年9月30日）.
- ↑ Stout, David. Holder tells Senators Waterboarding is Torture. The New York Times. 15 January 2009 [21 April 2009].
- ↑ "The Interrogation Documents: Debating U.S. Policy and Methods", George Washington University;
- The Torture Memos and Academic Freedom by Christopher Edley, Jr., The Honorable William Horsley Orrick, Jr., Distinguished Chair and Dean of UC Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, April 10, 2008
- Bush Admits To Knowledge of Torture Authorization by Top Advisers by the American Civil Liberties Union
- Yoo Two, by Scott Horton, "No Comment", April 3, 2008
- Glenn Greenwald, "Opinion: John Yoo: Spearhead or scapegoat?", Salon, 12 April 2008
- ↑ Suggested origin of legal justifications
- David Abraham, "The Bush Regime from Elections to Detentions: A Moral Economy of Carl Schmitt and Human Rights", University of Miami Law School, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-20, May 2007
- Christopher L. Kutz, "Torture, Necessity and Existential Politics", University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 870602, December 2005
- Scott Horton, "Deconstructing John Yoo", Harpers, January 23, 2008
- Philip S. Golub, "The will to undemocratic power", Le Monde diplomatique, September 2006
- Gerhard Spörl, "The Leo-conservatives", Der Spiegel, August 4, 2003
- ↑ Mayer, Jane. The Memo: How an Internal Effort to Ban the Abuse and Torture of Detainees was Thwarted. The New Yorker. February 27, 2006 [April 22, 2009].
- ↑ Rosen, Jeffrey. Conscience of a Conservative. The New York Times Magazine. September 9, 2007 [April 23, 2009].
- ↑ Shane, Scott. Justice Dept to Critique Interrogation Methods Backed by Bush Team. The New York Times. February 16, 2009 [April 22, 2009].
- ↑ Shane, Scott. Waterboarding Focus of Inquiry by Justice Dept. The New York Times. February 23, 2009 [April 22, 2009].
- ↑ Johnston, David; Scott Shane. Interrogation Memos: Inquiry Suggests no Charges. The New York Times. May 6, 2009 [May 6, 2009].
- ↑ OPR Final Report (PDF). Committee on the Judiciary. July 29, 2009 [July 4, 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011年7月28日）.
- ↑ Executive order: Interrogation. USA Today. January 22, 2009 [2013-03-28].
- ↑ Warrock, Joby and DeYoung, Karen. Obama Reverses Bush Policies On Detention and Interrogation. Washington Post. January 23, 2009 [2013-03-28].
- ↑ Yoo, John. Opinion: Terrorist Tort Travesty. The Wall Street Journal. January 19, 2008: A13 [2008-02-10].
Last week, I (a former Bush administration official) was sued by José Padilla—a 37-year-old al Qaeda operative convicted last summer of setting up a terrorist cell in Miami. Padilla wants a declaration that his detention by the U.S. government was unconstitutional, $1 in damages, and all of the fees charged by his own attorneys.
- ↑ Schwartz, John. Judge Allows Civil Lawsuit Over Claims of Torture. New York Times. June 13, 2009 [2009-06-14].
- ↑ "'Padilla v. Yoo, argued and submitted June 14, 2010", Legal Eagle, 2 May 2012, accessed 18 January 2013
- ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard. Top Bush aides pushed for Guantánamo torture. London: The Guardian. April 19, 2008 [2008-04-27].
- ↑ Julian Borger, "Spanish judge to hear torture case against six Bush officials", The Observer, 29 March 2009
- ↑ Spain may decide Guantánamo probe this week. Reuters. 2009-03-28 [2009-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-30）.