中國黃花柳
中國黃花柳 |
中文名:中國黃花柳 學 名:Salix sinica 界:植物界 門:被子植物門 Angiospermae 亞 門:雙子葉植物綱 Dicotyledoneae 綱:原始花被亞綱 Archichlamydeae 目:楊柳目 Salicales 科:楊柳科 Salicaceae 屬:柳屬 Salix 組:黃花柳組 Sect. Vetrix 種:中國黃花柳 |
中國黃花柳(zhōng guó huáng huā liǔ,學名 Salix sinica (Hao) C. Wang et C. F. Fang,異名:Salix caprea var. sinica ),俗稱寒柳,灌木或小喬木。當年生幼枝有柔毛,後無毛,小枝紅褐色。在海拔1700米處生長,舉世罕見,更為奇特處在於數九寒天,王莽嶺上霧凇冰掛晶瑩潔白之時,她卻在冰掛雪裹中開出內黃透綠的小花,猶如一樹翡翠,成為稀世奇觀,正所謂「花在冰中綻,冰裹花盛開,欲睹真芳容,請君踏雪來」。 [1]
目錄
中國黃花柳形態特徵
中國黃花柳, 灌木或小喬木。當年生幼枝有柔毛,後無毛,小枝紅褐色。
葉形多變化,一般為橢圓形、橢圓狀披針形、橢圓狀菱形、倒卵狀橢圓形、稀披針形或卵形、寬卵形,長3.5-6厘米,寬1.5-2.5厘米,先端短漸尖或急尖,基部楔形或圓楔形,幼葉有毛,後無毛,上面暗綠色,下面發白色,多全緣,在萌枝或小枝上部的葉較大,並常有皺紋,下面常被絨毛,邊緣有不規整的牙齒;葉柄有毛;托葉半卵形至近腎形。
花先葉開放;雄花序無梗,寬橢圓形至近球形,長2-2.5厘米,粗1.8-2厘米,開花順序,自上往下;雄蕊2,離生,花絲細長,長約6毫米,基部有極疏的柔毛,花葯長圓形,黃色;苞片橢圓狀卵形或微倒卵狀披針形,長約3毫米,深褐色或近黑色,兩面被白色長毛;僅1腺,近方形,腹生;
雌花序短圓柱形,長2.5-3.5厘米,粗7-9毫米,無梗,基部有2具絨毛的鱗片,子房狹圓錐形,長約3.5毫米,柄長1.2毫米,有毛,花柱短,柱頭2裂,苞片橢圓狀披針形,長約2.5毫米,深褐色或黑色,兩面密被白色長毛;僅1腹腺。
蒴果線狀圓錐形,長達6毫米,果柄與苞片幾等長。花期4月下旬,果期5月下旬。 [2]
Salix sinica (Hao) C. Wang et C. F. Fang, comb. nov.——S. caprea L. var. sinica Hao in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 93: 91. t. 34: 67. 1936.——S. caprea auct. non L.: Burkill in Journ. Linn. Soc. 26: 527. 1899; Schneid. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 149. 1916,quoad sp. Hebei, Shanxi; Hao, 1. c. 93: 90. 1936, excl. sp. Amur. Wusuli (Ussuri) ; 陳嶸, 中國樹木分類學, 127. 圖94. 1937; 中國高等植物圖鑑, 1: 368. 圖136. 1972; 秦嶺植物志, 1 (2): 41. 1974.
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets russet, glabrous; juvenile branchlets downy. Stipules semiovate to subreniform; petiole pilose; leaf blade highly variable, usually elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-rhomboid, or obovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate, ovate, or broadly ovate, 3.5-6 × 1.5-2.5 cm, abaxially whitish, often wrinkled, usually tomentose, adaxially dull green, pilose when young, glabrescent, base cuneate, rounded-cuneate, or subrounded, margin entire or dentate, apex shortly acuminate, acute, or obtuse. Flowering precocious. Male catkin broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5 × 1.8-2 cm, sessile; bracts dull brown or nearly black, elliptic-ovate or slightly obovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, villous. Male flower: gland subsquare; stamens 2, distinct; filaments ca. 6 mm, slender, sparsely downy at base; anthers yellow, oblong. Female catkin shortly cylindric, 2.5-3.5 cm × 7-9 mm, sessile, with 2 tomentose scalelike leaflets at base; bracts dull brown or black, elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, long pubescent. Female flower: gland 1; ovary narrowly conical, ca. 3.5 mm, pilose; stipe ca. 1.2 mm; style short; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule linear-conical, ca. 6 mm; stipe ca. as long as bracts. Fl. Apr, fr. May.
中國黃花柳生長環境
生于山坡或林中。 喜光,喜濕,中度喜溫,群居習性:散生。