檢視坦慕尼協會的原始碼

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! <p style="background: #FFB5B5; color: #000000; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''坦慕尼协会''' </p>
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|<center><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BAFr0ULV_NY/VSKuFCphqiI/AAAAAAAAIAo/WeoXdfOrgYE/s1600/800px-Tammany_Hall_17th_Street.jpg" width="280"></center><small>[https://linrichbg.blogspot.com/2015/04/reflection-tammany-hall.html 圖片來自blogspot]
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'''坦慕尼协会'''（'''Tammany Hall'''），也称哥伦比亚团（the Columbian Order），1789年5月12日建立，最初是美国一个全国性的爱国慈善团体， 专门用于维护民主机构，尤其反对[[联邦党]]的上流社会理论；后来则成为[[纽约]]一地的政治机构和[[民主党 (美国)|民主党]]的政治机器。<ref>[https://linrichbg.blogspot.com/2015/04/reflection-tammany-hall.html 坦慕尼协会]，blogspot</ref> 

美国历史上的'''坦慕尼社'''也就成为了坦慕尼协会（因其总部而得名）。19世纪曾卷入过操控选举丑闻，备受争议。

== 历任政治领袖 ==
{| width=98% border=0 cellpadding="5" class="wikitable sortable" style="width:450px;"
!style="width:100px;"|Date
!style="width:350px;"|Name
|-
|1789–1797
|William Mooney
|-
|1797–1804
|[[阿龙·伯尔]]
|-
|1804–1814
|Teunis Wortmann
|-
|1814–1817
|George Buckmaster
|-
|1817–1822
|Jacob Barker
|-
|1822–1827
|Stephen Allen
|-
|1827–1828
|[[:en:Mordecai Manuel Noah|Mordecai M. Noah]]
|-
|1828–1835
|Walter Bowne
|-
|1835–1842
|Isaac Varian
|-
|1842–1848
|[[:en:Robert Morris (mayor)|Robert Morris]]
|-
|1848–1850
|Isaac V. Fowler
|-
|1850–1856
|Fernando Wood
|-
|1857–1858
|Isaac V. Fowler
|-
|1858
|Fernando Wood
|-
|1858–1859
|[[威廉·特威德]] and Isaac V. Fowler
|-
|1859–1867
|[[威廉·特威德]] and Richard B. Connolly
|-
|1867–1871
|[[威廉·特威德]]
|-
|1872
|[[:en:John Kelly (U.S. politician)|John Kelly]] and John Morrissey
|-
|1872–1886
|[[:en:John Kelly (U.S. politician)|John Kelly]]
|-
|1886–1902
|Richard Croker
|-
|1902
|[[:en:Lewis Nixon (naval architect)|Lewis Nixon]]
|-
|1902
|Charles F. Murphy, Daniel F. McMahon, and Louis F. Haffen
|-
|1902–1924
|Charles F. Murphy
|-
|1924–1929
|George W. Olvany
|-
|1929–1934
|John F. Curry
|-
|1934–1937
|James J. Dooling
|-
|1937–1942
|Christopher D. Sullivan
|-
|1942
|Charles H. Hussey
|-
|1942–1944
|Michael J. Kennedy
|-
|1944–1947
|Edward V. Loughlin
|-
|1947–1948
|Frank J. Sampson
|-
|1948–1949
|Hugo E. Rogers
|-
|1949–1961
|Carmine G. DeSapio
|}

== 參考文獻 == 
{{reflist}}
[[Category: 宗教]]