西盟蘑芋

西盟蘑芋

原圖鏈接 來自植物標本館

中文學名:西盟磨芋 拉丁學名:Amorphophallus krausei Engler 界:植物界 門:被子植物門 Angiospermae 綱:單子葉植物綱 Monocotyledoneae 亞 綱:棕櫚亞綱 目:天南星目 Arales 科:天南星科 Araceae 族:磨芋族 Trib. Pythonieae 屬:魔芋屬 分布區域:分布於雲南省

西盟蘑芋(xī méng mó yù，學名 Amorphophallus krausei Engler)，草本，有球形塊莖；葉為叉指狀複葉，於花後抽出，闊大；花序高大，上部的為雄花，下部的為雌花；開時發出一種奇臭；佛焰苞大；肉穗花序內藏或突出頂有大的附屬體；花單性，無花被；雄花有雄蕊1—3—6個；雌花：子房1—4室，胚珠單生；漿果肉質，有種子1—4顆。分布於雲南省。

目錄

植物形態

Amorphophallus sutepensis Gagnepain; A. ximengensis H. Li.

Tuber dirty pale yellowish, brownish, or orangish, yellow inside, globose, sometimes slightly subcylindric, with a deep central depression, 4-8 cm high (or more), 5-25 cm in diam., weighing up to 750 g (?or more), seasonally developing several offsets; offsets rhizomatous, long and thin, 2-27 × 0.4-1 cm, apically slightly thickened or not.

原圖鏈接 來自植物標本館

Leaf solitary; cataphylls 3, to 25 cm, proximally pale pink, distally grading into off-white, covered with pale blackish green, elongate spots; petiole background color pale green, at base often pale pink or with a reddish brown or reddish hue, with many smaller and larger, partly or nearly entirely confluent, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, blackish green or paler green or rarely reddish brown spots and several small, white dots, intensity of color and extension of pattern variable, 20-190 cm, 1-5 cm in diam. at base, glabrous;

原圖鏈接 來自植物標本館

原圖鏈接 來自植物標本館

leaf blade 100-200 cm in diam.; rachises broadly winged; leaflets paler green abaxially, green or grayish green adaxially, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, more rarely elliptic, 11-48 × 2-11 cm, base decurrent, apex acuminate. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle colored as petiole but smaller, 25-100 cm, 0.8-2 cm in diam. at base.

Spathe erect, convolute at base, outside pale green, toward base slightly darker, inside pale yellowish green, base sometimes ± maroon, cymbiform, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 11-40 × 6-26 cm, basal convolute part 4-6 cm, base inside with many small, slightly elongate or irregularly ridge-shaped warts, apex acute-acuminate.

Spadix developing considerable heat at female anthesis and producing a heavy, gaseous, nauseating stench, yellowish white or pale green, nearly as long as spathe, rarely distinctly shorter or slightly longer, 8-35 cm; flowers unisexual, naked; female zone cylindric or slightly obconic, 0.6-5 cm, 0.6-2.3 cm in diam. (including styles), flowers congested;

ovary pale green, occasionally pale magenta-purple near style base, globose or slightly depressed, 1.5-2 mm high, 2-2.5 mm in diam., 1-loculed (rarely ?2-loculed), with 1 basal ovule; style green or magenta-purple, cylindric or conic, 1-2 mm; stigma globose or semiglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam., entire or with a shallow central depression or shallowly 2- or 3-lobed;

lobes pale yellowish white, yellow, or brownish, rounded, scabrous, margin sinuous; sterile zone between female and male zones rarely absent, cylindric, 0.6-2 × 0.8-1.8 cm, staminodes congested; appendix fusiform or fusiform-conic, sometimes slightly laterally compressed, 3-17 × 0.9-5 cm, sometimes with a small stipelike part, glabrous, apex rounded or ± acute, base occasionally stipelike, at base sometimes with a few rounded staminodes or staminodal remnants, separated by small grooves;

staminodes often with a droplet as on connectives at female anthesis, ivory-white or creamy orange, occasionally flushed with pale purple, ovate or diamond-shaped in cross section, semiglobose, 1-4.5 × 1-3.1 mm in cross section; male zone cylindric-fusiform or slightly obconic, sometimes slightly laterally compressed, 3.5-13 × 0.8-3 cm, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of (1-)3 or 4(or 5) stamens, ivory-white;

stamens 2-2.2 mm high; filaments short, 0.75-1 mm, thick, connate, in lowermost flowers greatly enlarged and with reduced thecae, grading into staminodes; anthers with a rounded apex or subtruncate, 1-1.3 mm high, 1-1.75 mm in diam.; pores apical, elongate; connectives often with a clear, slightly sticky droplet at female anthesis.

Infructescence cylindric, ca. 10 cm. Berries 1-seeded (rarely ?2-seeded), bright red, ca. 1 cm. Seeds silvery gray with small, black dots, elliptic-ovoid, 6-9 × 3-5 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Nov-Dec.

分類文獻

Shaded to open, often fire-prone, places in mixed primary evergreen/deciduous forests and deciduous dipterocarp forests, forest margins, bamboo thickets, on granite bedrock, sometimes near streams, lowlands; below 1500 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Laos, N Myanmar, N Thailand].

辨析

This species is used as a food resource by ethnic minorities in China (H. Li, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 6: 212. 1988, under Amorphophallus ximengensis).This species is used as a food resource by ethnic minorities in China (H. Li, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 6: 212. 1988, under Amorphophallus ximengensis).

魔芋屬屬內物種

本章節的物種列表主要整理自於英國邱園植物名稱檢索名錄（World Checklist of Selected Plant Families） 。部分物種名稱前標註的星號（「*」）表示該名稱在中國植物志中有記載，但經過後來的修訂，可能已經降為異名或名稱位置未定；現接受名及出處見括號內文字及參考資料。

Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich.) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus adamsensis L.M.Magtoto, D.G.Mones, K.A.Ballada, C.M.Austria, R.M.Dizon, W.V.Alangui, A.A.Reginaldo, W.M.Galvan, K.T.Dizon & Het Amorphophallus albispathus Hett. Amorphophallus albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.Chen 白蘑芋 Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. ex Schott) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett. Amorphophallus ankarana Hett., Ittenbach & Bogner Amorphophallus annulifer Hett. Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenbach Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch. 　　 Amorphophallus arcuspadix A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt 　　 Amorphophallus asper (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett. Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep. 天心壺（*該物種名稱在中國植物志中寫作「A. bankokensis Gagn.」；Flora of China將此物種修訂為疣柄魔芋A. paeoniifolius的異名） Amorphophallus barbatus A.Galloway & Ongsakul Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus beccarii Engl. Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wild. Amorphophallus bhandarensis S.R.Yadav, Kahalkar & Bhuskute Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & Jaleel Amorphophallus bolikhamxayensis A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett. Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett. Amorphophallus brevipetiolatus A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep. Amorphophallus bubenensis J.T.Yin & Hett. Amorphophallus bufo Ridl. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume 珠芽魔芋 Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E. Br. Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb. Amorphophallus carneus Ridl. Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett. Amorphophallus cirrifer Stapf Amorphophallus claudelii A.Galloway & Ongsakul Amorphophallus coaetaneus S.Y.Liu & S.J.Wei 桂平蘑芋 Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Amorphophallus consimilis Blume Amorphophallus corrugatus N.E.Br. 田陽蘑芋 Amorphophallus costatus Hett. Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogner) Bogner Amorphophallus crispifolius A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus cruddasianus Prain Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett. Amorphophallus dactylifer Hett. Amorphophallus declinatus Hett. Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw. Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher 南蛇棒 Amorphophallus dzui Hett. Amorphophallus eburneus Bogner Amorphophallus echinatus Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f. Amorphophallus elatus Hook.f. Amorphophallus elegans Ridl. Amorphophallus elliottii Hook.f. Amorphophallus erythrororrhachis Hett. Amorphophallus excentricus Hett. Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus ferruginosus A.Galloway Amorphophallus flotoi (S.Y.Hu) ined. Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus fuscus Hett. Amorphophallus galbra F.M.Bailey Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett.

• Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata 大磨芋（現接受名：A. paeoniifolius，疣柄磨芋 [4-5] ）

Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn. Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett. Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm. Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch. Amorphophallus gracilis Engl. Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook.f. Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm Amorphophallus hayi Hett. 紅河蘑芋 Amorphophallus hemicryptus Hett. & J.F.Maxwell Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc. 台灣磨芋 Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw. Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn. Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc. 硬毛磨芋 Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus hottae Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb. Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett. Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br. Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett. Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.Boyce Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett. Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm. 勐海蘑芋 Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.Galloway Amorphophallus kienluongensis V.D.Nguyen, Luu & Hett. Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino 東亞蘑芋 Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch 花蘑芋 Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett. Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep. Amorphophallus krausei Engl. 西盟蘑芋 Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus lacourii Linden & André Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel, Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett. Amorphophallus laoticus Hett. Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & Bamps Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett. Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr. Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib

• Amorphophallus mairei H.Lév. 東川磨芋 （現接受名：Amorphophallus konjac ，花蘑芋）

Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii Bogner Amorphophallus manta Hett. & Ittenbach Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb. Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett. Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. 湄公磨芋

• Amorphophallus mellii Engl. 蛇槍頭 （現接受名：A. dunnii，南蛇棒 ）

Amorphophallus merrillii K.Krause

• Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl. 灰斑磨芋 （現接受名：A. paeoniifolius， 疣柄磨芋）

Amorphophallus mildbraedii K.Krause Amorphophallus minor Ridl. Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus muelleri Blume Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus napiger Gagnep. Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett. Amorphophallus nicolaii Hett. Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivadasan

• Amorphophallus niimurai Yamam. 白毛磨芋 （現接受名：A. henryi，台灣磨芋；種加詞亦拼作「niimurae」 ）

Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw. Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen

• Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f. 香港磨芋 （現接受名：A. muelleri ，彌勒魔芋 /緬甸魔芋 ）

Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus opertus Hett. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. Amorphophallus pendulus Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & Wahlert Amorphophallus pilosus Hett. Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & H.J.Lam Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f. Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.) Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit. Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus putii Gagnep. Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett. Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett. Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb.

• Amorphophallus rivierei Durand ex Carrière 磨芋 （現接受名：A. konjac，花蘑芋 ；種加詞亦拼作「rivieri」 [12-14] ）

Amorphophallus rostratus Hett. Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.L.Lamb Amorphophallus sagittarius Steenis Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett. Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagnep. Amorphophallus saururus Hett. Amorphophallus scaber Serebryanyi & Hett. Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & T.C.Chapm. Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus shyamsalilianus J.V.Gadpay.

• Amorphophallus sinensis Belval 疏毛磨芋 （現接受名：A. kiusianus，東亞蘑芋 ）

Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett. Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivadasan Amorphophallus sparsiflorus Hook.f. Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle Amorphophallus staudtii (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)

• Amorphophallus stipitatus Engl.梗序磨芋 （名稱位置未定 ）

Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr. Amorphophallus subcymbiformis Alderw. Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus suwidjianus Ipor, Tawan & Meekiong Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb. Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett. Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett. Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) Mottet Amorphophallus thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett. Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. in H.G.A.Engler 東京蘑芋 Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus variabilis Blume 野磨芋 Amorphophallus venustus Hett. Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett.

• Amorphophallus virosus N.E.Br. 疣柄磨芋 （現接受名：A. paeoniifolius，疣柄磨芋 ；拉丁文名改變，中文名未變）

Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & Billensteiner Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao 謝君蘑芋 Amorphophallus yuloensis H.Li 攸樂蘑芋 Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. 滇磨芋 Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)

魔芋屬檢索表

魔芋屬 1肉穗花序長圓錐形，伸出佛焰苞外，比佛焰苞遠長或近等長；花序柄伸長。(2)

1肉穗花序粗短，長度短於或等於佛焰苞。(8) 2附屬器多少被毛，柱頭、2淺裂，子房2室。(3)毛磨芋組 2附屬器無毛。(5)磨芋組 3子房花柱缺；附屬器散生長約10毫米的紫色硬毛，長14-16厘米；佛焰苞檐部卵狀長圓形，邊緣波狀，外面淡綠色具白色斑塊。疏毛磨芋 3子房有明顯的花柱（長1-3毫米）。(4) 4附屬器密被紫色硬毛，長32厘米；佛焰苞檐部卵形，綠色。硬毛磨芋 4附屬器疏被白色的毛，長25厘米；佛焰苞檐部寬心形，蒼白色，內面紫色。白毛磨芋 5柱頭全緣，頭狀，花柱短於子房，附屬器長12-31厘米。佛焰苞深紫色。台灣磨芋 5柱頭多少分裂。(6) 6花柱短於子房；佛焰苞外面具斑塊，邊緣玫紅色，內面白色。野磨芋 6花柱長度等於或長於子房。(7) 7花柱長於子房；佛焰苞不具斑塊。東川磨芋 7花柱與子房等長，長約2毫米；佛焰苞淺綠色，具暗綠色斑塊，邊緣內面紫紅色。磨芋 8附屬器短圓錐狀，長寬幾相等；花柱比子房長，柱頭深裂。(9)短柄組 8附屬器多少伸長，長度勝於寬度，圓錐形至卵狀圓錐形。(12)磨芋組 9佛焰苞中部收縮；中部以上斜鐘形，灰綠色，具淡灰色斑塊；附屬器小，圓錐狀，長1.5厘米，基部粗1.2厘米，黃色，葉柄具疣粗糙。灰斑磨芋 9佛焰苞鍾狀擴展，中部不收縮；附屬器肥大，高5厘米以上。(10) 10花序柄及葉柄光滑，玫紅色；佛焰苞綠色，邊緣褐色；附屬器近球形，高5厘米，頂部扁平。天心壺 10花序柄及葉柄具疣或皺紋。(11) 11佛焰苞外面綠色，具紫色條紋和綠白色斑塊；附屬器圓錐形，青紫色，長7-12厘米，基部直徑與長度幾相等；柱頭2裂。疣柄磨芋 11佛焰苞外面淡綠帶紫色，有白色圓形斑塊，中部以上紫色；附屬器圓錐狀扁球形，長6厘米，徑19-20厘米，深紫色；柱頭3裂。大磨芋 12葉柄頂頭無珠芽。(13) 12葉柄頂頭及葉片1次裂片近基部有珠芽；肉穗花序長於佛焰苞。(17) 13子房無花柱，柱頭全緣；肉穗花序無梗，附屬器鈍圓錐狀，長（2.2-）4.5厘米，粗1.2厘米。湄公磨芋 13花柱明顯，肉穗花序多少具梗。(14) 14佛焰苞長度等於或短於肉穗花序；附屬器細長，長圓錐形或長紡錘形，長5.5-8厘米，粗0.7-1.4厘米。蛇槍頭 14佛焰苞長於肉穗花序。(15) 15肉穗花序具長達2厘米的梗；佛焰苞長圓形，長12厘米，寬4-4.5厘米，蒼白色；圓錐狀附屬器長5厘米，粗1.25厘米，蒼白色。梗序磨芋 15肉穗花序梗長在1.3厘米以下，有時近無梗；佛焰苞綠色，紙質或膜質。(16) 16附屬器粗短，近圓柱形或三角狀卵圓形，長3.8-5.0厘米，寬1.6-2.5厘米。滇磨芋 16附屬器長大，長圓錐形或紡錘形，長4.5-14厘米，中下部粗1.5-6厘米，綠色黃白色。南蛇棒 17佛焰苞綠色、綠白色，具桔紅色斑塊；附屬器金黃色，長圓錐形，長9厘米。香港磨芋 17佛焰苞外面粉紅帶綠色，內面下部紅色，上部黃綠色；附屬器綠色，圓錐形，長5-8厘米，粗2-2.5厘米。珠芽磨芋

魔芋屬主要價值

本屬一些植物塊莖可加工成磨芋豆腐（又稱褐腐）供疏食。如磨芋乾片含澱粉42.05%，澱粉的膨脹力可大至80-100倍，粘着力強，可用作漿紗、造紙、瓷器或建築等的膠粘劑。 塊莖入藥能解毒消腫，灸後健胃，消飽脹。治流火、疔瘡、無名腫毒、瘰癧、眼睛蛇咬傷、燙火傷、間日瘧、乳癰、腹中痞塊、疔癀高燒、疝氣等。全株有毒，以塊莖為最，中毒後舌、喉灼熱、癢痛、腫大。民間用醋加薑汁少許，內服或含嗽，可以解救。亦有些具有觀賞價值。