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汶川大地震
,创建页面,内容为“File:汶川大地震1.jpg|缩略图|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?…”
[[File:汶川大地震1.jpg|缩略图|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f 原图链接]汶川大地震]]
{{Infobox earthquake
|标题 = 汶川大地震
|map2 = {{Location map+ | China Sichuan
| places =
{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=31.099|long=103.279|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40|position=top}}
{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=30.66|long=104.06|label=成都 |position=right|mark=Green pog.svg}}
| relief = yes
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption = }}
|map2_caption = 震中位置
|日期 = 2008年5月12日
|发生时间 = 14:28:04([[UTC+8]])
|持续时间 = >2分钟<ref name="MSNBC2008">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/|title=Massive quake kills nearly 10,000 in China|date=2008-05-12 |publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=2008-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516233751/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/|archivedate=2008-05-16 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref>
|地图 = 2008 Sichuan earthquake map no labels.svg
|规模 = [[面波震级|M<sub>s</sub>]] 8.2([[中国地震局|CEA]])<ref name="中国地震局8.2" /><br>[[矩震级|M<sub>w</sub>]] 8.3([[美国地质调查局|USGS]])<ref name="csi7.8a"/>
|深度 = 19千米<ref name="美国地质调查局" />
|震中 = {{coord|31.099|N|103.279|E|display=inline,title}}
|烈度 = [[中国地震烈度表|11(XI)度]](CSIS,CEA)<br>[[麦加利地震烈度|11(XI)度]](MM,USGS)
|影响地区 = {{CHN}}[[四川省]]、[[重庆市]]、[[陝西省]]、[[云南省]]和[[甘肃省]]
|伤亡=死亡:69,227人<br />受伤:374,643人<br />失踪:17,923人<br />{{Small|(截至[[北京时间]]2008年9月25日12时<ref name="people_sept">{{cite web |url = http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-09-25/183514499939s.shtml |title = 四川汶川地震已确认69227人遇难 |publisher = [[新浪网]](转自中国新闻网) |accessdate = 2010-05-20 |date = 2008-09-25 |language = zh-hans |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101201182658/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-09-25/183514499939s.shtml |archivedate = 2010-12-01 }}</ref>)}}
}}
'''汶川大地震''',也称'''2008年四川大地震'''或'''5·12大地震''',发生于[[北京时间]]2008年5月12日(星期一)14时28分04秒<ref name="路透社地震袭击">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csndmc.ac.cn/newweb/data/csn_fast_p002.jsp?startdate=2008-05-12&enddate=2008-05-12&startlati=-90.0&endlati=90.0&startlongi=-180.0&endlongi=180.0&startdepth=0&enddepth=1000&startmag=3.0&endmag=10.0&epicenter=|title=国家台网大震速报目录|author=|date=2008-05-12|work=|website=国家测震台网中心地震数据管理与服务系统(CSNDMC)|accessdate=2017-08-11|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>,[[震央]]位于[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[四川省]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州]][[汶川县]][[映秀镇]]附近、四川[[省会]][[成都市]][[连续罗经读数|西北偏西方向]]79千米处<ref name="美国地质调查局">{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223116/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ |archivedate=2016-03-03 |trans_title=规模7.9级-中国四川东部 |title=Magnitude 7.9 - EASTERN SICHUAN, CHINA |publisher=[[美国地质调查局]] |work=World Earthquakes |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2008-05-22 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。根据[[中国地震局]]的数据,此次地震的[[面波震级]]达8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2">{{Cite web|url=http://data.earthquake.cn/datashare/public/csn_catalog_p002.jsp?page=2&date_min=2007/12/01&date_max=2015/12/31&longitude_min=103&longitude_max=106&latitude_min=30&latitude_max=33&depth_min=0&depth_max=1000&magnitude_min=8.0&magnitude_max=10.0&events_sortedby=descent®ion=no®ion_en=China®ion_cn=中国®ion_mode=region_cn|title=中国地震台网(CSN)地震目录|date=2016-01-01|accessdate=2016-04-16|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=A-Chinese-Wikipedian |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>、[[矩震级]]达8.3级<ref name="csi7.8a"/>,破坏地区超过10万平方公里<ref name="中国地震局8.0" />。地震[[烈度]]可能达到11度<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-14/153415538061.shtml|title=地震专家:汶川地震烈度巨大 可能达11度|accessdate=2008-05-14|publisher=[[新浪]]新闻网|language=zh-hans|date=2008-05-21|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518043037/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-14/153415538061.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-18}}</ref>。本次地震的[[地震波]]围绕地球传播了6圈<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|title=5 月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について ― 地球を何周もした地震波 ―|publisher=気象业务支援センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003747/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>,[[地震]]波及大半个[[中国]]及[[亚洲]]多个国家和地区。北至[[辽宁]],东至[[上海]],南至[[香港]]、[[广东]]、[[澳门]]、[[泰国]]、[[越南]],西至[[巴基斯坦]]均有震感<ref name="chu3" /><ref>{{cite news|title='Hundreds buried' by China quake|trans_title=中国地震中“百人被埋”|date=2008-05-12|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7395496.stm|work=|pages=|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513055818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7395496.stm|archivedate=2008-05-13}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews1">{{cite news | title=China Quake Death Toll Rises To 10,000 | trans_title=中国地震死亡人数超过10,000人 | date=2008-05-12 | publisher=CBS News | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/12/world/main4086648.shtml | accessdate=2008-05-12 | language=en | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516221438/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/12/world/main4086648.shtml | archivedate=2008-05-16 }}</ref>。
[[File:汶川大地震2.jpg|缩略图|左|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=4b90f603738da9770e267665bb51f8198618e377 原图链接]汶川大地震]]
截至2008年9月18日12时,汶川大地震共造成69227人死亡<ref name="people_sept"/>,374643人受伤,17923人失踪。是[[中华人民共和国]]成立以来破坏力最大的地震<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-16|publisher=[[新华网]]|url=http://gz.xinhuanet.com/xwpd/2008-05/16/content_13281282.htm|title=温家宝:汶川地震是建国以来最大地震|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2008-05-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520193434/http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/xwpd/2008-05/16/content_13281282.htm|archivedate=2008-05-20}}</ref>,也是[[唐山大地震]]后伤亡最惨重的一次<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-17|publisher=[[香港商报]]|url=http://www.cnwnc.com/content/2008-05/17/content_2052372.htm|title=汶川地震破坏性波及面超唐山|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053725/http://www.cnwnc.com/content/2008-05/17/content_2052372.htm|archivedate=2008-12-04}}</ref>。地震造成[[四川]]、[[甘肃]]、[[陝西]]等省的灾区直接经济损失共8451亿元[[人民币]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/200902/t20090226_12542.html|title=2008年全国国民经济和社会发展统计公报|date=2009-02-26|publisher=[[中华人民共和国国家统计局]]|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213113103/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/200902/t20090226_12542.html|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>,灾区的卫生、住房、校舍、通讯、交通、治安、地貌、水利、生态、少数民族文化等方面受到严重破坏。地震灾情引起民间强烈迴响,全中国以至全球纷纷捐款援助,累积金额超过500亿元人民币<ref name="people_sept" />。中国军方调动了和平时代以来规模最庞大的队伍进行救灾<ref name="leader2008" />,中国民间的大批志愿者和来自中国各地以及世界各国的专业人道救援队伍也加入救灾。震后[[中华人民共和国国务院|中华人民共和国政府]]采取“一省帮一县”的原则,用三年时间进行地震灾区的重建工作,计划在2010年基本实现目标<ref name="rebuil" />。2012年初,时任四川省省长[[蒋巨峰]]宣布重建完成<ref>{{cite web|author=中国新闻网|title=四川省长:汶川地震灾后重建完成|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/01-10/3593415.shtml|accessdate=2013-11-17|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025347/http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/01-10/3593415.shtml|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref>。
灾后的[[做七|头七]],中华人民共和国政府首次对公众设立了[[全国哀悼日]]<ref name="gwygg" />。
== 地震详情 ==
=== 震级 ===
[[File:May12 2008 Sichuan, China earthquake shake map.jpg|220px|thumb|2008年5月12日,位在中国四川的7.9级汶川大地震的烈度图。]]
根据[[中国地震局]]的数据,此次地震的[[面波震级|面波震级M<sub>s</sub>]]为8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2" />,[[矩震级|矩震级M<sub>w</sub>]]达到了8.3级<ref name="csi7.8a">{{cite web|url=http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527184155/http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |title=汶川地震震源特性分析报告 |author=陈运泰、许力生、张勇、杜海林、冯万鹏、刘超、李春来 |accessdate=2008-05-14 |publisher=中国地震信息网 |language=zh-hans |date=2008-05-12 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,此次地震最大烈度达Ⅺ度,破坏特别严重的地区超过10万平方公里<ref name="中国地震局8.2" />。根据[[美国地质调查局]]的数据,矩震级达到了M<sub>w</sub>7.9<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。根据中国地震局地球物理所的分析报告<ref name="csi7.8a"/>,此次地震的特点是以逆冲为主、兼少量右旋走滑的分量。其中,断层向西北倾斜,走向是229°,标量地震矩为4.4×10<sup>21</sup> N-m<ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = 吴健、吕红山、刘爱文 | title = 汶川地震烈度分布与震源过程相关性的初步研究 | url = http://zzfy.eq-j.cn/zzfyjs/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080304&flag=&journal_id=zzfyjs&year_id=2008 | journal = 震灾防御技术 | volume = 3期 | issue = 3卷 | pages = 224-229 | year = 2008年 | id = 9月 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051638/http://zzfy.eq-j.cn/zzfyjs/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080304&flag=&journal_id=zzfyjs&year_id=2008 | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。中国地震局最初发佈为7.6级<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 北方网 | title = 四川汶川发生7.6级地震 | url = http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264647.shtml | author = 中国国家地震台网 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-12 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110111191041/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264647.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-11 }}</ref>,发布的之后修正为7.8级<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 北方网(转自国家地震台网) | title = 四川汶川地震震级修订为7.8级 | url = http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264750.shtml | author = 国家地震台网 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-12 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110107131131/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264750.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-07 }}</ref>,5月18日确定为M<sub>s</sub> 8.0级<ref name="中国地震局8.0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_history/08_06/30/1214800159546.html|title=汶川地震震级修订为M<sub>s</sub>8.0级|publisher=[[中国地震局]]门户网|date=2008-05-18|accessdate=2014-12-12|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202008/http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_history/08_06/30/1214800159546.html|archivedate=2015-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =中国地震局:修订汶川地震震级属正常| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/19/content_8205879.htm| author =杨维汉| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080526201141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/19/content_8205879.htm| archivedate =2008-05-26}}</ref>,后修正为8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2"/>。而据[[四川电视台]]新闻资讯频道报道,四川省地震局最初发布的数据即为8.0级<ref>{{cite video| title =地震局第一次新闻发布会| url =http://my.ku6.com/watch?v=86XIuHm6apIwFNds#share| accessdate =2012-03-27}}{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。
=== 震中 ===
[[File:汶川大地震3.jpg|缩略图|thumb|left|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=9c16fdfaaf51f3de5f9b2a9d94eef01f3a29791a 原图链接][[美国地质调查局]]所提供的2008年5月亚洲震央分布地图,在这期间总计有122次地震是发生在亚洲大陆上。图中红色正方型中心便是2008年5月12日汶川大地震的震央。]]
根据中国地震网络中心的资料显示,地震发生于2008年5月12日14时28分00秒。初震中位于[[成都]]西北约80公里的[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州]][[汶川县]]境内,[[北纬]]31.01°,[[东经]]103.42°,深度为14公里,其后馀震深度皆为10至33公里左右。受影响地区包括震中50公里范围内的县城和200公里范围内的大中城市<ref name="csi7.8a"/>。而根据[[美国地质调查局]]测定,震中亦同位于汶川县境内,东经103.279°,北纬31.099°,[[震源]]深度为19公里<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。美国地质调查局的摇晃程度调查结果将震源附近的绵阳市的地震烈度定为IX,沿海在内的中国大部分地区的烈度为III<ref name="美国地质调查局"/>。该次地震只有一个震源,规模与1976年[[唐山大地震]]相仿<ref name="bgs_report" />。由于该次地震震源颇浅,属较为罕见的“板块内地震”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =专家解读汶川地震缘何中国许多地方震感强烈| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-05/13/content_8160359.htm| author =邹声文、杨维汉| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916180141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-05/13/content_8160359.htm| archivedate =2008-09-16}}</ref>,引发的震波波及了半个亚洲<ref name="liberty_asia">{{cite news|url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo1.htm|title=板块内地震 半个亚洲跟著晃|author=许敏溶|coauthors=林毅璋,张沛元|publisher=自由时报|language=zh-hant|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025309/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo1.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。这次地震地区的震前过程不明显,与中国以往的地震不同,地震监测机构在震前没有发现异常<ref name="netease_sun">{{cite news|author=中国网|title=中国地震台预报员孙士鋐:汶川地震来得很突然|date=2008-05-14|publisher=网易|url=http://news.163.com/08/0514/14/4BTLIUI7000121G3.html|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|8=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517234630/http://news.163.com/08/0514/14/4BTLIUI7000121G3.html|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。
=== 地质 ===
{{See also|四川盆地|四川地震|叠溪大地震}}
[[File:汶川大地震4.jpg|缩略图|thumb|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=b94f65ec83c0a2862f2e21a4 原图链接]震中所在地的地形情况,可以看到四川省因受到板块挤压而地形十分崎岖。汶川大地震的震央位在龙门山附近,而这附近的山区直接围绕著四川盆地。之所以会有这些山脉,是由于印度板块不断往北对欧亚板块推挤,而形成这些东北─西南向的山地地形。]]
四川盆地由5500万年来自印度次大陆向亚洲大陆推挤的[[造山运动]]而来<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo2.htm|title=逆断层「造震」 造山运动延伸|date=2008-05-13|publisher=自由时报|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2010-05-21|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225043743/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo2.htm|archivedate=2010-12-25}}</ref>,属地震频繁区。地震前,横跨龙门山断裂带中段与北段的地壳形变特征的差异,亦与汶川地震时能量释放的空间分布吻合<ref>{{cite journal | language=zh-hans | author = 杜方、闻学泽、张培震、王庆良 | title = 2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变 | url = | journal = 地球物理学报 | volume = 52 | issue = 11 | pages = 2739-2749 | year = 2009 | id = }}</ref>。而美国地质调查局的报告亦指出:“地震是由[[四川盆地]]西北边缘东北向[[逆断层]]或[[冲断层]]运动所致。震中与震源机制与[[龙门山断层]]或与其构造相关的断层运动结果一致。由于地壳物质缓慢从青藏高原向东移动,遇四川盆地和中国东南部坚硬地壳而汇聚,产生构造压力,导致地震的发生。”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cags.net.cn/2008/20080513-21.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084741/http://www.cags.net.cn/2008/20080513-21.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |title=美国地质调查局报告中国四川地震情况 |language=zh-hans |publisher=中国地质科学院 |author=中国地质科学院国际合作处 |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-13 |deadurl=yes }},原文:"The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake's epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China."</ref>而从洲际的规模上看,这次地震缘于[[印度板块]]以每年5厘米的速度向北朝[[欧亚板块]]的碰撞形成<ref name="美国地质调查局" /><ref name="bgs_report">{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/latest/eastern_sichuan_12052008/eastern_sichuan_12052008.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517102426/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/latest/eastern_sichuan_12052008/eastern_sichuan_12052008.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |title=Eastern Sichuan Earthquake 12 May 2008 |trans_title=2008年5月12日川东地震 |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-14 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外,日本专家分析,地震造成的地下断层在长约120公里、宽约40公里的范围内剧烈运动。断层自东北向西南位移,从深度约11公里处开始移动,约45秒后整个断层进行位移。最严重处断层错位约有3.4米<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |title=日专家推测四川地震能量约为坂神大地震的20倍 |date=2008-05-14 |publisher=搜狐新闻 |url=http://news.sohu.com/20080514/n256848741.shtml |accessdate=2017-02-04 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071506/http://news.sohu.com/20080514/n256848741.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
这次地震是继1976年8月16日下午2时[[四川]][[松潘县|松潘]]、[[平武县|平武]]两县发生7.2级地震以来,近32年发生的四川省内首次规模7级以上地震<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网(转自《天府早报》) | title = 32年首发7级以上地震 四川地震局连开6次发布会 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-13/1247028.shtml | author = 郑其 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080522060515/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-13/1247028.shtml | archivedate = 2008-05-22 }}</ref>。它造成了连接[[青藏高原]]东部山脉和[[四川盆地]]之间大约275公里长的[[断层]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Richard A. Kerr |title=Chinese Quake Likely a Mega-Catastrophe |trans_title=中国的地震很有可能是一场巨大的灾难 |date=2008-05-12 |publisher=ScienceNow |url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/512/1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515055956/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/512/1 |archivedate=2008-05-15 |work=Daily News |accessdate=2008-05-15 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。四川西北部曾经在1933年8月25日发生过[[叠溪大地震|7.5级地震]],造成了9300人死亡<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。
=== 波及面 ===
由于震中位于[[海拔]]较高的地方,而且震源距地面非常近,加上中国中部地区[[岩层]]较为坚硬,[[地震波]]传得很远,因而有明显震感的地区很广<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2008-05-18|language=en|publisher=[[美联社]]|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=91984|title=Earthquake in China struck in 2 stages|author=SHINO YUASA|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223121710/http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=91984|archivedate=2014-02-23}}</ref>。亦有分析指出远距离强震传来较长的[[周期|振动周期]],比较容易与高层建筑物的自振周期接近从而形成[[共振]]。同时,由于建筑物的高度进一步放大了摇动幅度,导致远离震中一千多公里以外地区的高层的人员依然能够明显感受到地震,而地面及低层人员几乎感受不到振动<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|publisher=[[新民晚报]]|title=远方来“震”对上海未有破坏性影响|author=马亚宁|url=http://news.idoican.com.cn/xmwb/html/2008-05/13/content_4922391.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112047/http://news.idoican.com.cn/xmwb/html/2008-05/13/content_4922391.htm|archivedate=2015-04-02}}</ref>。日本[[东京大学]]教授古村孝志称本次地震引起的[[长周期地震动]]是北京、上海等地的高层建筑感受到大幅摇晃的原因。根据[[地球模拟器]]的模拟,长周期地震动的周期约为10至20秒,于地震发生后7至8分钟到达北京、上海等地,其振幅可达20厘米<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cidir.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/kenkyu_report02.html|title=北京や上海でも大きく揺れた四川大地震の长周期地震动|publisher=东京大学 大学院情报学环 総合防灾情报研究センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003546/http://cidir.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/kenkyu_report02.html|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>。
根据[[日本气象厅]]精密地震观测室(现[[气象厅松代地震观测所|松代地震观测所]])的观测,地震发生当日下午,本次地震的地震波绕地球一圈后返回,当日晚上又第二次观测到绕地球一圈后返回的地震波。经过详细解析后,确认本次地震的地震波围绕地球传播了6圈。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/0805/16a/0516shisen.pdf|title=5月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について(第2报)―国内の観测データを用いた解析结果―|publisher=[[日本气象厅]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407062634/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/0805/16a/0516shisen.pdf|archivedate=2016-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|title=5 月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について ― 地球を何周もした地震波 ―|publisher=気象业务支援センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003747/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>
中国大陆除[[吉林]]、[[黑龙江]]、[[新疆]]三省区无震感报告外,其余省区市均有震感<ref name="chu3">{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161113.htm|title=快讯:除三省区无震感报告 其他省区市均有震感|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2010-05-20|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054059/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161113.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。[[香港|港]][[澳门|澳]]地区在地震发生三分钟后感到震动,[[台湾]]在大陆的媒体宣称有感,后台湾气象局表示当时台湾东部发生有感地震所以当地居民感受到的地震不是汶川大地震的震波。
[[越南]][[河内]]、[[泰国]][[曼谷]]、和[[巴基斯坦]]分别在地震后的5、6和10分钟后感到震动<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154341.htm|title=四川汶川发生地震 越南首都河内有震感|author=黄海敏|date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|publisher=新华网|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522102103/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154341.htm|archivedate=2008-05-22}}</ref><ref name="越泰巴基斯坦同感摇晃">{{cite news| language =zh-hant| author =| coauthors =| url =http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=155&Page=3&News=c99b76cac28969ec4c92d7cad80331ecc91fd48eca4377e4a41a15c84a&ChineseName=| title =越泰巴基斯坦同感摇晃| work =| publisher =《明报》| pages =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-20}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="liberty_asia" />。
=== 余震 ===
{{Main|汶川大地震余震列表}}
[[File:汶川大地震5.jpg|缩略图|right|300px|thumb|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/b03533fa828ba61ea9df54cb4634970a304e5924?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=b03533fa828ba61ea9df54cb4634970a304e5924 原图链接]汶川大地震遗址。]]
截止到2010年2月10日12时,据中国地震台网中心测定,汶川地区共发生72046次余震,其中4.0级以上余震311次(4.0~4.9级264次,5.0~5.9级39次,6.0~6.9级8次),最大余震为6.4级<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_06/13/1213320904796.html |title=汶川8.0级地震4级以上余震目录 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |publisher=[[中国地震网]] |language=zh-hans |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032622/http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_06/13/1213320904796.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川防震减灾信息网| title =汶川地区共发生72046次余震| url =http://www.eqsc.gov.cn/manage/html/ff808181126bebda01126bec4dd00001//wc512/index.html| author =| date =| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170603/http://www.eqsc.gov.cn/manage/html/ff808181126bebda01126bec4dd00001//wc512/index.html| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。其中5月16日[[汶川]]就发生强度为5.1级的[[馀震]],当时[[胡锦涛]]正在灾区现场指挥抢险也感受到强烈震感。馀震也引发了[[泥石流]]等灾害险情<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =暴雨余震后都汶路连续出现塌方泥石流| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-08/02/content_8910814.htm| author =肖林| date =2008-08-02| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180029/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-08/02/content_8910814.htm| archivedate =2015-04-02}}</ref>。其中最大的余震发生于5月25日下午16时21分:[[青川]]发生6.4级余震,震中为东经105.23°,北纬32.32°,其位置在[[青川]]的观音店乡一带,广元、西安、成都、重庆等地有强烈震感。共造成8人死亡,927人受伤<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 快讯:青川发生的6.4级余震造成8人死亡927人受伤 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/26/content_8256735.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-26 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024121958/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/26/content_8256735.htm | archivedate = 2008-10-24 }}</ref>。5月27日下午16时零5分,四川[[青川]](震中位置位于北纬32.7°,东经105.6°)再次发生5.4级余震,成都、重庆、陕西等地均有震感。5月27日下午16时37分,陕西省[[宁强县]]发生5.7级余震,造成至少20人受伤<ref>{{cite web | url = http://old.jfdaily.com/gb/jfxww/xlbk/xwwb/node48790/node48792/userobject1ai2055003.html | title = 四川青川、陕西宁强 接连发生5级以上余震 | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新闻晚报 | 5 = | date = 2008-05-28 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121731/http://old.jfdaily.com/gb/jfxww/xlbk/xwwb/node48790/node48792/userobject1ai2055003.html | archivedate = 2015-04-02 }}</ref>。不过随着时间的推移,整个余震活动处于正常衰减,2009年全年4.0级以上余震仅为24次<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川日报 | title = 四川今年“有感余震”24次 并无破坏性地震迹象 | url = http://news.cnwest.com/content/2009-12/25/content_2673180.htm | author = 石莉芳 | date = 2009-12-25 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100315074225/http://news.cnwest.com/content/2009-12/25/content_2673180.htm | archivedate = 2010-03-15 }}</ref>。
=== 成因 ===
{{See also|龙门山断层|西部大开发|紫坪铺水利枢纽}}
地震专家普遍认为引发地震的原因在于龙门山断裂带<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国中央电视台| title =视频:汶川地震成因初探 祸起龙门山断裂带| url =http://news.cctv.com/science/20080523/100111.shtml| author =程冲| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170324/http://news.cctv.com/science/20080523/100111.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>:[[印度板块]]往北推进,向[[欧亚板块]]挤压并不断地向亚洲板块下插入,导致[[青藏高原]]迅速上升,并在高原的边缘形成了地震多发的[[断层]],其中就包括[[龙门山断层]]。如果断裂每年运动数厘米,每隔50米至70米,积聚的应力和能量就能产生一次里氏7级以上的大地震。由于震源较浅,而且震源机制为向东的逆冲运动,加上震区土质松软,地震波向东能传播很长距离<ref name="duanc" />。而正是这次地壳收缩过程造成了这场地震<ref> {{cite journal|title=Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake|journal=Nature|date=2009-03-12|author=Judith Hubbard|coauthors=John H. Shaw|volume=|issue=458|pages=194-197<!--|id= {{doi|10.1038/nature07837}}-->|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07837.html|format=|accessdate=2009-03-13|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317002129/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07837.html|archivedate=2009-03-17}}</ref>。[[汶川]]位于龙门山断裂带上,这一地震带非常活跃,半个世纪以来已发生7级以上的破坏性地震多达10余次,距离汶川不远的[[松潘]]附近地区曾于1938年和1976年发生过7级以上的大地震<ref name="duanc">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =中外专家和机构分析汶川大地震成因| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167645.htm| author =| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090420115201/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167645.htm| archivedate =2009-04-20}}</ref>。
不过也有专家推断中国推动[[西部大开发]]以来,四川修建的大量水库可能诱发地震。四川地矿局区域地质调查队总工程师[[范晓]]称这次地震有可能是[[紫坪铺水利枢纽|紫坪铺水库]]蓄水引发的<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=星岛环球网 |title=地质专家:不排除紫坪铺水库诱发地震 |url=http://www.stnn.cc:82/society_focus/200805/t20080522_783600.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419205916/http://www.stnn.cc:82/society_focus/200805/t20080522_783600.html |archivedate=2009-04-19 |author= |date=2008-05-22 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,范认为这次汶川地震符合典型水库诱发地震的三个指标性条件,分别为高坝大库(坝体高、水库容量大)、水库建于活动的地震断裂带上及后来发生了黎克特制6级以上地震<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=明声报(转自香港明报) |title=省地矿局工程师:水库与川震「密切相关」 西部大兴水电 埋地震隐忧 |url=http://mingshengbao.com/tor/article.php?aid=569050 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516022853/http://mingshengbao.com/tor/article.php?aid=569050 |archivedate=2018-05-16 |author= |date=2018-05-11 |accessdate=2018-05-16 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>;但是长江三峡工程开发总公司枢纽管理部门的人员否认了这种可能<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国评论新闻网| title =社评:汶川地震 三峡水库勿受冤枉| url =http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/5/100652572.html?coluid=93&kindid=2773&docid=100652572&mdate=0522085502| author =丘峦| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142113/http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/5/100652572.html?coluid=93&kindid=2773&docid=100652572&mdate=0522085502| archivedate =2016-03-05}}</ref>。美国的地质学家也认为这种说法有一定的可能性<ref>{{cite news|language=en |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2009/11/06-03.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304104551/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2009/11/06-03.html |archivedate=2010-03-04 |title=More Support for Human Role in Chinese Quake |author=Richard A. Kerr |date=2009-11-06 |publisher=ScienceNOW |accessdate=2010-05-26 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。他们的研究认为紫坪铺水库中水的压力可能削弱附近的北川断层,额外的压力裂开了断层线。水本身也会渗透进断层下数公里,从而加剧断层的断裂,这可能让汶川大地震发生的时间提前了数十到数百年。但是真正的影响可能还需要更长时间的观察才能做出结论<ref>{{cite journal|language=en|author=Ge, S.|coauthors=M. Liu, N. Lu, J. W. Godt, and G. Luo|date=2009-10-28|title=Did the Zipingpu Reservoir trigger the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake?|journal=Geophys. Res. Lett.|volume=36|pages=L20315, 5|doi=10.1029/2009GL040349|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL040349/abstract|accessdate=2010-05-26|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127013209/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL040349/abstract|archivedate=2013-01-27}}</ref>。
=== 征兆与预警 ===
{{Seealso|地震预测}}
在该次严重地震前,民间一直出现各类异象,被视为地震征兆的凭证,但它们与地震的关连性仍有待考证。2008年5月10日,[[四川]][[绵竹市]]西南镇檀木村(距离震中不到100公里)出现了数十万只[[蟾蜍]][[迁徙]]的现象<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/13/CH0805130019.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616091738/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/13/CH0805130019.htm |archivedate=2008-06-16 |title=震前数十万蟾蜍骚动示警 |publisher=[[文汇报 (香港)|文汇报]](香港) |author=唐湛嫣 |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hant |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,当地林业部门解释其为蟾蜍的正常迁徙<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自四川在线-华西都市报)| title =数十万只蟾蜍迁徙引居民担忧| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-10/034013855633s.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-10| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100510184438/http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-10/034013855633s.shtml| archivedate =2010-05-10}}</ref>。蟾蜍的大规模迁徙现象曾在2006年4月于重庆<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tech.tom.com/2006-04-29/04BF/13303089.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235330/http://tech.tom.com/2006-04-29/04BF/13303089.html |archivedate=2008-05-16 |title=集体大迁徙,重庆万只蟾蜍‘压马路’ |publisher=中国新闻网 |date=2006-04-29 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2007年5月于河北唐山<ref>{{cite news|url=http://yzdsb.hebnews.cn/20070524/ca751316.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703144238/http://www.ts800.net/html/tongchengxinxi/20070525/21.html |archivedate=2007-07-03 |title=成千上万只蟾蜍迁徙,队伍绵延约400米 |publisher=燕赵都市报 |date=2007-05-24 |accessdate=2010-05-24 |language=zh-hans |author=徐扬 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2007年9月于山东临沂<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/news/2007-09/20/content_11204223.htm|title=气温骤降赶去沂河越冬,山东上万蟾蜍大搬家|publisher=新华网(转自《齐鲁晚报》)|date=2007-09-20|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704154313/http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/news/2007-09/20/content_11204223.htm|archivedate=2008-07-04}}</ref>、2005年7月于吉林长春<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nen.com.cn/72343471356116992/20050707/1716188.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043750/http://www.nen.com.cn/72343471356116992/20050707/1716188.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-16 |title=长春万只蟾蜍四处逃窜场面壮观 |publisher=东北新闻网(转自东亚经贸新闻) |date=2005-07-07 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |author=孙鹏 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2008年5月于江苏泰州<ref>{{cite news|url=http://it.sohu.com/20080512/n256805713.shtml|title=江苏泰州数万只小蟾蜍排队过马路|publisher=扬子晚报|date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|author=赵里鹏|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516180954/http://it.sohu.com/20080512/n256805713.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>、2007年4月于四川成都<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/zoujinkexue/20070918/106664.shtml|title=蟾蜍进村|publisher=中国中央电视台|work=走近科学|date=2007-09-18|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516111158/http://www.cctv.com/program/zoujinkexue/20070918/106664.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>等中国各地区多次发生并被报道,但其后并未发生地震。中国工程院院士[[周福霖]]称,震前的动物异常反应是科学的,敏感的动物会察觉到地震变化;然而动物除了对地震会有敏感反应外,亦会对其他自然现象产生敏感反应。因此蟾蜍迁徙只能作为可能发生地震的参考,并不能作为震前的可靠预测<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =北京新浪网| title =中国工程院院士周福霖:板块断裂造成汶川地震| url =http://news.sina.com/c/2008-05-15/182715547473.shtml| author =夏杨、孙璇| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100211115419/http://news.sina.com/c/2008-05-15/182715547473.shtml| archivedate =2010-02-11}}</ref>。
纵然科学家普遍认同地震难以预测,但在地震后,外界曾质疑中国为办好奥运而隐瞒地震预警。其中在5月13日国务院记者会上,新加坡《[[联合早报]]》的记者报道说,曾接到四川地震局职工7人的投诉,指几天前已察觉到地震迹象,但局里说为了保证奥运前的安定局面,禁止透露这个信息<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/2008-05/13/content_15193697.htm|title=国新办就四川汶川地震灾害和抗震救灾进展情况召开发布会|publisher=中国网|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516221211/http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/2008-05/13/content_15193697.htm|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>。地震局予以否认,重申地震预测是“世界难题”,地震前并未收到预报<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/201015531372.shtml|title=中国地震台从未收到汶川地震预报卡|publisher=中国新闻网|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=zh-hans|author=孙自法|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517154220/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/201015531372.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。
有关汶川地震前的预报研究亦被重新关-{注}-。2006年,[[陕西师范大学]]科学家发布研究论文,其中利用[[川滇地区]]25次地震的数据,预测2008年川滇地区极有可能发生大于6.7级强烈地震<ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = | title = 《基于可公度方法的川滇地区地震趋势研究》 | url = http://www.iseis.cuhk.edu.hk/img/special/ref1.pdf | journal = 灾难学 | volume = 第21卷 | issue = 第3期 | pages = 81-84 | year = 2006年 | id = 9月 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111548/http://www.iseis.cuhk.edu.hk/img/special/ref1.pdf | archivedate = 2011-05-14 }}</ref>。而在2007年7月17日,中、欧和美三地科学家亦在权威地质专刊《构造》(''{{lang|en|Tectonics}}'')中发表文章,指出北川和彭灌断层具有造成灾害性地震的潜能<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = 美国国家地理杂志 | title = Study Warned of China Quake Risk Nearly a Year Ago | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080516-earthquake-predicted.html | author = Kevin Holden Platt | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091212081552/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080516-earthquake-predicted.html | archivedate = 2009-12-12 }}</ref>。而汶川附近地区从2005年至2007年连续大旱,符合民间所谓「大旱后1至3年半出现6级以上地震」的说法<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =[[明报]]| title =汶川大地震是否不可预测?| url =http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=155&News=84ca73308d203f9f9dc572ba0c18139f05c4f0fa881e1d2382e24738b92e27| author =刘进图| date =2008-06-01| accessdate =2010-05-20}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。有学者认为如果当局掌握地震前的反常现象([[气压]]、[[温度]]、[[降雨]]等),应能准确预测<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=[[文汇报 (香港)|文汇报]] |title=专家:3年大旱 地震先兆 |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/15/CH0805150028.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070854/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/15/CH0805150028.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |author= |date=2008-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
在地震前数天,地震重灾区的阿坝州更盛传将有大地震发生,又指村干部劝村民搬到户外居住,但阿坝州当地政府澄清并无其事,誓言找出谣传来源,大力辟谣<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.takungpao.com/news/08/05/13/ZM-904157.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083437/http://www.takungpao.com/news/08/05/13/ZM-904157.htm |archivedate=2008-05-13 |title=当地曾爆「大地震」流言 |location=香港 |publisher=[[大公报]] |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hant |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。就在地震当天清晨,[[新浪网]]亦发放消息,描述在阿坝州防震减灾局主动解释下,已成功解除村民的恐慌,秩序快速恢复了正常<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hant | publisher = [[新浪网]] | title = 5月3日阿坝州防震减灾局成功平息地震误传事件 | url = http://news.sina.com/ch/phoenixtv/102-101-101-102/2008-05-12/01102888653.html | author = | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100204091059/http://news.sina.com/ch/phoenixtv/102-101-101-102/2008-05-12/01102888653.html | archivedate = 2010-02-04 }}</ref>。四川省政府网页亦发放了澄清消息,但在地震发生后两媒体开始删除有关内容并做出回应,称信息中所涉及之阿坝州马尔康县梭磨乡马塘村确未发生地震<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自四川新闻网)| title =四川省地震局辟谣:无故意隐瞒地震预报不报| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/182315547456.shtml| author =姚朔昂| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040542/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/182315547456.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。地震前半小时,甘肃天水上空亦曾出现彩云<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 腾讯网 | title = 视频:5月12日甘肃天水地震前半小时天空出现彩云 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20080513/004283.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101019064335/http://news.qq.com//a//20080513//004283.htm | archivedate = 2010-10-19 }}</ref>。根据台湾卫星福尔摩沙三号的观测,地震前一到五天,震区上空的[[电离层]]平均密度骤降一半<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =今日传媒| title =四川强震/震前空中电离层变稀薄 福尔摩沙三号重大发现| url =http://www.nownews.com/2008/05/16/91-2275796.htm| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080629043146/http://www.nownews.com/2008/05/16/91-2275796.htm| archivedate =2008-06-29}}</ref>。
自地震发生后,中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理[[温家宝]]18日在[[中国地震局]]要求进一步加强地震监测预报工作<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =温家宝要求进一步加强地震监测预报工作| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/18/content_8200774.htm| author =李斌| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091013104122/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/18/content_8200774.htm| archivedate =2009-10-13}}</ref>。翌日,四川省地震局旋即发放馀震警告:汶川余震活动水平为6至7级左右,5月19日至20日汶川地震区附近余震发生的可能性较大<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[新华网]] | title = 汶川震区附近可能发生6至7级余震 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/20/content_8210103.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-20 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150214210521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/20/content_8210103.htm | archivedate = 2015-02-14 }}</ref>。为避免余震灾害,包括[[成都]]在内的很多城市街头上出现大量市民露宿<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自中国新闻网)| title =四川汶川地震:成都震感强烈全城市民街头避险| url =http://news.163.com/08/0512/16/4BON5L040001124J.html| author =邹辉| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080516201104/http://news.163.com/08/0512/16/4BON5L040001124J.html| archivedate =2008-05-16}}</ref>。
=== 损失与伤亡 ===
{{see also|汶川大地震灾情|公民调查}}
2008年汶川大地震过后,一栋由四川省当地政府于1999年兴建来安置被拆迁居民的都江堰云海汽修厂大楼,在这次大地震中二楼崩塌成一条狭窄的细缝。此时尚有孕妇及老妇人困于其中,也有多人已遭掉落的石块压死。
{| class="collapsible wikitable collapsed" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
! colspan=7| '''<center>汶川地震伤亡人数<ref name="南方日报数据">{{Cite news|url=http://gb.news.sina.com/ch/nanfangdaily/102-000-101-101/2008-05-24/19232925493.html|title=汶川大地震遇难人数逾6万/川高校60多人遇难—请志愿者另择时机去灾区|publisher=[[新浪网]]引自《[[南方日报]]》|date=2008-05-24|accessdate=2008-05-25|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208160202/http://gb.news.sina.com/ch/nanfangdaily/102-000-101-101/2008-05-24/19232925493.html|archivedate=2011-12-08}}</ref><ref name="新浪数据汇集">{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html|date=2008-05-27|accessdate=2008年6月1日15:20[[UTC]]|title=各地伤亡汇总(实时更新)|publisher=[[新浪]]新闻中心|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519003228/http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html|archivedate=2008-05-19}}</ref></center>'''
|- style="background:#000;"
| colspan=4| '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">地区</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">死亡人数</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">受伤人数</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">失踪人数</span></center>'''
|-
|rowspan = "45" | '''[[四川省]]''' ||colspan="2" rowspan="5" | '''[[绵阳市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mianyang.gov.cn/MYGOV/147211412819673088/20080528/295248.html|title=绵阳市抗震救灾情况通报|publisher=[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[绵阳市]]政务网站|date=2008-05-27|accessdate=2008-05-31|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || '''[[北川羌族自治县|北川县]]''' || 8,605 || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[安县]]''' || 1,571 || 13,476 || 不详
|-
| '''[[平武县]]''' || 1,546 || 32,145 || 不详
|-
| '''[[江油市]]''' || 394 || 10,006 || 85
|-
| '''总计:''' || 21,960 || 166,735 || 7,650
|-
|rowspan="16" | '''[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝州]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abazhou.gov.cn/html/2008-5/29/content_200852905923121.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529134959/http://www.abazhou.gov.cn/html/2008-5/29/content_200852905923121.html |archivedate=2008-05-29 |title=截至5月31日18时阿坝州地震灾区遇难人员超过1.9万人 |publisher=[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝州]]人民政府门户网站 |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2008-05-29 |language=zh-hans |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ||rowspan="4" | '''[[汶川县]]''' || '''[[映秀镇]]''' || 不详<br />(生还2,300人<ref name="映秀生还人数">{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/13/content_8161323.htm|title=徒步入汶川映秀镇救援队发回震中首条消息|publisher=[[新华网]]|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-25|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517033326/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/13/content_8161323.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[漩口镇]]''' || 不详(“惨重”) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[卧龙镇 (汶川县)|卧龙镇]]''' || 不详(“惨重”) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''总计:''' || 15,941 || 34,583 || 8,109
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[茂县]]''' || 3,122 || 8,183 || 2,223
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[理县]]''' || 103 || 1,612 || 25
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[金川县]]''' || 39 || 28 || 28
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[松潘县]]''' || 20 || 22 || 14
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[小金县]]''' || 18 || 22 || 30
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[黑水县]]''' || 13 || 77 || 3
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[红原县]]''' || 9 || 2 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[马尔康县]]''' || 8 || 不详 || 1
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[若尔盖县]]''' || 8 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[九寨沟县]]''' || 7 || 34 || 2
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[壤塘县]]''' || 5 || 3 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''总计:''' || 20,159 || 44,640 || 8,573
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="4" | '''[[德阳市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deyang.gov.cn/zt_dy/showinfo.asp?id=495|title=德阳市抗震救灾综合信息(5月31日)|publisher=德阳市人民政府公众信息网|date=2008-05-28|accessdate=2008-05-31|language=zh-hans}}{{Dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> || '''[[绵竹市]]''' || 11,101 || 36,822 || 298
|-
| '''[[什邡市]]''' || 5,924 || 31,990 || 214
|-
| '''[[中江县]]''' || 21 || 420 || 不详
|-
| '''总计:''' || 17,114 || 73,972 || 566
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''[[广元市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cngy.gov.cn/Columns/20071220194235738/20071226234130794/20080514092338254/20080524155421437/20080531175146354.shtml?articleID=45439 |title=市政府举行第十四次抗震救灾新闻发布会 |publisher=[[广元市]]人民政府门户网站 |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=2008-05-31 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317102211/http://www.cngy.gov.cn/Columns/20071220194235738/20071226234130794/20080514092338254/20080524155421437/20080531175146354.shtml?articleID=45439 |archivedate=2009-03-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> || '''[[青川县]]''' || 4,663 || 15,390 || 162
|-
| '''总计:''' || 4,817 || 28,241 || 125
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" | '''[[成都市]]''' || '''[[都江堰市]]''' || 3,069 || 4,388 || 429
|-
| '''[[彭州市]]''' || 952 || 5,770 || 676
|-
| '''总计:''' || 4,276 || 26,413 || 1,271
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[南充市]]''' || 30 || 7,632 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[雅安市]]''' || 28 || 1,351 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[遂宁市]]''' || 27 || 402 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[资阳市]]''' || 20 || 633 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[眉山市]]''' || 10 || 315 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[巴中市]]''' || 10 || 258 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[甘孜藏族自治州|甘孜州]]''' || 9 || 23 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[乐山市]]''' || 8 || 534 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[内江市]]''' || 7 || 225 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[达州市]]''' || 4 || 67 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[凉山彝族自治州|凉山州]]''' || 3 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[自贡市]]''' || 2 || 87 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[广安市]]''' || 1 || 44 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[泸州市]]''' || 1 || 1 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 68,620 || 360,213 || 不详(约20,000)
|-
|rowspan = "2" | '''[[甘肃省]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[陇南市]]''' || 275 || 6,073 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 364 || 7,560 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[陕西省]]''' || 121 || 2,932 || 不详
|-
|rowspan = "5" | '''[[重庆市]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[梁平县]]''' || 6 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[巴南区]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[江津区]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[开县]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 18 || 47 || 58
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[河南省]]''' || 2 || 7 || 不详
|-
|rowspan = "2" | '''[[云南省]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[昭通市]]''' || 1 || 9 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 1 || 51 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[贵州省]]''' || 1 || 15 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[湖北省]]''' || 1 || 14 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[湖南省]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
! colspan="4"| '''总计:'''
| '''69,227'''|| '''374,643''' || '''17,923'''<ref name="people_sept" />
|-
| colspan="7"|【注】本表汇集多个传媒在不同时间报道的数据,总计数目不一定与各地区累计总合相符。
|}
汶川大地震对中国造成了极大的人员伤亡和经济损失。其中,[[四川]]、[[甘肃]]、[[陕西]]三省的极重灾区和重灾区数量分别是39个、8个和4个,共51个灾区县,总面积达到13万多平方公里。
2008年9月4日,中国国务院新闻办公室公布,汶川大地震造成的直接经济损失达8451亿元人民币,四川省占总损失的91.3%,甘肃占总损失的5.8%,陕西占总损失的2.9%。在这些损失中,民房和城市居民住房的损失占总损失的27.4%。包括学校、医院和其他非住宅用房的损失占总损失的20.4%。另外还有基础设施,道路、桥梁和其他城市基础设施的损失,占到总损失的21.9%<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=人民网 |title=汶川地震造成直接经济损失8451亿元人民币 |url=http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126525/7789005.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916174250/http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126525/7789005.html |archivedate=2008-09-16 |author=吕冰 |date=2008-09-04 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外中国民政部报告,截至2008年9月18日,中国汶川大地震已造成69227人遇难,374643人受伤,17824人失踪<ref name="people_sept" />。地震近一年之后,四川省人民政府在2009年5月7日报告,汶川地震在四川共造成68712人遇难,17921人失踪<ref name="died_sichuan">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川省人民政府 | title = “5.12”汶川地震四川学生死亡及失踪人数5300余名 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/bmdt/200905/t20090507_722124.shtml | author = 四川新闻网 | date = 2009-05-07 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155929/http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/bmdt/200905/t20090507_722124.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。
对于地震-{中}-死亡的学生数字,中国著名艺术家[[艾未未]]发起民间“拒绝遗忘”活动,公布非官方统计的汶川地震死难孩子的数字,对政府在处理汶川地震中回避责任的做法直接提出挑战<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 汶川地震两周年艾未未录制遇难学生名单 | url = http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2010/05/100512_china_quake_students.shtml | author = | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-06-06 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170841/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2010/05/100512_china_quake_students.shtml | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref>。艾未未指出地方政府对调查多方阻挠和回避<ref>{{cite news| author=亚微| title=民间拒绝遗忘汶川大地震死难学生| date=2009-05-23| publisher=| url=http://m.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2009-03-23-voa51-61390842/1029876.html| work=VOA| pages=| accessdate=2014-05-12| language=zh-hans| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043814/http://m.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2009-03-23-voa51-61390842/1029876.html| archivedate=2016-03-05}}</ref>,而四川省政府则否认接到类似的投诉<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=[[联合早报]] |title=外国记者在四川被骚扰事件 省府新闻办:没收到这类投诉 |url=http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/scquake/pages/scquake090508a.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218073212/http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/scquake/pages/scquake090508a.shtml |archivedate=2009-12-18 |author= |date=2009-05-08 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。2008年12月5日,[[艾未未]]再次发起了[[公民调查]]志愿者活动,但政府方面仍不配合<ref>{{cite web |url=http://view.news.qq.com/a/20090424/000018.htm |title=艾未未:汶川之后,谁死在第二次? |date=2009-04-24 |accessdate=2009-04-25 |publisher=[[腾讯网]](转自南方网) |language=zh-hans |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226071352/http://view.news.qq.com/a/20090424/000018.htm |archivedate=2010-02-26 }}</ref>。中国官方在2009年5月7日公布了学生死亡人数为5335名,这一数字是根据遇难学生家庭申请国家抚慰金和社会救助金的人数统计的。并且经过调查,认定没有发现因为建筑的质量问题而导致建筑物垮塌的案例。对可能尚未发现的问题,四川省政府也明确表明一旦发现将依法严肃查处<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =四川共计5335名学生在地震中遇难或失踪| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-07/111317764690.shtml| author =孙闻、王爱华| date =2009-05-07| accessdate =2009-05-07| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012913/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-07/111317764690.shtml| archivedate =2009-05-11}}</ref>。
== 震后影响 ==
=== 卫生与污染 ===
[[File:汶川大地震6.jpg|缩略图|right|300px|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/a6aed01bec4cf5c2af5133b7?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=a6aed01bec4cf5c2af5133b7 原图链接]汶川大地震]]
[[四川]][[中国疾病预防控制中心|疾控中心]]救援人员指出灾区的卫生问题恶劣,主要由于乾淨水源的缺乏,以致灾民随处便溺,垃圾亦四处可见。此外,由于伤亡惨重、尸横遍野,为阻绝卫生问题进一步恶化以及避免出现疫病,灾后不少地区需大量火化尸体,工作人员不时在火葬场范围喷洒消毒药水清洁,死者家属到场认尸后亦仅可以进行简单的祭念仪式。单计[[德阳市]]在灾情严重的日子内每天就需火化超过1000具尸体<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=明报 |date=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |title=尸体便溺垃圾处处防爆疫一市日烧1000尸 |url=http://www.mingpaosf.com/htm/News/20080516/SB4.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519170758/http://www.mingpaosf.com/htm/News/20080516/SB4.htm |archivedate=2008-05-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外,火灾、毒气洩漏和水污染都是四川大地震后可能发生的环境问题。虽然政府已经发出通知要求灾区的所有化工企业停产,但国际环保组织[[绿色和平]]发现仍然有部分小型化工厂违反政府指令偷偷开工,造成很大的环境问题<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =绿色和平| title =绿色和平协助清除四川地震灾区的环境隐患| url =http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/news/20080520-sichuan-earthquake| author =| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090101232957/http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/news/20080520-sichuan-earthquake| archivedate =2009-01-01}}</ref>,比如在绵阳市安县发现大量露天堆放的泥磷,严重威胁当地及下游居民的生命安全<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =绿色和平| title =堰塞湖下游化工厂存留泥磷废料| url =http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/press/releases/sichuan-earthquake-20080527| author =绿色和平| date =2008-05-28| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090129113657/http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/press/releases/sichuan-earthquake-20080527| archivedate =2009-01-29}}</ref>。
=== 通讯 ===
地震后,四川、[[甘肃]]和[[陕西]]三省公众通信网络基础设施受到了严重破坏<ref name="Zhang RY">{{cite journal|author1=张若英|title=中国汶川地震:通信应急预案遇大考|journal=世界电信|date=2009|volume=22|issue=9|doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4802.2009.09.020|url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/sjdx200909020|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173335/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/sjdx200909020|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。其中[[中国移动]]四川公司有3个[[交换机]]发生拥塞,2300多个基站因断电、传输中断等原因退出服务。因通讯联络急剧增多,四川当地长途话务量已上升到日常的10倍以上,手机接通率下降到日常平均值的一半左右<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 天府早报(转自新华网) | title = 移动四川公司:2300多个基站受影响 | url = http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094175814.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517105925/http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094175814.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref><ref name="Zhang RY"/>。
而[[中国联通]]方面,[[四川]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝]]地区网络约200个基站瘫痪;成都市通信网络基本正常,但由于网络繁忙,语音是平时的7倍,短信是平时的2倍,造成拥塞,短信通信迟缓<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =天府早报(新华社)| title =汶川联通两网全部中断| url =http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094176416.htm| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517110434/http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094176416.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>。截至2008年5月13日晚19时,四川移动全省范围内已经有1400余个基站抢修成功,但仍有2053个基站中断服务,但全省电话接通率已达90%以上<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 移动通讯保障人员"空投"灾区 仍有2千余基站中断 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163741.htm | author = 海明威 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917112225/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163741.htm | archivedate = 2008-09-17 }}</ref>。此后,中国联通、[[中国网通]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪科技| title =对话张春江:亲历震中映秀镇通信开始恢复| url =http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-17/00522200875.shtml| author =康钊| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043113/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-17/00522200875.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>等公司纷纷派遣抢救队进行抢修并运输海事卫星,灾区与外界的通讯陆续恢复<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪科技| title =联通员工回忆亲历空降映秀:团结就能战胜苦难| url =http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-20/01162204285.shtml| author =康钊| date =2008-05-20| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081118225239/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-20/01162204285.shtml| archivedate =2008-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪科技 | title = 运营商值守员工灾后120小时纪实 | url = http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-22/01592209442.shtml | author = 康钊 | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025809/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-22/01592209442.shtml | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。
=== 交通 ===
航空方面,2008年5月12日,[[成都双流国际机场]]在地震发生后随即关闭<ref name="delayfly">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自人民网)| title =成都双流国际机场关闭 航班陆续备降重庆机场| url =http://news.sohu.com/20080512/n256805625.shtml| author =沉文敏| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170027/http://news.sohu.com/20080512/n256805625.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>,当日所有前往成都的航班被取消<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =民航资源网(转自香港《[[大公报]]》)| title =受汶川地震影响 香港逾十个航班延误或取消| url =http://news.carnoc.com/list/103/103465.html| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090404174600/http://news.carnoc.com/list/103/103465.html| archivedate =2009-04-04}}</ref>,受到影响的航班全部被转往[[重庆江北国际机场]]<ref name="delayfly" />。21时45分,双流机场恢复单向开放。5月13日0时23分,双流机场恢复双向开放<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =因地震临时关闭的成都双流国际机场恢复双向开放| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158495.htm| author =杨三军| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033026/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158495.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>。
铁路方面,[[宝成铁路]]、[[成昆铁路]]及相关支线线路多处塌方<ref name="train">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 腾讯网(转自[[中新社]]) | title = 汶川地震导致15处铁路塌方 200多列车滞留 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20080512/004100.htm | author = 周音 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093143/http://news.qq.com/a/20080512/004100.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国铁道部|铁道部]]表示,受地震影响,有三十一列客车、一百四十九列货车在途滞留<ref name="train" />。其中[[宝成线]][[徽县]]至[[虞关乡|虞关]]段109号隧道山体塌方最为严重,导致21043次货物列车在隧道内脱轨,包括12节油罐车在内的货车起火燃烧<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国广播网| title =铁道部新闻发言人谈汶川地震后铁路情况| url =http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200805/t20080513_504786116.html| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140824210926/http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200805/t20080513_504786116.html| archivedate =2014-08-24}}</ref>。宝成线因此从2008年5月12日起中断行车,经过抢修,直至5月24日得以恢复<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/27/content_8264733.htm|title=宝成铁路在两次较强余震中未受明显影响|date=2008-05-27|author=梁娟|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528084357/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/27/content_8264733.htm|archivedate=2008-05-28}}</ref>。
公路方面,地震及其引发的滑坡、崩塌等次生灾害,致使灾区公路及其基础设施损毁严重、损失巨大。21条建成的高速公路、5条在建的高速公路不同程度受损,5条国道、11条省道受损严重,损毁农村公路24103公里<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=四川省交通运输厅 |title=《四川汶川地震灾后恢复重建规划》简介 |url=http://www.scjt.gov.cn/10000/10001/10023/10024/10019086.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135553/http://www.scjt.gov.cn/10000/10001/10023/10024/10019086.shtml |archivedate=2015-04-02 |author=四川省交通运输厅 |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2010-05-24 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。震后第二日,[[303省道 (四川)|303省道]]、[[210省道 (陕西)|210省道]]、[[310省道 (陕西)|310省道]]、[[316国道]]、[[318国道]]等得以修复,交通系统从东、西、南、北四方全力抢通前往汶川的公路<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =辽宁新闻网(转自新华网)| title =交通系统从东西南北四方全力抢通前往汶川的公路| url =http://news.lnd.com.cn/xwzx/htm/2008-05/13/content_171104.htm| author =林红梅| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120805231340/http://news.lnd.com.cn/xwzx/htm/2008-05/13/content_171104.htm| archivedate =2012-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =浙江在线(转自新华网)| title =冯正霖:交通系统正争分夺秒抢通通往汶川的公路| url =http://china.zjol.com.cn/05china/system/2008/05/14/009515004.shtml| author =林红梅、周英峰| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221181923/http://china.zjol.com.cn/05china/system/2008/05/14/009515004.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>。
=== 地貌与水利 ===
{{See also|唐家山堰塞湖|紫坪铺水库}}
地震造成的塌方对[[岷江]]产生重大影响,可以看见的岷江两岸旁的植被因滑坡现象而大量消失。这些地区所造成的山体滑坡现象,可能是由于5月12日的汶川大地震,或者是一些大大小小的馀震所导致的。根据德伦大学的教授大卫·皮特里指出,一个地区的地形往往会对地震袭击该地的情况产生影响,特别是山地地形会因山顶而导致晃动幅度增大,使得山区自山顶或者附近山脊开始出现滑坡现象。在加上由于中国经历了快速的工业化和城市化,使得这一地区砍伐树林的情况颇为明显,也或多或少加剧了地震对山林地的影响。
这次大地震造成大面积的地貌改变,诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要有崩塌、[[滑坡]]、[[泥石流]]等,在这些进入活跃期的震后次生灾害中,崩塌滑坡的活跃期将持续5-10年,泥石流的活跃期将持续10-20年<ref>{{cite journal|language=zh-hans|author=崔鹏|coauthors=韦方强 陈晓清 何思明|date=2008|title=汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策|journal=中国科学院院刊|issue=4|url=http://www.cas.cn/zt/jzt/wxcbzt/zgkxyyk2008nd4q/kjzz/200807/t20080721_2668404.shtml|accessdate=2010-05-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155743/http://www.cas.cn/zt/jzt/wxcbzt/zgkxyyk2008nd4q/kjzz/200807/t20080721_2668404.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。此外,地震在汶川、北川及青川等区形成了34个[[堰塞湖]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 总参:所有34个堰塞湖都在国家和军队掌握之中 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-06/12/content_8352255.htm | author = | date = 2008-06-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-26 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616083248/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-06/12/content_8352255.htm | archivedate = 2008-06-16 }}</ref>,其中在[[湔江]]形成的[[唐家山堰塞湖]],为堰塞湖中最危险的一座<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国新闻网| title =汶川地震形成的唐家山堰塞湖处于高危状态| url =http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/05-25/1261510.shtml| author =阮煜琳| date =2008-05-25| accessdate =2010-05-26| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080529053031/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/05-25/1261510.shtml| archivedate =2008-05-29}}</ref>。为防止堰塞湖崩塌引发下游出现洪灾,政府各部门共同组建了唐家山堰塞湖抢险指挥部,开挖引水槽排水,降低堰塞湖的水位、水量,以减少对下游的威胁<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =唐家山堰塞湖抢险指挥部召开紧急会议| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/04/content_8312855.htm| author =王圣志、汪延| date =2008-06-04| accessdate =2010-05-28| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230735/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/04/content_8312855.htm| archivedate =2008-07-03}}</ref>;俄罗斯亦派出[[米-26直升机|米-26重型运输直升机]]对困在堰塞湖附近的数百名灾民进行疏散<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐(转自[[新华社]]) | title = 俄罗斯米-26重型运输直升机抵达绵阳 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20080525/n257067505.shtml | author = 张勇 | date = 2008-05-25 | accessdate = 2010-05-25 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170156/http://news.sohu.com/20080525/n257067505.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 凤凰网(转自哈尔滨新闻网) | title = 米-26援救绵阳清平偏僻山区 一次运出百余灾民 | url = http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/detail_2008_05/21/487444_0.shtml | author = 吴庆梅 | date = 2008-05-21 | accessdate = 2010-05-27 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208030722/http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/detail_2008_05/21/487444_0.shtml | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。6月10日至11日,泄洪获得了成功,唐家山堰塞湖黄色警报于6月11日16时获得解除<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =四川唐家山堰塞湖解除黄色警报| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8348676.htm| author =王圣志| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-26| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080614030949/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8348676.htm| archivedate =2008-06-14}}</ref>。
除了形成堰塞湖外,地震还对震区的水库及水利枢纽造成破坏。[[中国水利部]]2008年5月13日发表初步统计称,大地震造成[[四川]]和[[重庆]]等地约391座水库出现险情,其中,大型水库2座,中型水库28座,小型水库321座。这300多座水库中,有129座在重庆境内。地震已造成紫坪铺水库大坝坝体发生裂缝,局部沉陷<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =燕赵晚报| title =【重返灾区】“最昂贵公路”通车| url =http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/331792.php| author =| date =2009-05-05| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170035/http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/331792.php| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>。5月14日中午,一度传出紫坪铺水库非常危险,水利部紧急启动“保坝方案”,当地有关部门已调派两千名官兵火速前往,打通水库排洪通道,降低蓄水水位,确保都江堰安全,缓解水库溃决的危险。紫坪铺水库附近山体滑坡相当严重,已出现大量土石流,这些土石流对紫坪铺水库也造成一定程度的破坏。两千名在当地驻守的官兵,随时监测和抢救险情<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.zaobao.com.sg/special/report/social/scquake/story20080516-66200|title=四川紫坪铺水库现裂缝 局部沉陷|publisher=联合早报|date=2008-05-16|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204174156/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/special/report/social/scquake/story20080516-66200|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。5月16日[[四川]][[岷江]]上游9座水坝,因大地震受到不同程度破坏,[[紫坪铺水库]]已出现裂缝和局部沉陷,邻近山区不断下泄大量土石流,危及水库安全。5月26日,紫坪铺受损泄洪洞闸已修复<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线(转自新华社)| title =紫坪铺受损泄洪洞闸已修复 水库状态安全运行| url =http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20080526/200852675239.htm| author =| date =2008-05-26| accessdate =2010-05-25| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170331/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20080526/200852675239.htm| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>。2008年8月21日紫坪铺水库完成永久修复。四川省政府亦计划用3年时间,投资300亿元,重建并完善防洪减灾基础设施、供水保障基础设施及农村水利基础设施<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = CCTV | title = 四川灾区紫坪铺水库完成永久修复 | url = http://news.cctv.com/china/20080821/101694.shtml | author = 熊德壮 | date = 2008-08-21 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170410/http://news.cctv.com/china/20080821/101694.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国新闻网| title =汶川地震两周年:探访唐家山堰塞湖| url =http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-10/2273091.shtml| author =杨超、曹周林| date =2010-05-10| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100514174432/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-10/2273091.shtml| archivedate =2010-05-14}}</ref>。
=== 生态 ===
汶川大地震产生的山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地陷等地质灾害造成四川、陕西、甘肃境内生态系统大面积损毁、岩土裸露、河流阻断、地貌改观,使灾区的水源涵养功能、土壤保持功能、生物多样性维持功能受到严重损伤。而震区中心所属的岷山和邛崃山系中动植物种类繁多,生物资源十分丰富,其中包括维管束植物4600种以上,苔藓植物400多种;脊椎动物252种,其中兽类58种,鸟类64种,爬行类45种,两栖类54种,鱼类31种<ref>{{cite journal| language =zh-hans| author =包维楷、庞学勇| title =四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点| url =http://www.cibj.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/6ef85010-c78c-487c-b0dd-ac66fdb96236.pdf| journal =《应用与环境生物学报》| volume =14| issue =4| pages =441-444| year =2008| id =| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170732/http://www.cibj.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/6ef85010-c78c-487c-b0dd-ac66fdb96236.pdf| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。它还是[[大熊猫]]、[[金丝猴]]等多种中国国家重点保护野生动植物物种的主要生境<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自《成都日报》) | title = 《“5·12”汶川大地震极重灾区生态破坏评估》初稿出炉 | url = http://news.163.com/10/0522/04/678SFN6000014AED.html | author = 李凌翌 | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-29 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043619/http://news.163.com/10/0522/04/678SFN6000014AED.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。
植被生态方面,汶川地震造成四川省林地损失493万亩,使该省森林覆盖率由30.7%下降为30.2%。其中45个林业重灾县市森林覆盖率由震前44.51%下降为42.64%。<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国中央人民政府| title =四川开展汶川地震灾区江河流域生态修复课题调查| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-10/13/content_1720927.htm| author =九三学社四川委员会| date =2010-01-26| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173425/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-10/13/content_1720927.htm| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。动物方面,至2008年5月13日晚,地震涉及到的[[中国保护大熊猫研究中心]]、[[成都大熊猫繁育研究基地]]、[[陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心]]中国三大[[大熊猫]]饲养繁育基地共144只大熊猫均无伤亡<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163568.htm|title=卧龙自然保护区内饲养繁育的86只大熊猫安然无恙|date=2008-05-13|author=于文静|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019232104/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163568.htm|archivedate=2008-10-19}}</ref>。但[[四川]]、[[陕西]]、[[甘肃]]三省野生大熊猫栖息地受到不同程度影响。至14日11时,武警救援队在汶川县[[卧龙自然保护区]]搜救出40只受困的大熊猫<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.yn.xinhua.org/sms/2008-05/14/content_13258268.htm|title=卧龙自然保护区的40只受困大熊猫获救|date=2008-05-14|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918060842/http://www.yn.xinhua.org/sms/2008-05/14/content_13258268.htm|archivedate=2008-09-18}}</ref>。6月9日,最后1隻名为「毛毛」的大熊猫尸体被寻回<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华社 | title = 四川卧龙失踪大熊猫证实遇难 育有3个子女 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-06/11/content_8344077.htm | author = | date = 2008-06-11 | accessdate = 2017-02-04 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912074458/http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-06/11/content_8344077.htm | archivedate = 2011-09-12 }}</ref>。2010年,四川成都重新发现金丝猴、[[苏门羚]]等珍稀野生动物的身影,同时还采集到野生大熊猫的粪便,灾区的生态环境开始呈现恢复趋势<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《成都日报》)| title =汶川地震后 金丝猴首次现身| url =http://news.163.com/10/0523/03/67BBB29E00014AED.html| author =李凌翌| date =2010-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043827/http://news.163.com/10/0523/03/67BBB29E00014AED.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。在生态环境被严重破坏的同时,政府开始重视在重建中对生态结构的保护<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自[[新华网]])| title =汶川灾后重建启示录:保护生态环境和文化传统| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-05-11/204120250329.shtml| author =车玉明、刘铮、侯大伟、叶建平、苑坚| date =2010-05-11| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208024346/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-05-11/204120250329.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>与农业生产方式的调整<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国经济网(转自[[中国新闻网]])| title =汶川地震两周年:农业重建"生态发酵"助农民增收| url =http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201005/11/t20100511_21382018.shtml| author =鄢银婵| date =2010-05-11| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063723/http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201005/11/t20100511_21382018.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。
=== 金融与工业 ===
有一名女孩在废墟活埋102小时(将近4天又6小时)后成功获救。
由于地震的影响,[[上海证券交易所]]和[[深圳证券交易所]]由于无法与上市的四川、重庆上市公司取得联系,决定对两地的66家上市公司实施停牌<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://finance.people.com.cn/BIG5/7230072.html|title=受地震影响沪深两市66家上市公司今起停牌|date=2008-05-12|publisher=人民网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171100/http://finance.people.com.cn/BIG5/7230072.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。而[[上海证券交易所综合股价指数|沪]]、[[深圳证券交易所成份股价指数|深]]两市均未受太大影响,由于股民的强烈支持,复牌后[[四川|川]]、[[重庆|渝]]板块股票多只涨停<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =大洋网| title =股民拒卖"川股" 川渝板涨停疯狂| url =http://news.dayoo.com/finance/news/2008-05/15/content_3394701.htm| author =| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517172755/http://news.dayoo.com/finance/news/2008-05/15/content_3394701.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>。银行结算方面,外汇交易网络总体正常。5月14日,四川省辖内37个直接参与支付清算系统交易的商业银行中,已有36个可正常登录系统办理业务<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《国际金融报》) | title = 央行:汶川灾区金融运行总体稳定 国家拨款42.8亿 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/16/content_8183966.htm | author = 李卫玲 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170548/http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/16/content_8183966.htm | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref>。而保险业方面,由于投保额和投保率较低,汶川大地震之后,灾区获得来自保险业的赔付仅有18.06亿元;[[保监会]]据此呼吁建立巨灾风险管理制度<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 《财经》 | title = 汶川大地震获保险业赔付仅18亿元 | url = http://www.caijing.com.cn/2008-09-26/110016268.html | author = 李微敖 | date = 2008-09-26 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081029234708/http://www.caijing.com.cn/2008-09-26/110016268.html | archivedate = 2008-10-29 }}</ref>。截止至2010年3月,[[银监会]]引导银行业累计为汶川灾区发放重建贷款4200多亿元<ref name="">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中央政府门户网站 | title = 银行业累计为汶川灾区发放重建贷款4200多亿元 | url = http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-05/10/content_1603040.htm | author = | date = 2010-05-10 | accessdate = 2010-05-29 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160413/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-05/10/content_1603040.htm | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。
工业方面,四川、甘肃、陕西省受灾工业企业达17923家,直接经济损失1048.7亿元,其他经济损失约830亿元。四川省受灾工业企业16280家,直接经济损失997.8亿元;39个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失934亿元,占全省的93.6%;重灾企业2945家,需异地重建企业847家。甘肃省受灾工业企业761家,直接经济损失31亿元,8个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失21.1亿元。陕西省受灾工业企业785家,直接经济损失19.9亿元,4个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失6.7亿元。其中,[[东方汽轮机厂|东方汽轮机]]、[[蓝星机械]]等重点装备制造企业受损严重,直接经济损失超过130亿元。成都、德阳、绵阳、广元的电子信息产业规模四川省的80%左右,全行业直接经济损失约43亿元,[[长虹]]、[[九洲集团]]损失惨重。[[磷]]化工基地中,60%以上的磷矿损毁,近90家磷矿和磷化工企业受损,[[宏达集团]]、[[龙蟒集团]]、[[蓥峰实业]]等3支骨干企业直接损失36亿元。[[四川长钢]]、[[阿坝铝厂]]损失分别达3.5亿元、5亿元。[[陕西有色集团]]、[[略阳钢铁]]受损较大。[[剑南春]]集团固定资产损失8.2亿元,原酒损失9.6亿元。[[阿坝制药厂]]全部毁损,财产损失2.3亿元。此外,[[什邡]]、[[绵竹]]、[[北川]]、汶川、[[平武]]等重灾区工业基础设施基本全部摧毁,四川灾区44个工业园区、42个小企业创业基地和陕西5个县域工业园区基础设施均遭到不同程度损坏<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川省人民政府网(转自中国工业和信息化部网)| title =汶川地震灾区工业恢复重建规划| url =http://www.sc.gov.cn/zt_sczt/zhcjmhxjy/cjgh/200904/t20090424_703905.shtml| author =中国工业和信息化部| date =2008-11-25| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20130411212619/http://www.sc.gov.cn/zt_sczt/zhcjmhxjy/cjgh/200904/t20090424_703905.shtml| archivedate =2013-04-11}}</ref>。
=== 核研究 ===
中国的核物理研究机构[[中国工程物理研究院]]位于此次地震重灾区绵阳市境内。根据总参作战部马健少将介绍,灾区内的核设施是安全的,已经被军队和武警加以严格保护<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自新华网)| title =总参作战部:中国地震灾区核设施是安全的| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-18/164015566137.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208041619/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-18/164015566137.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国环境保护部|环境保护部]]部长周生贤在2008年5月20日表示,汶川大地震埋在废墟里的32枚放射源目前已回收30枚,剩余2枚已探测到具体位置<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20080521/n256984999.shtml|title=四川汶川地震灾害实时播报|date=2008-05-21|publisher=[[搜狐]](转自新华社)|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160059/http://news.sohu.com/20080521/n256984999.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。至6月10日,灾区存在安全隐患的50枚放射源已全部收贮,各核设施均处于安全受控状态<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/t/20080610/03234962095.shtml|title=灾区存安全隐患 50枚放射源已全部收贮完毕|author=王婷|publisher=[[新浪]]|date=2008-06-10|accessdate=2009-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213161551/http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/t/20080610/03234962095.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。
2017年2月 ,[[中国国防科工局]]副局长、[[国家原子能机构]]副主任王毅韧在中央电台节目透露,汶川地震时在四川的一处核设施曾出现类似日本福岛核电事故的险情,形势很危险「当时电断了,冷却水池破裂,堆芯有裸露可能。我们迅速调应急柴油机,採取空运,恢复供电,把水池修好,及时用冷却水,避免事故发生。」根据官方公开资料,在四川省内没有任何核电站,但海外媒体曾-{披}-露,在地震重灾区的北川县及安县,可能存在核武器库和核反应堆。<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.stheadline.com/inews-content.php?cat=e&nid=31820
|title=类似日本福岛险情 京官爆汶川大地震险酿核事故
|date=2017-02-17
|website=stheadline.com
|publisher=星岛头条网
|access-date=2017-02-17
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220004233/http://www.stheadline.com/inews-content.php?cat=e&nid=31820
|archivedate=2017-02-20
|deadurl=yes
}}</ref>
=== 文化与古迹 ===
汶川大地震使四川各地的少数民族文物和文化遗产遭到了不同程度的破坏,其中[[北川]]等地的少数民族聚居区受灾情况严重。文化遗産在地震灾区当地特别密集,仅[[成都]]、[[绵阳]]、[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝]]、[[德阳]]四个地区的39个县、市,就有1处[[世界文化遗产]]([[四川大熊猫栖息地]])、49处[[全国重点文物保护单位]];还有大量藏羌[[碉楼]],已被列入申报世界文化遗産的预备名单。各级文物保护单位共958处,都在地震时遭到一定损害<ref name="culture" />。此外,少数民族文化中[[羌族]]文化在地震中受灾严重<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=南方都市报 |title=汶川萝卜寨:仅存的“释比”维系传承希望 |url=http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2010-05/15/content_11946398.htm |author=刘黎霞 |date=2010-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516184304/http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2010-05/15/content_11946398.htm |archivedate=2010-05-16 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。北川羌族自治县内的[[羌族]]人死亡与失踪人口达19000多人,占总人口的五分之一,97%以上的羌族民居倒塌<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2008-06/17/content_2225466.htm|title=羌族文化震后濒危|publisher=中国青年报|date=2008-06-17|accessdate=2009-05-10|language=zh-hans|author=文静|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208022934/http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2008-06/17/content_2225466.htm|archivedate=2011-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20090322/200932273510.htm|title=破坏严重 汶川等五县倡议抢救羌族文化遗产|publisher=天府早报|date=2009-03-22|accessdate=2009-05-10|language=zh-hans|author=王冬冬|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010614/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20090322/200932273510.htm|archivedate=2014-05-13}}</ref>。而羌族碉楼、村寨等特色文物建筑,以及羌族民族刺绣、羌笛等非物质文化遗产的记录传承,也都遭到一定破坏<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2008/06-20/1287944.shtml|title=“云朵上的民族”重建羌文化 民间艺人坚强上路|publisher=中国新闻网(转自《四川日报》)|date=2008-06-20|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170654/http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2008/06-20/1287944.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。[[汶川县]]雁门乡有四千多年历史的古蹟遗址[[萝卜寨]],在地震中被夷为平地<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中国评论新闻| title =四川强震 四千多年古寨“萝卜寨”消逝| url =http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/8/100652878.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100652878| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055916/http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/8/100652878.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100652878| archivedate =2011-07-14}}</ref><ref name="heritage"/>。
在地震中,四川省文物考古研究院办公大楼受损较严重,部分文物标本受损;[[三星堆]]工作站房屋围墙受损;成都市文物考古研究所整理基地有少量陶器受损;[[古蜀船棺遗址]]附近的一座大楼开裂;[[金沙遗址]]博物馆成为避难场所,文物紧急撤展并移存;重庆市文物考古研究所周转库房围墙垮塌;陕西省考古研究所库房有9件陶器出现裂碎、1件[[三彩器]]跌落受损;甘肃省文物考古研究所礼县考古工地有7件陶器受损<ref name="culture">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[人民网]] | title = 汶川地震威胁954处文物 国家文物局紧急部署保护 | url = http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/87423/7235130.html | author = 文松辉 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090118023958/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/87423/7235130.html | archivedate = 2009-01-18 }}</ref>。其中,[[中国世界遗产]]之一的[[青城山]]和[[都江堰|都江堰水利工程]]位于震中,不过[[李冰]]父子修建、具有两千多年历史的都江堰工程基本无恙<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =泸州市水务局| title =汶川地震 都江堰工程几无恙| url =http://slj.luzhou.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=34| author =| date =2008-06-25| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150318020320/http://slj.luzhou.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=34| archivedate =2015-03-18}}</ref>;但是后人修建、纪念李冰父子的[[二王庙]]则在地震中损毁严重,后被国家文物局列为“灾后重建1号工程”进行重建<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线| title =汶川地震两周年 重大在建项目点击| url =http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/content/2010-05/12/content_741225.htm| author =| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234930/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/content/2010-05/12/content_741225.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qianlong.com/28874/2009/05/07/2502@4978962.htm |title=都江堰二王庙有望2-3年后对游人开放 |publisher=[[千龙网]] |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |author=石磊 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180801/http://news.qianlong.com/28874/2009/05/07/2502%404978962.htm |archivedate=2014-02-21 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外,[[明朝|明]]末所建的[[阆中白塔]]在地震-{中}-拦腰截断,12层的阆中白塔被震垮6层;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155652.htm|title=四川阆中古城明代白塔在地震中拦腰折断|publisher=[[新华网]]|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2010-05-23|language=zh-hans|author=陈勇|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155652.htm|archivedate=2009-01-19}}</ref>其他古迹包括[[彭州]][[领报修院]],[[绵竹]][[剑南春]]「天益老号」酒坊遗址古建筑<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中国国家地理 | title = 汶川地震对文化遗产保护的启示 | url = http://cng.dili360.com/ch/jcjx/2008/07011560.shtml | author = | date = 2008-07-01 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 }}</ref>、[[理县]]桃枰羌寨、江油市[[李白故里]]、[[李白纪念馆]]、[[窦团山]]、[[安县]]文星塔、[[青城山]]普照寺等遭受严重损毁。
=== 治安 ===
地震发生后,四川、甘肃、陕西等地震灾区治安形势总体平稳,[[中国公安部]]指挥中心未接报重大刑事案件、群死群伤的火灾、交通事故<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中央政府门户网站| title =公安部:四川汶川地震灾区社会治安形势总体平稳| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_971084.htm| author =中国公安部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223022137/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_971084.htm| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。不过因为地震损害严重,灾区部分灾民抢掠救援物资及商店<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[人民网]](转自 《健康时报》) | title = 公安特警在北川灾区抓获28名趁火打劫的犯罪嫌疑人 | url = http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/122647/7255355.html | author = 赵安平、刘桥斌 | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208160517/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/122647/7255355.html | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[搜狐]](转自中国西部网)| title =震灾中趁火打劫 无德导游盗走网吧营业款| url =http://travel.sohu.com/20080518/n256931424.shtml| author =李妍| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20121121024146/http://travel.sohu.com/20080518/n256931424.shtml| archivedate =2012-11-21}}</ref>,也有灾民在抢掠过程起争执而打斗,或抢掠物资再出售图利<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =丑陋的国民,卑鄙的行径,救灾物资被抢无人管| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080518/20080518023053_0000.html| author =李向荣| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090607081025/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080518/20080518023053_0000.html| archivedate =2009-06-07}}</ref>;亦有黑心商人伺机抬高物价<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =趁灾抢劫无处不在| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523024305_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061347/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523024305_0000.html| archivedate =2011-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =无良商人抬高物价| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025729_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080601232759/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025729_0000.html| archivedate =2008-06-01}}</ref>。此外,警方侦破一些诈骗案件<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自中国新闻网) | title = 2男子建网站借地震赈灾为名网上诈骗被抓 | url = http://news.163.com/08/0519/04/4C9EU09Q00011229.html | author = 丁梅、赵家新 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043615/http://news.163.com/08/0519/04/4C9EU09Q00011229.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>,包括部分[[黑客]]入侵部分[[中国红十字会]]网站篡改捐款账号<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《现代金报》)| title =黑客入侵红十字会官网篡改募捐帐号| url =http://tech.163.com/08/0517/10/4C4U7KJQ000915BF.html| author =吴双颖| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080724004812/http://tech.163.com/08/0517/10/4C4U7KJQ000915BF.html| archivedate =2008-07-24}}</ref>;或谎称求助,进行短信诈骗<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网(《新闻晨报》) | title = 上海警方抓获8名借赈灾短信诈骗分子 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-16/1251936.shtml | author = 罗剑华 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 }}</ref>。而在灾区,有人口贩子到灾区拐卖婴儿<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=[[联合早报]](转自《新明日报》) |title=灾区贩卖幼婴 6人被捕 |url=http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/05/xmrb080525f.shtml |author= |date=2008-05-25 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527225547/http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/05/xmrb080525f.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-27 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=新浪香港(转自《星岛日报》) |title=江油市拘六拐卖犯救五婴 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/32/1/1/749491/1.html |author= |date=2008-05-25 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527073457/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/32/1/1/749491/1.html |archivedate=2008-05-27 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、有无良商人将劣质的[[黑心棉]]製成棉被并将其卖到灾区医院<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自中国新闻网)| title =质检总局:四川在救灾物资中发现黑心棉制品| url =http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/chn/chnpolitics/chinanews/file/20080529/0100456271.html| author =| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130546/http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/chn/chnpolitics/chinanews/file/20080529/0100456271.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =「黑心棉」卖医院| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530030224_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080920083913/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530030224_0000.html| archivedate =2008-09-20}}</ref>。
2008年5月21日,四川地震重灾区[[德阳市]]发生大规模骚乱,数千愤怒的民众怀疑有人侵吞转卖赈灾物资而进行抗议,最后演变成流血衝突<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=新浪网(转自《明报》) |title=物资疑遭侵吞惹骚乱 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/2/1/1/746567/1.html |author=梁曙光、覃纯健、秦伟、林迎、李绍昌 |date=2008-05-23 |accessdate=2010-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017122853/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/2/1/1/746567/1.html |archivedate=2010-10-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。而灾区亦出现言论冲突,比如优先撤离台湾人引发受困九寨沟九黄机场的其他旅客不满,有旅客拦住登机舱口,双方引发冲突<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中国评论新闻| title =爱心喷发 政治让位| url =http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/8/4/0/100684083.html?coluid=33&kindid=1671&docid=100684083&mdate=0630145023| author =蔡逸儒| date =2008-06-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221903/http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/8/4/0/100684083.html?coluid=33&kindid=1671&docid=100684083&mdate=0630145023| archivedate =2015-09-23}}</ref>。此外,《[[纽约时报]]》等媒体报道有大量孕妇在震后[[流产]],居民怀疑流产是临时居住屋的建材中[[甲醛]]超标所引起,四川当地政府也禁止媒体报道相关事件<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/world/asia/06quake.html|title=Year After China Quake, New Births, Old Wounds|publisher=《纽约时报》|date=2009-05-05|author=EDWARD WONG|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825195535/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/world/asia/06quake.html|archivedate=2012-08-25}}</ref>。而这一事件也导致[[台湾]][[八八水灾]]中[[佳冬乡]]的居民、乡长质疑中国大陆捐助的组合屋的质量问题,一度表示拒收<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://gb.nownews.com:6060/2009/08/19/11490-2493795.htm|title=陆捐汇编屋含过高甲醛?佳冬乡拒收!|publisher=NOWnews(转自东森新闻)|date=2009-08-09|accessdate=2010-05-29}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。
=== 心理 ===
尽管地震发生后的救援行动中出现的譬如“[[可乐男孩]]”、“[[猪坚强]]”等事迹反映了灾区民众的坚强与乐观一面,然而更多的心理问题与自杀案件反映出地震后的负面影响。2008年10月3日,因丧子之痛加上高度工作压力,北川县农办主任[[董玉飞]]在自己寓所内自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =北川官员震后自杀 心理和工作压力是主因| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-10/29/content_10272988.htm| author =新华网| date =2008-10-29| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100615052021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-10/29/content_10272988.htm| archivedate =2010-06-15}}</ref>;2009年4月20日,北川县宣传部副部长[[冯翔]]在寓所自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国广播网(转自齐鲁日报)| title =自杀干部冯翔的多面人生| url =http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200904/t20090422_505310568.html| author =杨珂、张跃伟| date =2009-04-22| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150319052916/http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200904/t20090422_505310568.html| archivedate =2015-03-19}}</ref>。此外,[[都江堰市]]、[[安县]]、[[绵阳市]]、[[平武县]]等接连发生民众自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =世界娱乐报道| title =不止北川冯翔董玉飞 十大汶川地震灾区跳楼自缢事件盘点| url =http://ent.icxo.com/htmlnews/2009/04/21/1353855_1.htm| author =| date =2009-04-21| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091230113058/http://ent.icxo.com/htmlnews/2009/04/21/1353855_1.htm| archivedate =2009-12-30}}</ref>,这些事件引起民间及官方对于灾后心理干预及援助重视及行动<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐网(转自CCTV) | title = 央视反思北川干部自杀 灾区干部心理健康引关注 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20090422/n263539005.shtml | author = | date = 2009-04-22 | accessdate = 2010-06-05 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110919215423/http://news.sohu.com/20090422/n263539005.shtml | archivedate = 2011-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 河北新闻网(转自《南方都市报》) | title = 汶川2.0:看不见的重建是缓慢的 | url = http://ping.hebnews.cn/zhpl/2010/0513/ff808081288ab5b801288d8ccdf610f9.html | author = 吴珊 | date = 2010-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-06-06 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = 伍新春、侯志瑾、臧伟伟、张宇迪、常雪亮 | title = 汶川地震极重灾区中小学校的心理援助现状与需求——以茂县、汶川县和都江堰市为例 | url = http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HNSB200903025.htm | journal = 《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》 | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 110-114 | year = 2009 | id = 6 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305054114/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HNSB200903025.htm | archivedate = 2014-03-05 }}</ref>。
=== 教育与校舍 ===
{{see also|范美忠事件|汶川大地震死难学生调查活动|汶川大地震中倒塌学校列表}}
{{wikisourceshas|四川省人民政府关于我省2008年普通高考的通告|四川省教育厅关于认真做好我省2008年普通高考工作的紧急通知}}
地震造成约21.6万间房屋倒塌,其中包括6898间校舍,当中仍未包括汶川、北川等重灾区<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=《财经》 |title=校舍忧思录 |url=http://www.medialeader.com.cn/focus/200806/20080611113248_18737.html |author=杨彬彬 |date=2008-06-11 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009101351/http://www.medialeader.com.cn/focus/200806/20080611113248_18737.html |archivedate=2008-10-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。地震发生时正值上课时间,其中绝大多数教师都在指挥学生疏散,包括[[谭千秋]]、苟晓超<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪网 | title = 24岁新婚教师救出数名学生后遇难 | url = http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-23/034615599724.shtml | author = | date = 2008-05-23 | accessdate = 2014-10-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016001210/http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-23/034615599724.shtml | archivedate = 2014-10-16 }}</ref>、张米亚<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =腾讯新闻| title =张米亚:摘下我的翅膀,送给你飞翔| url =http://news.qq.com/a/20090331/001226.htm| author =| date =2009-03-31| accessdate =2014-10-09| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20141016092356/http://news.qq.com/a/20090331/001226.htm| archivedate =2014-10-16}}</ref>等教师在保护学生疏散中被埋去世<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 谭千秋:双臂护住4个学生 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/15/content_8177311.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-14 | accessdate = 2014-10-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5tihOIfuh?url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/15/content_8177311.htm | archivedate = 2010-10-24 }}</ref>;而丢下学生率先撤退、且事后发文自称无过的[[范美忠]]则成为民间口诛笔伐的对象<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自长江商报)| title =范美忠如在美国铁定会被学校开除| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2008-06-16/091815752824.shtml| author =方舟子| date =2008-06-16| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111102161956/http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2008-06-16/091815752824.shtml| archivedate =2011-11-02}}</ref>,该事件亦促使[[中华人民共和国教育部|中国教育部]]在新版《中小学教师职业道德规范》中明确写入“保护学生安全”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =新版师德规范首次列入保护学生安全 范美忠质疑| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-09/04/content_9766913.htm| author =广州日报| date =2008-09-04| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091001222234/http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-09/04/content_9766913.htm| archivedate =2009-10-01}}</ref>。不过,在2010年,有关[[谭千秋]]“保护学生”的报道被指有假。<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 联合早报 | title = 汶川地震“烈士教师”谭千秋救人事迹被指造假 | url = http://www.zaobao.com/wencui/2010/10/ifeng101022.shtml | author = 凤凰网 | date = 2010-10-22 | accessdate = 2010-10-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119233919/http://zaobao.com/wencui/2010/10/ifeng101022.shtml | archivedate=2011-01-19 }}</ref>
由于地震正值[[普通高等学校招生全国统一考试|高考]]前夕,四川省政府宣布[[成都]](仅所辖之[[都江堰]]和[[彭州]])、[[德阳]]、[[绵阳]]、[[广元]]、[[雅安]]、[[阿坝州]]等六个重灾区下的40个县市延期举行2008年高考<ref name="hiedu">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 四川重灾区40个县延期高考 具体县(市.区)名单 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/19/content_8203421.htm | author = 杨维汉 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014073812/http://epaper.bjnews.com.cn/html/2008-06/08/content_217657.htm |archivedate=2014-10-14}}</ref>;并免收大学孤残学生学费及提供生活费,并让学生免费就读中等职业学校<ref name="hiedu" />。因为地震灾害严重,包括汶川等地的考生最终到成都等地异地参加高考<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =环球网(转自《四川日报》)| title =汶川学生微笑着迎接高考| url =http://china.huanqiu.com/photo/2009-06/480170.html| author =张守帅| date =| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090808101714/http://china.huanqiu.com/photo/2009-06/480170.html| archivedate =2009-08-08}}</ref>;而2008年高考中全国有六地的语文试卷作文题目与汶川大地震相关<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新京报| title =六地高考作文考汶川地震| url =http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/116076/7353868.html| author =王佳琳、杜丁、林文龙、吴鹏| date =2008-06-08| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120510051803/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/116076/7353868.html| archivedate =2012-05-10}}</ref>。
此外,有关学校质量问题受到舆论强烈关注。其中香港学者在考察[[绵竹市]]五福镇富新小学及[[都江堰]]聚源中学后指出校舍结构松散,抗震能力极差<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港《星岛日报》 |title=豆腐渣校舍 钢筋英泥不足 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/238/1/1/751210/1.html |author= |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118033517/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/238/1/1/751210/1.html |archivedate=2009-01-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>;[[中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部|住建部]]亦承认不排除有偷工减料<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =搜狐(转自《每日经济希新闻》)| title =建设部:倒塌校舍不排除“豆腐渣”可能| url =http://business.sohu.com/20080519/n256939587.shtml| author =江旋、刘瑞婷| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208154635/http://business.sohu.com/20080519/n256939587.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,而日本地震学者亦认为中国建筑抗震标准偏低、中国一般建筑物的支柱较细、混凝土质量较差、钢筋数量较少、建筑技术过旧<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hans|publisher=日本[[共同社]]|title=日本专家指出中国建筑抗震标准过低|url=http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese&storyid=57569|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2008-05-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418203619/http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese|archivedate=2010-04-18}}</ref>。5月26日,教育部发言人分析校舍倒塌原因,是非常复杂的,有各种原因。<ref>[http://news.sohu.com/20080526/n257089704.shtml 教育部发言人分析学校校舍倒塌原因]</ref>5月28日, 四川省教育厅将倒塌原因归纳为以下几点:1,地震首先是超过了预计强度,学校校舍抗震难以抵御如此强烈的地震。2,灾情发生在上课期间,集体伤亡人数比较多。3,学生上课时集中在教室,楼面负荷大,疏散时又集中在楼梯间,比较薄弱的,所以造成了一定的损害。4,校舍建筑时间比较长,校舍陈旧落后。5,建筑在抗震方面本身就存在着设计方面的先天性缺陷。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2008-05/28/content_7857261.htm |title=四川省教育厅做出评估 归纳校舍倒塌五点原因 |access-date=2019-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072103/http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2008-05/28/content_7857261.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>因为教育厅非专业建筑机构,此结论引起质疑。清华大学、西南交通大学、北京交通大学震害调查组撰写的《汶川地震建筑震害分析》论文报告,指出地震校舍损毁严重不是地震设防目标和手段的问题,问题在于设防目标和手段在具体地区的应用,受国情国力限制,很多地区的设防烈度实际上偏低0.5度-1度,应该+1.5度甚至2度。倒塌原因是多方面的一是由于教室开间大墙少抗震能力比较差,二是和建设年代有关。此外,工程质量也被认为是影响因素之一。<ref>[http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/05-25/1705427.shtml 清华大学震害调查组披露震区校舍损毁严重原因]</ref>
随后中国政府在重建中提出“8-{}-级抗震、9度设防”的新标准,要求新建筑抗震级为8级、烈度为9度的地震,但仍有大量按新标准修建的学校建筑在之后的[[2013年芦山地震]]中倒塌,引发建筑质量的质疑。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0423/c1007-21241131.html|title=“8级抗震、9度设防”为何抵不住7级地震|publisher=人民网|date=2013-04-03|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424074213/http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0423/c1007-21241131.html|archivedate=2013-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://xiaoxue.eol.cn/zx/sichuan/xiaoxue/201505/t20150511_1257556_3.shtml|publisher=中国教育在线|title=5.12汶川地震7周年:孩子防震科普目前难靠谱|date=2015-05-11|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170543/http://xiaoxue.eol.cn/zx/sichuan/xiaoxue/201505/t20150511_1257556_3.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>2008年5月25日,[[绵竹市]]因地震失去子女的五福镇富新二小学生家长游行抗议学校[[豆腐渣工程]]<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=南方都市网(转自《南方都市报》) |title=学校“豆腐渣”?一月内查明 |url=http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/26/content_476508.htm |author=涂峰 |date=2008-05-26 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065913/http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/26/content_476508.htm |archivedate=2008-12-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2008-05-26/1211810210d1048587.html|title=痛失子女数百家长游行 绵竹书记当街下跪|publisher=星岛日报|date=2008-05-26|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171039/http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2008-05-26/1211810210d1048587.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。同年6月3日,上百名都江堰死难学生的家长到当地法院外示威控诉校舍质量问题并要求法院接受诉讼,但受警方阻挠并架走。公安称法院不会受理有关诉讼,并扣留两名日本共同社记者一小时和阻止美联社记者採访<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7430000/newsid_7434000/7434022.stm|title=四川学生家长法院申诉受阻|publisher=BBC中文网|date=2008-06-03|accessdate=2010-05-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227165236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7430000/newsid_7434000/7434022.stm|archivedate=2008-12-27}}</ref>。
=== 维权与诉讼 ===
汶川地震后,中国公民张晓辉起诉地震局发布虚假信息、隐瞒地震预测,而因非具体行政行为为由被拒绝受理<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/china/CHINA-EARTH-QUAKE-20091126-74763557.html |title=中国公民起诉地震局发布虚假信息被拒 |work=美国之音 |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2010-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130165405/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/china/CHINA-EARTH-QUAKE-20091126-74763557.html |archivedate=2009-11-30 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外,异见人士[[黄琦]]由于帮助四川大地震死难者家长调查<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hant | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 黄琦案成都审结法院择日宣判 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_8180000/newsid_8184700/8184725.stm | author = | date = 2009-08-05 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090808213431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_8180000/newsid_8184700/8184725.stm | archivedate = 2009-08-08 }}</ref>,于2009年11月23日被法院以“[[非法持有国家机密文件罪]]”宣判,判处有期徒刑三年<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =联合早报| title =调查川震豆腐渣工程 黄琦被判监三年| url =http://chinese.irib.ir/news/reports/item/14164-%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B7%9D%E9%9C%87%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B-%E9%BB%84%E7%90%A6%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4| author =| date =2009-11-24| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140513021247/http://chinese.irib.ir/news/reports/item/14164-%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B7%9D%E9%9C%87%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B-%E9%BB%84%E7%90%A6%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4| archivedate =2014-05-13}}</ref>。而[[南京师范大学]]副教授[[郭泉]]撰文批评四川灾区学校「豆腐渣工程」﹐亦被控「[[颠覆国家政权罪]]」<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=VOA |title=郭泉教授颠覆国家政权? |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/GUOQUAN-CHINA_20091017-64664147.html |author=申华 |date=2009-10-17 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402094734/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/GUOQUAN-CHINA_20091017-64664147.html |archivedate=2010-04-02 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,被判处有期徒刑十年<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = RFA自由亚洲电台 | title = 郭泉被以颠覆国家政权罪刑事拘留 | url = http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/guoquan-11132008094552.html | author = 严修 | date = 2008-11-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624014019/http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/guoquan-11132008094552.html | archivedate = 2009-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =苹果日报| title =揭四川豆腐渣工程被控郭泉否认颠覆国家| url =http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20090808/13075529| author =| date =2009-12-17| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214902/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20090808/13075529| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref>。另外,四川作家[[谭作人]](属于争议人物,后因牵扯天安门六四事件而被判入狱,于2014年刑满释放)亦在汶川地震后致力于调查灾区学校豆腐渣工程,并搜集川震遇难学生名单。之后谭被控以「[[煽动颠覆国家政权罪]]」,并于2010年2月9日,被法院判处有期徒刑5年,剥夺政治权利3年<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =德国之声| title =四川维权人士谭作人被判5年监禁| url =http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5230982,00.html| author =洪沙| date =2010-02-10| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100616115124/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5230982,00.html| archivedate =2010-06-16}}</ref>。
此外,原定于2010年3月1日在成都举行的民间问责中国地震局研讨会,其会场被警方毁坏<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/dizhen-03012010095407.html|title=地震问责研讨会被公安禁 主办者被软禁器材被查抄|work=自由亚洲电台|date=2010-03-01|accessdate=2010-03-02|author=乔龙|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519033230/http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/dizhen-03012010095407.html|archivedate=2010-05-19}}</ref>。
== 救援 ==
{{Main|汶川大地震各方反应}}
由于地震发生突然、加之通往震中等地的交通堵塞,当地政府及民众首先采取一定的抗震自救行动<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =《四川新闻网》| title =汶川县漩口中学抗震自救纪实| url =http://local.newssc.org/system/20080605/000004898.htm| author =| date =2008-06-05| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224835/http://local.newssc.org/system/20080605/000004898.htm| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自巴中网)| title =四川地震组图:都江堰灾区群众抗灾自救| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2008-05-15/145215546255.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2014-05-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215122/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2008-05-15/145215546255.shtml| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref>。地震后,中国发动自和平时代以来最庞大的救援行动,派出逾十万军人、调动全国各地的救援队伍,亦协调来自全球各地的救援队伍。截至2008年9月25日12时,抢险救灾人员已累计解救和转移1486407人;因地震受伤住院治疗累计96544人,已出院93597人,仍有272人住院,其中四川转外省市伤员仍住院106人,共救治伤病员4305820人次。外地向灾区调运的救灾帐篷共计157.97万顶、被子486.69万床、衣物1410.13万件、燃油414.6万吨、煤炭885.8万吨<ref name="people_sept" />。
=== 政府 ===
{{Wikiquote|温家宝#关于汶川大地震|温家宝关于汶川大地震的讲话}}
在整个救灾工作,[[中华人民共和国政府|中国中央政府]]一直扮演主导角色,多位最高层领导先后到达灾区指挥,公安、交通、电讯、地震、民政各部均被调度管理救灾工作。当地震发生1小时27分钟后,[[中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会|中共中央政治局常委]]、[[中华人民共和国国务院总理|国务院总理]][[温家宝]]赶赴灾区,晚上抵达都江堰到指挥中心指挥救援工作<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =温家宝总理抵都江堰:步行也要儘快进入受灾最严重地区| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154687.htm| author =李斌| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043046/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154687.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>,并接连下达救灾命令<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 温家宝要求今晚12时前打通通往震中灾区的道路 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8157163.htm | author = 李斌 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050744/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8157163.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref>。2008年5月16日,[[中国共产党中央委员会总书记|中共中央总书记]]、[[中华人民共和国主席|国家主席]]、[[中国共产党中央军事委员会主席|中央军委主席]][[胡锦涛]]亦飞抵四川视察<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =胡锦涛在飞机上研究灾情和抗震救灾工作| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/16/content_8184918.htm| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080519213221/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/16/content_8184918.htm| archivedate =2008-05-19}}</ref>。
{{wikisourceshas|汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例|救灾捐赠管理办法|国务院办公厅关于加强汶川地震抗震救灾捐赠款物管理使用的通知|抗震救灾款物管理使用违法违纪行为处分规定}}
全国各地消防救援人员和武警由[[中华人民共和国公安部|公安部]]协调,各派遣人员奔赴灾区投入救灾工作<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155350.htm|title=公安部紧急从各地调集消防救援人员和特警各1000人投入救灾|date=2008-05-13|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517085429/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155350.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。单在14日凌晨,北京、上海、山东等20个公安消防总队已派出11000多人参与救援<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8168425.htm|accessdate=2010-05-22|title=1.1万多名消防专业救援人员在四川灾区抢险施救|date=2008-05-14|author=张景勇|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520020718/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8168425.htm|archivedate=2008-05-20}}</ref>。22日,已有5.2万民警在四川、甘肃、陕西等地一线参与抢险救灾<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 公安部:约有5.2万民警在一线参与抢险救灾 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8229655.htm | author = 吴晶 | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213753/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8229655.htm | archivedate = 2014-02-21 }}</ref>。同时[[中华人民共和国卫生部|卫生部]]组织24个省区约2000人的医疗防疫队伍<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161009.htm|title=卫生部第二批应急医疗队整装待发|date=2008-05-13|author=周婷玉、周玮|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517170851/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161009.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国工业和信息化部|工业和信息化部]]指挥运营商调拨卫星电话紧急恢复通讯。[[中华人民共和国交通运输部|交通运输部]]负责协调抢修公路。[[中华人民共和国铁道部|铁道部]]下令全国铁路迅入应急状态,确保铁路运输安全畅通<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/003715524305.shtml|title=中央和国家十余部门紧急开展抗震救灾|date=2008-05-13|publisher=[[新浪网]](转自[[新华网]])|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518105018/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/003715524305.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-18}}</ref>。至于海外救灾协调,则由[[中华人民共和国外交部|外交部]]处理<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =外交部紧急启动应对四川地震灾情涉外工作应急机制| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155272.htm| author =[[中华人民共和国外交部]]| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081022112435/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155272.htm| archivedate =2008-10-22}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国水利部|水利部]]则肩负供水、防洪等设施安全<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国政府网| title =水利部作出五项部署 迅速开展抗震救灾防灾工作| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_969235.htm| author =中华人民共和国水利部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223013334/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_969235.htm| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国环境保护部|环保部]]启动核与辐射及水污染防治应急预案<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中华人民共和国环境保护部 | title = 环境保护部启动核与辐射及水污染防治应急预案 21人环境专家组已赶赴地震灾区指导抗灾救灾 | url = http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/200910/t20091023_180144.htm | author = 中华人民共和国环境保护部 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064931/http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/200910/t20091023_180144.htm | archivedate = 2010-07-01 }}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国科技部|科技部]]下属[[国家遥感中心]]则要向减灾委提供[[人造卫星|卫星]]监测资料,并派出[[遥感]]飞机赴灾区勘查<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国科技部| title =科技部下属国家遥感中心紧急启动应急机制应对地震灾害| url =http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/200805/t20080513_61254.htm| author =中华人民共和国科技部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090419163818/http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/200805/t20080513_61254.htm| archivedate =2009-04-19}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国农业部|农业部]]集中力量指导开展农业抗震救灾,并强调早着手准备灾后重建<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161777.htm|title=农业部要求全力做好农业抗震救灾工作|date=2008-05-13|author=董峻|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118161813/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161777.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国商务部|商务部]]则负责监察灾区市场情况,保障生活必需品及救灾物资供应<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中华人民共和国商务部 | title = 商务部启动抗震救灾应急方案 组织落实应急救灾物资货源 | url = http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ae/ai/200805/20080505528645.html | author = 中华人民共和国商务部 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref>。[[中国人民银行]]要求全力维护支付系统、国库系统的正常运行,并要求各级分支机构对救灾款项随到随办<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158060.htm|title=中国人民银行部署紧急措施应对汶川地震灾害|date=2008-05-13|author=王宇、姚均芳|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118223338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158060.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。
对于政府的救援,媒体和民间多持肯定态度。[[联合国秘书长]][[潘基文]]高度赞扬中国政府的救援工作,称其“迅速”、“有效”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =联合国秘书长高度赞扬中国政府抗震救灾工作| url =http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/05/17/1865@2063024.htm| author =| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171634/http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/05/17/1865@2063024.htm| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = CCTV | title = 国际社会高度赞扬中国政府抗震救灾工作 | url = http://news.cctv.com/xwlb/20080517/105769.shtml | author = 王超 | date = 2008-05-17 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160206/http://news.cctv.com/xwlb/20080517/105769.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。[[欧洲议会]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国经济网| title =欧洲议会赞赏中国政府的救灾行动并将继续提供援助| url =http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200805/23/t20080523_15590164.shtml| author =孙健| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155933/http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200805/23/t20080523_15590164.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>、[[非洲联盟]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =非盟对中国地震救援行动表示赞赏| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8183230.htm| author =熊思浩| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080923162115/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8183230.htm| archivedate =2008-09-23}}</ref>、亚洲开发银行行长黑田东彦<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =亚行行长说愿随时为中国灾后重建提供援助| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8223987.htm| author =许林贵| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150214210544/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8223987.htm| archivedate =2015-02-14}}</ref>、英国首相[[戈登·布朗]]等也赞扬了中国的救援努力<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 美英领导人去中国使馆吊唁 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7410000/newsid_7411300/7411345.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-20 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090104062533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7410000/newsid_7411300/7411345.stm | archivedate = 2009-01-04 }}</ref>。[[红十字会与红新月会国际联合会]]驻北京的工作人员[[弗朗西斯·马库斯]]({{lang|en|Francis Marcus}})称赞“中国政府反应迅速有效”,但又说因为灾难规模巨大,“中国政府没办法处理到每个细节。”<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = [[英国广播公司]] | title = Search for China quake survivors | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7397489.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515094215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7397489.stm | archivedate = 2008-05-15 }}</ref>
此外,包括[[中央社]]<ref name="praise1">{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=台湾中央社 |title=四川地震似乎改变民众对中共当局惯常看法 |url=http://society.dwnews.com/news/2008-05-15/4017196.html |author=张谦 |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208042214/http://society.dwnews.com/news/2008-05-15/4017196.html |archivedate=2011-12-08 }}</ref>、[[BBC]]<ref name="praise2">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC(中文) | title = 观察:中国缅甸对救灾态度天壤之别 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7401500/7401531.stm | author = 肯德尔 | date = 2008-05-14 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090103153215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7401500/7401531.stm | archivedate = 2009-01-03 }}</ref>、[[路透社]]<ref name="praise4">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[路透社]] | title = 分析:中国政府震后反应无与伦比 但未来面临巨大挑战 | url = http://cn.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idCNChina-1248420080522?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 | author = John Ruwitch | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222214026/http://cn.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idCNChina-1248420080522?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>等很多境外、国际媒体对中华人民共和国政府此次的救灾行动表示肯定<ref name="praise3">{{cite web | language = en | publisher = Telegraph | title = China shows a human face with earthquake rescue mission | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/05/16/do1603.xml | author = | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619040552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2008%2F05%2F16%2Fdo1603.xml | archivedate = 2008-06-19 }}</ref>。《[[经济学人]]》、[[BBC]]、[[联合早报]]等媒体也将中国政府对汶川地震的表现与缅甸政府对[[纳尔吉斯飓风]]的缓慢反应的悬殊差别做了对比<ref name="praise5">{{cite book|title=《5.12汶川大地震: 抗震救灾十日志, 2008.5.12-5.21》|year=2008|publisher=团结出版社|pages=201-204页}}</ref>,并称赞中国政府行动的果断和开放性<ref name="praise2" /><ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = 《[[经济学人]]》 | title = China's earthquake | url = http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11376935 | author = | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514122850/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11376935 | archivedate = 2009-05-14 }}</ref>。[[香港中文大学]]香港亚太研究所通过电话访问香港市民,其中有85.1%满意中国政府的表现,有88.7%满意解放军在救灾上的表现<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中大香港亚太研究所社会与政治发展研究中心| title =中大香港亚太研究所 市民对四川大地震灾难态度意见调查结果摘要| url =http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/080522.htm| author =中大香港亚太研究所社会与政治发展研究中心| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081122022800/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/080522.htm| archivedate =2008-11-22}}</ref>。
不过,境外媒体注意到,中国政府在这次救援活动中的表现也有受到批评的地方。有境外媒体报道部分灾民对救援活动不满,比如救灾中存在消极救援<ref name="hksun515">{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =原往都江堰 变酒店直播 央视记者涉采访造假| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080515/20080515030242_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080922131638/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080515/20080515030242_0000.html| archivedate =2008-09-22}}</ref>、当地政府谎报灾情延误救援<ref name="corr">{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =美国之音| title =四川贪官滥用地震救济金中饱私囊| url =http://www.muzi.net/news/ll/fanti/1541655.shtml?cc=45916| author =| date =2009-01-04| accessdate =2010-05-22}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。该地震暴露出政府专业救援人员和专业设备不足的问题<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《21世纪经济报道》) | title = 214人团:中国地震救援队全解密 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/15/content_8173770.htm | author = 滕晓萌 | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116080524/http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/15/content_8173770.htm | archivedate = 2010-01-16 }}</ref>。此外,中国一开始婉拒境外专业救援队的表态也得到不同程度的批评<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = VOA | title = 美国基金会讨论中国抗震救灾做法 | url = http://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2008-05-17-voa38-58941372/1104266.html | author = 燕青 | date = 2008-05-17 | accessdate = 2017-02-04 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170817/http://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2008-05-17-voa38-58941372/1104266.html | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref><ref name="jpre1">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[BBC]] | title = 中国接受更多国际地震救援小组 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7403900/7403962.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080519212415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7403900/7403962.stm | archivedate = 2008-05-19 }}</ref>。自2008年5月14日至27日为止,四川政府已接获群众对救灾不满的投诉信件2233封,电话投诉2101宗,互联网投诉132宗。其中共有6名官员干部因抗灾不力被免职<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳网》| title =有人打纸牌 有人贪物资 六干部救灾不力革职| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080529/20080529025518_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081203133751/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080529/20080529025518_0000.html| archivedate =2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港商报(转自大洋网) |title=都江堰三名官员干部因抗灾不力被免职 |url=http://www.hkcd.com.hk/content/2008-05/19/content_2055492.htm |author=蓝博 |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108060408/http://www.hkcd.com.hk/content/2008-05/19/content_2055492.htm |archivedate=2009-01-08 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外部分地方官员倒卖救灾物资的行为也被揭发,[[中央纪律委员会]]工作组赴四川调查监督救灾物资运行,中央政府亦呼吁传媒检举<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[凤凰网]](转自[[中国新闻网]])| title =中纪委工作组赴四川调查监督救灾物资运行| url =http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/rollnews/200805/0523_3410_558599.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208030718/http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/rollnews/200805/0523_3410_558599.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。截至2008年11月底,中国国家审计署共接到群众举报1962件。审计机关移送给纪检、监察和司法部门的案件146起,涉案人员162人<ref name="corr" />。
=== 军队 ===
{{see also|5·31四川救灾直升机失事事故}}
[[中国人民解放军]]和[[中国人民武装警察部队]]在地震后紧急启动应急措施<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155461.htm|title=全军和武警部队全面启动应急机制紧急驰援灾区|date=2008-05-13|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155461.htm|archivedate=2009-01-19}}</ref>。13日军队抗震救灾领导小组在北京成立,指挥解放军和武警参加抗震救灾工作<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167884.htm|title=解放军成立军队抗震救灾领导小组|date=2008-05-14|author=黎云|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118192604/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167884.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。当日中午,[[中国人民解放军第13集团军|解放军第13集团军]]第149山地师率首批22人突击队强行军进入震中地区[[汶川]][[映秀镇]];当日傍晚,[[武警第38师]]参谋长王毅率200名先遣队员昼夜兼程徒步进入[[汶川]]县城救灾<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =他们首先进入汶川:本网独家揭秘首支进入震中部队| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/15/content_8179916.htm| author =史照栋、温常青、李凌志| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-01| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135011/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/15/content_8179916.htm| archivedate =2008-09-23}}</ref>。
然而由于通往汶川的道路完全中断,大批救援部队未能进入震中,军方一直计划使用空降兵,几经天气延误,解放军只能在2008年5月13日将11420名官兵空运到成都附近,创下解放军军史和中国航空史上单日出动飞机最多、投送兵力最多的纪录<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_971718.htm|title=解放军全天空运兵力11,420人 创造单日最高纪录|date=2008-05-14|author=黎云|publisher=中央政府门户网站|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223013227/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_971718.htm|archivedate=2014-02-23}}</ref>。14日中午,15名伞兵请命空降,在无地面引导、能见度差、地面山川河流纵横的地区,从近5000米高空中空降[[茂县]],随后建立联络机构<ref name="leader2008">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| title =总参谋长首次披露汶川大地震调兵14万内幕| url =http://cq.qq.com/a/20100215/000024.htm| author =彭美| date =2010-02-15| publisher =腾讯网(转自南方报业网)| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20161017221857/http://cq.qq.com/a/20100215/000024.htm| archivedate =2016-10-17}}</ref>。
截至2008年5月18日12时,军方及武警共出动113,080人,来自五个军区、涉及20余个兵种;出动各型飞机1,069架次,开出军列92列,动用各种运输、后勤保障设备11万台。从废墟中挖掘被埋人员21,566名,救治受伤人员34,051名,转移安置受灾群众和游客205,371名;调运各类物资7.8万多吨;抢修道路557公里<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/zhibo/20080518/zhibo.htm|title=国务院新闻办介绍军队救灾情况|date=2008-05-18|publisher=[[新华网]]|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013183734/http://www.xinhuanet.com/zhibo/20080518/zhibo.htm|archivedate=2008-10-13}}</ref>。基于救灾需要,[[总参谋部]]按照应急预案,首次无偿征用了国内民航公司的12架民用客机,以弥补军队运力的不足<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8164160.htm|title=解放军全天空运兵力11,420人|date=2008-05-13|author=黎云|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521173130/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8164160.htm|archivedate=2008-05-21}}</ref>。总共参与地震救援行动的军队人数为14.6万名,其涉及地域、动用力量等,都创下了中国解放军和武装警察部队抗灾历史纪录<ref name="leader2008" />,军队在地震中的表现得到各界的赞许<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国驻德意志联邦共和国大使馆| title =德国国防部长高度评价中国军队在四川地震灾区的救援工作| url =http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457582.htm| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213161244/http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457582.htm| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =凤凰网(转自中国广播网)| title =国外媒体赞解放军在救灾中发挥中流砥柱作用| url =http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/waimei/200805/0523_3466_557624.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208024746/http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/waimei/200805/0523_3466_557624.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。
然而在地震的救援中发生了意外事件。5月31日14时56分,一架[[成都军区]]的[[米-171直升机]]在[[汶川县]][[映秀镇]]附近失事坠毁,机上有5名机组人员、13名群众及其他人员。6月10日上午失事飞机在映秀镇附近的深山峡谷密林中找到,机上人员全部罹难<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =成都军区抗震救灾部队失事直升机黑匣子已找到| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8350295.htm| author =曾志坚、叶锋、赵叶苹| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100831045953/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8350295.htm| archivedate =2010-08-31}}</ref>。
=== 境外 ===
美军运输机飞抵成都[[双流机场]]赈灾,由[[中国人民解放军总参谋部外事局|中国国防部外事办公室]]副主任[[关友飞]]海军[[大校]]、[[美国驻华大使馆|美国驻华武官]][[胡可诚]]陆军[[准将]]接见。
时任俄罗斯总统[[梅德韦杰夫]]在莫斯科[[克里姆林宫]]接见灾区学生代表。
汶川地震同时牵动全球为中国捐款援助,捐款总额不但创下纪录,也是中华人民共和国历史上第一次有大陆境外专业救援人员参与救灾<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =[[太阳报 (香港)|太阳报]]| title =接受境外救援队意义深远| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523002703_0000.html| author =邱震海| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223120915/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523002703_0000.html| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。香港先后派出[[香港消防处]][[特种救援队]]、[[食物环境卫生署]]及[[政府飞行服务队]]等前往绵竹汉旺镇及映秀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =人民网| title =香港第二批搜救队前往四川灾区| url =http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64387/7253296.html| author =万世成| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080521005055/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64387/7253296.html| archivedate =2008-05-21}}</ref>。5月16日,更多救援队伍获中国政府批准进入灾区。其中[[台湾红十字会]]救援队共22人,于16日15点登上专机,19点抵达成都;[[新加坡]]派出55人的救援队<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 联合早报 | title = 新加坡55人灾难拯救队伍今早飞成都 | url = http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_18.shtml | author = 蔡永伟 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090118003445/http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_18.shtml | archivedate = 2009-01-18 }}</ref>;[[韩国]]派出44人组成的救援队抵达[[什邡市]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =韩国救援队前往成都参与地震救灾| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8186233.htm| author =李拯宇、干玉兰| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119080048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8186233.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>;俄罗斯亦有共50人赶往[[绵竹市]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =俄罗斯、韩国救援队抵达成都| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8187466.htm| author =刘谨、冯昌勇| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081021224526/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8187466.htm| archivedate =2008-10-21}}</ref>,随后俄罗斯又在成都成立战地移动医院<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-05/22/content_8231436.htm|title=俄罗斯战地移动医院在灾区收治伤员47人|date=2008-05-22|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526075335/http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-05/22/content_8231436.htm|archivedate=2008-05-26}}</ref>;而日本在提供救援物资时曾提出以军用运输机运送后来未取得中国同意而取消,其首批近60名救援人员亦抵达[[青川县]]展开救援<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[联合早报]]| title =日本救援队今早抵青川县关庄镇| url =http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_34.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091213170739/http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_34.shtml| archivedate =2009-12-13}}</ref>;德国红十字会提供的一所总价值约120万欧元的流动医院5月22日在德国柏林肖纳菲尔德机场启运,次日上午运抵成都后转运到都江堰市,同时一个由医生、护士、医院管理人员和技术人员组成的11人德国救援专家队也分批抵达都江堰市<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457609.htm|title=德国为四川地震灾区提供的流动医院在柏林启运|date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22|publisher=德国驻华大使馆网站}}</ref>;[[澳门]]在23日亦派出20名医护人员在成都应付医护不足<ref name="mo">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川新闻网(《四川日报》)| title =马来西亚捐助物资赴四川 澳门再派医疗队| url =http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2008/06/11/010889469.shtml| author =李旭| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043145/http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2008/06/11/010889469.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自[[中国新闻社]])| title =澳门第二支医疗救援队今天中午启程赴四川| url =http://hm.people.com.cn/GB/85423/7366944.html| author =毕永光| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111117014628/http://hm.people.com.cn/GB/85423/7366944.html| archivedate =2011-11-17}}</ref>。此外,[[印度尼西亚]]和[[巴基斯坦]]也各自派医疗救援队到达甘肃南部地震灾区<ref name="mo" /><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =印尼和巴基斯坦医疗救援队赶赴甘肃灾区| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/29/content_8275233.htm| author =宋常青、王艳明| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080602052430/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/29/content_8275233.htm| archivedate =2008-06-02}}</ref>。
在整个国际救援中,世界多国均曾利用军机运用物资进行赈灾。2008年5月18日,[[美国]]两架[[C-17运输机]]分别从[[夏威夷]]和[[关岛]]载运了食品、发电机、毛毯和其他物品飞抵成都<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hant |author= |coauthors= |url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/080518/167/2u6el.html |title=北京首度接受外国军方伸援 美两架军机抵川 |work= |publisher=雅虎香港(转自[[法新社]]) |pages= |date=2008-05-18 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521110318/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/080518/167/2u6el.html |archivedate=2008-05-21 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。5月22日,美国国际开发署提供的一批总价值81.5万美元的锯子、液压装置、混凝土切割机和人员救助设备等装备运抵成都<ref>{{cite news|language =zh-hans|url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8231634.htm|title =美国国际开发署提供的救援设备运抵成都|date =2008-05-22|publisher =[[新华网]]|accessdate =2010-05-22|author =冯昌勇、黄堃|deadurl =no|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090118120314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8231634.htm|archivedate =2009-01-18}}</ref>。翌日,[[约旦]]空军亦用飞机把10吨物资运往灾区<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hant |author= |coauthors= |url=http://www.sinchew-i.com/sciWWW/node/22457 |title=约旦空运物资助地震灾民 |work= |publisher=星洲互动(转自[[明报]]) |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223231658/http://news.sinchew.com.my/topic/node/22457 |archivedate=2014-02-23 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。日本政府曾计划使用自卫队飞机运送救援物资,但因中国民间强烈反对,最终改派民用飞机<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = [[德国之声]](转自[[共同社]]) | title = 日本帮助中国救灾,弃用军用飞机 | url = http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3374150,00.html | author = | date = 2008-05-30 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[共同社]]| title =派自卫队飞机横生枝节显示日本政府错估形势| url =http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese&storyid=57943| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100523144057/http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese| archivedate =2010-05-23}}</ref>。此外,[[俄罗斯]]邀请约1000名中国地震灾区学生、儿童来俄疗养,其中第一批代表在[[克里姆林宫]]得到时任俄罗斯总统[[梅德韦杰夫]]的接见<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=人民网 |title=俄总统梅德韦杰夫会见四川地震灾区中小学生代表 |url=http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126482/7590291.html |author=于宏建 |date=2008-07-30 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009232520/http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126482/7590291.html |archivedate=2008-10-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
=== 民间 ===
中国官方和民间广泛使用互联网帮助传递灾害信息,辅助援助和救灾。官方的新华网用在线论坛收集各地援助请求,发现救灾的盲点并且上报相关政府部门<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/44110/113772/7363076.html|title=BBS--突发事件中不可忽视的传播力量|publisher=人民网|date=2008-06-10|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614120518/http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/44110/113772/7363076.html|archivedate=2008-06-14}}</ref>。得知救援直升机无法在汶川找到降落地点后,一名大学女生在网络上提议了一个适合降落的地点。该建议最终被救援军队采纳,让直升机第一次能降落汶川<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2008-05/18/content_8198824.htm|title=QQ发帖 女孩助直升机空降汶川|date=2008-05-18|publisher=[[新华网]](转自《华西都市报》)|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528112544/http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2008-05/18/content_8198824.htm|archivedate=2008-05-28}}</ref>。各地的志愿者更创立网站,组织派遣整合志愿者力量<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐网 | title = 5.12汶川地震志愿者平台 | url = http://news.sohu.com/s2008/zhiyuanzhepingtai/ | accessdate = 2010-05-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709135652/http://news.sohu.com/s2008/zhiyuanzhepingtai/ | archivedate = 2008-07-09 }}</ref>。此外,[[谷歌中国]]应用[[Google地图]]、[[Google地球]]等软件,提供灾区亲友寻找、报平安的免费服务,而且联合了[[天涯虚拟社区]]、[[豆瓣]]、[[百度贴吧]]、[[新浪]]和[[网易]]的网站提供寻亲服务<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=GOOGLE |title=Google - 寻找灾区的亲人 |url=http://www.google.cn/intl/zh-hans/qinren/cse.html |author=GOOGLE |date= |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517113607/http://www.google.cn/intl/zh-hans/qinren/cse.html |archivedate=2008-05-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
汶川大地震劫难,中国民众空前团结,国内国际[[非政府组织]]的联动回应之迅速也空前,来自全国各地的志愿者自发前往灾区<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256973845.shtml |title=5.12汶川大地震 四川NGO联合数家NGO投入赈灾 |publisher=[[搜狐网]] |language=zh-hans |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014233155/http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256973845.shtml |archivedate=2008-10-14 }}</ref>。他们之中,大部分靠自己的力量来提供帮助,也有一些通过[[中国红十字会]]的协调来参与救援工作<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://world.jyb.cn/hwsj/200805/t20080520_163788.html|title=英美媒体声音:汶川地震催生中国志愿者大军|author=|publisher=环球网|date=2008-05-19|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171935/http://world.jyb.cn/hwsj/200805/t20080520_163788.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。但是,志愿者的工作也并不是非常理想,有媒体报导部分义工由于缺乏专业知识反而变成帮倒忙<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant|url=http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025651_0000.html|title=义工欠专业辅导帮倒忙|publisher=香港[[香港|太阳报]]|date=2008-05-30|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531144720/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025651_0000.html|archivedate=2009-05-31}}</ref>。此外,灾区也发生了志愿者与官员的冲突。比如5月20日下午,[[江油市]][[长钢医院]]内,一志愿者不小心把消毒液洒到了[[四川省卫生厅]]官员的车内,车内的官员张建新则下车殴打志愿者。5月26日,四川省卫生厅厅长[[沉骥]]在四川省抗震救灾的情况通报[[新闻发布会]]上称该传言纯属谣言。而当天深夜的[[新华社]]消息,四川省卫生厅向记者通报:经调查确有此事,而且当事人张建新已公开写检讨并致歉<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.ycwb.com/news/2008-05/28/content_1899387.htm|title=官员打人事件:下午刚“辟谣”晚上就查处|publisher=[[新快报]]|date=2008-05-28|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118002229/http://www.ycwb.com/news/2008-05/28/content_1899387.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。
=== 捐款 ===
{{Main|汶川大地震捐款列表}}
汶川大地震发生后,[[中国红十字基金会]]的赈灾宣传海报。设计师罗荣以中国汉字“汶川”与简体的“济”字之间的巧妙结合,呼吁社会共同帮助与救济地震灾区。
汶川大地震发生以来,国内外各界向灾区提供各类捐赠。中国国内展开了空前的捐款活动,截至2009年4月30日,捐款总数达到了767.12亿元人民币(其中捐赠资金约659.96亿元,物资折合约107.16亿元)<ref name="asdasd">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[腾讯]](转自[[新华网]]) | title = 民政部:汶川地震共接受捐款659.96亿 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20090511/001516.htm | author = 卫敏丽 | date = 2009-05-11 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515223727/http://news.qq.com/a/20090511/001516.htm | archivedate = 2009-05-15 }}</ref>。截至2008年11月12日,15个省“送温暖 献爱心”活动所筹资金近7,202万元<ref name="blood">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 《公益时报》 | title = 概况:5.12抗震救灾各类捐赠总价值937亿元 | url = http://www.gongyishibao.com/zhuan/csdh/juanzeng/news1.html | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208155337/http://www.gongyishibao.com/zhuan/csdh/juanzeng/news1.html | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。此外,中国4550万名[[中国共产党]]党员共交纳“特殊党费”97.3亿元<ref name="xj" /><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川在线转自[[新华网]] | title = 审计署:汶川地震社会捐款99.9%已到位 | url = http://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/content/2010-04/23/content_686295.htm | author = 杜宇 | date = 2010-04-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-09 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100608092132/http://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/content/2010-04/23/content_686295.htm | archivedate = 2010-06-08 }}</ref>,作为地震重建的部分资金<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国政府网(转自[[新华社]])| title =汶川特大地震发生两年来四川以党建促重建综述| url =http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/23/content_1611714.htm| author =谭浩、丛峰| date =2010-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100529191124/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/23/content_1611714.htm| archivedate =2010-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自人民网) | title = 陕西:“特殊党费”104个投资土建工程已竣工90个 | url = http://news.163.com/10/0512/12/66FVV07F000146BC.html | author = 郑光魁 | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-13 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035821/http://news.163.com/10/0512/12/66FVV07F000146BC.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。另据[[香港中文大学]]和中山大学研究报告估算,全国多个非公募基金会和在华国际组织自筹自支款物约10亿元<ref name="blood" />。全国已为汶川地震灾区募集款物,超过了1996至2007年全国接收的救灾捐赠款物的总和,打破了中国捐赠史上的纪录<ref name="asdasd" />。
此外,境外地区及国际社会向中国地震灾区伸出援助之手。[[香港特区政府]]于地震发生一天后紧急调拨3.5亿港元(约合人民币3.1亿元)。两个月后追加20亿元,至2009年2月20日再追加40亿港元<ref name="hkhelp1">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自人民日报海外版)| title =香港救助汶川地震灾区纪事:你的伤痛我来分担| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2009-05/12/content_11356270.htm| author =武少民| date =2009-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515210951/http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2009-05/12/content_11356270.htm| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>,而由特区政府成立“支援四川地震灾区重建工作信托基金”(而该基金亦于2010年7月一日另设[[玉树地震]]重建工作事务部)负责管理资金<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港特区政府民政事务总署| title =四川重建捐款| url =http://www.had.gov.hk/tc/whats_new/donations.htm| author =| date =2010-01-08| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101012161352/http://www.had.gov.hk/tc/whats_new/donations.htm| archivedate =2010-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港特区政府 |title=香港特区政府支援四川地震灾区重建工作信托基金 |url=http://www.cmab.gov.hk/tf/ |author=香港特区政府 |date= |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217044554/http://www.cmab.gov.hk/tf/ |archivedate=2008-12-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。民间捐款方面,地震后一个月,香港各界向灾区捐款约20亿港元<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华社| title =中联办向香港社会各界发出感谢信| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/23/content_8425628.htm| author =| date =2008-06-23| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080626150755/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/23/content_8425628.htm| archivedate =2008-06-26}}</ref>,至地震一周年时,[[香港立法会]]共拨款捐达90亿港元,香港民间各界捐款已达130亿港元<ref name="hkhelp1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hket.com/eti/article/918a8fff-ce2e-4882-a4de-4ca348d4eaef-706801|title=贪腐窒碍赈灾 最苦四川灾民|publisher=香港经济日报|accessdate=2013-04-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507045859/http://www.hket.com/eti/article/918a8fff-ce2e-4882-a4de-4ca348d4eaef-706801|archivedate=2014-05-07}}</ref>;演艺界也举行[[演艺界512关爱行动|512关爱行动]]组织于2008及09年进行募捐。[[澳门特区政府]]在地震之后调动1.1亿元人民币赈灾,民间亦发起了大型捐款运动<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[人民网]]| title =澳门特区政府拨款一亿人民币赈济四川地震灾区| url =http://leaders.people.com.cn/GB/7235928.html| author =曾坤| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090116124353/http://leaders.people.com.cn/GB/7235928.html| archivedate =2009-01-16}}</ref>。中华民国总统[[陈水扁]]指示行政院院长[[张俊雄]],于2008年5月13日向四川地震灾区捐出二十亿[[台币]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪网(转自[[大洋网]]) | title = 台湾“行政院”宣布支援灾区20亿元台币 | url = http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/155815546668.shtml | author = | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2008-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080526194211/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/155815546668.shtml | archivedate = 2008-05-26 }}</ref>,台湾总捐款金额88亿台币。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20090508/31611806/|title=川震周年 台湾捐款计70亿|date=[2009-5-8]|author=pabloli|publisher=苹果日报|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061741/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20090508/31611806/|archivedate=2017-08-19}}</ref>。[[沙特阿拉伯王国]]捐赠5000万[[美元]]现金和1000万美元物资;[[阿联酋]]捐赠5000万美元;[[加拿大]]政府捐助超过3100万加元,同时民间捐款近3000万加元;[[美国]]政府提供50万美元现金和70万美元物资,同时美国红十字会捐款1000万美元;[[印度]]提供500万美元救灾物资;[[日本]]政府则发放约5亿[[日元]](约合480万美元)紧急援助;[[俄罗斯]]提供四批物资,价值约400万美元;[[挪威]]捐赠2000万挪威克朗(约合400万美元);[[意大利]]提供了50万欧元现金援助和150万欧元的救灾物资;[[瑞典]]外交部在地震发生后不到两周的5月24日统计显示瑞典各界提供的各类援助总价值已达1540万瑞典克朗(约合250万美元);[[土耳其]]援助200万美元;[[尼日利亚]]捐赠200万美元;[[英国]]提供100万英镑援助;[[西班牙]]提供100万欧元紧急援助;[[爱尔兰]]提供100万欧元现金援助;[[马来西亚]]捐款150万美元;[[以色列]]向捐赠价值150万美元的救援物资;[[比利时]]提供了65万欧元紧急援助(约合100万美元);[[巴基斯坦]]提供包括战略储备在内的22260顶帐篷和其他救援物资,总值100万美元;[[阿尔及利亚]]捐款100万美元;[[韩国]]提供了100万美元救援资金及物资;澳大利亚捐款100万澳元(约合95万美元)<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=中华人民共和国中央人民政府 | title=国际社会向四川汶川地震灾区抗震救灾提供援助 | url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/15/content_975165.htm | author= | date=2008-05-15 | accessdate=2008-05-17 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707012211/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg//2008-05/15/content_975165.htm | archivedate=2008-07-07 }}</ref>。此外[[泰国]]、[[德国]]、[[荷兰]]、[[芬兰]]、[[波兰]]、[[法国]]、[[瑞士]]、[[奥地利]]、[[丹麦]]、[[希腊]]、[[克罗地亚]]、[[新西兰]]、[[新加坡]]、[[老挝]]、[[越南]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[加拿大]]、[[巴西]]、[[立陶宛]]、[[卢森堡]]、[[爱沙尼亚]]、[[捷克]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]、[[阿尔巴尼亚]]、[[伊朗]]、[[朝鲜]]、[[蒙古]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[缅甸]]、[[孟加拉国]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[吉尔吉斯斯坦]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[莫桑比克]]、[[萨摩亚]]等国亦向灾区捐款捐物,或派遣人员参与救援<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[搜狐网]](转自[[新华网]])| title =国际社会向四川汶川地震灾区抗震救灾提供援助| url =http://news.sohu.com/20080515/n256872067.shtml| author =徐松、白洁| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101202/http://news.sohu.com/20080515/n256872067.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=新华网 | title=国际社会继续就四川地震灾害向中方表示慰问并提供援助 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/17/content_8196391.htm | author= | date=2008-05-17 | accessdate=2010-05-22 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604164117/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/17/content_8196391.htm | archivedate=2009-06-04 }}</ref><ref name="pd">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=新华网(转自《[[人民日报]]》) | title=国际社会继续向中方表示慰问并提供援助 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-05/19/content_8203403.htm | author= | date=2008-05-18 | accessdate=2010-05-22 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019005505/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-05/19/content_8203403.htm | archivedate=2009-10-19 }}</ref>。
=== 救援报道 ===
2008年5月13日的[[中国中央电视台|CCTV]]《[[新闻联播]]》中的新闻“奥运圣火完成在福建龙岩的传递”中,播出了奥运火炬手为灾区人民捐款的画面,但之后这画面被指为是奥运火炬手的假捐款镜头。
英国[[BBC]]在此次事件中的一系列报道中,对中国政府突发事件处理持正面评价,并认为“地震使中国获得较为宽松环境”<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = BBC | title = Quake reveals softer side to China | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7424262.stm | author = Michael Bristow | date = 2008-05-28 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311193928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7424262.stm | archivedate = 2009-03-11 }}</ref>。而中国政府一改以往在很多突发事件上封锁消息的做法,官方传媒如[[中央电视台]]与[[新华社]]在地震后五小时即对外公布,并以二十四小时播放救灾新闻节目跟进救援行动。此外,政府对境内外媒体采访也基本不阻止<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中央社| title =四川地震中国媒体挣脱控制自行报导灾情| url =http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=659990| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150314/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=659990| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>,但有零星媒体遭地方政府阻拦的事件发生<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hant | publisher = [[中央社]] | title = 四川地震似乎改变民众对中共当局惯常看法| url = http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20080516/349012.html | author = 张谦 | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2015}}</ref>。截至2008年5月22日,已有100多家境外媒体、300多名记者境外进入汶川地震灾区参加采访报道<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/22/content_8227169.htm|title=300多名境外记者进入灾区一线 多带方言翻译随行|author=张见悦、程晓龙|publisher=新华网(转自《中国新闻出版报》)|date=2008-05-22|accessdate=2010-05-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118121140/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/22/content_8227169.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。但也有媒体称救灾初期大陆开放媒体深入灾区,是因为当时全力救灾无暇管制,此后才开始管制境外媒体深入。
不过,部分境外媒体指责中国官方媒体只作正面报道,不提灾民对政府的不满,不提负面消息<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =自由时报(转自[[法新社]])| title =震灾失焦 中国媒体搞造神| url =http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/19/today-specialreport4.htm| author =陈成良| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-28| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111117033025/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/19/today-specialreport4.htm| archivedate =2011-11-17}}</ref>。地震发生次日,中共中央政治局常委、中央文明委主任[[李长春]]要求中国大陆新闻媒体在地震新闻中要“增强政治意识、大局意识、责任意识”,“牢牢把握正确舆论导向,坚持团结稳定鼓劲、正面宣传为主”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =李长春主持召开抗震救灾宣传报道专题会议| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8162344.htm| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033031/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8162344.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>。此外,个别媒体记者专业精神不足,如有中央电视台记者徐娜本应在[[都江堰]]进行采访,但现场直播时却在成都的酒店<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=环球华网(转自[[联合早报]]) |title=中央电视台女记者徐娜 灾区编故事造假遭谴责 |url=http://www.gcpnews.com/zh-tw/articles/2008-05-15/C1044_23094.html |author=李向荣、许书凎 |date=2008-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518100229/http://www.gcpnews.com/zh-tw/articles/2008-05-15/C1044_23094.html |archivedate=2008-05-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。而中央电视台在报导[[福建]][[龙岩]][[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|奥运火炬传递]]时,被指造假炮制火炬手为地震假捐款镜头,事后当事人致歉称是火炬手捐款后摄影留念<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =福州之窗| title =央视就龙岩站火炬手"空手捐款"致歉| url =http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/bdxw/20080517/fj161423.html| author =| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-25| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142459/http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/bdxw/20080517/fj161423.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。而此类事情也发生于[[广东]]一校园抗震捐款仪式上:捐款箱里的钱反复被捐,涉嫌造假的视频被上传到网上<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/17/content_470582.htm |title=惠州三中:不是造假,只是补拍 |publisher=南都网引自《[[南方都市报]]》 |date=2008-05-17 |accessdate=2008-05-22 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520051505/http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/17/content_470582.htm |archivedate=2008-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
== 重建 ==
{{main|汶川大地震灾后重建}}
=== 对口援助工程 ===
{{Wikisource|汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案}}
2008年6月18日,[[中华人民共和国国务院|中国国务院]]正式颁布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案》<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《甘肃日报》)| title =陇南开展灾后恢复重建两周年记| url =http://news.163.com/10/0512/04/66F6QP3R00014AED.html| author =刘巨魁| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160838/http://news.163.com/10/0512/04/66F6QP3R00014AED.html| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>,决定举全国之力,建立灾后恢复重建对口支援机制,以加快地震灾区灾后恢复重建。具体由中央政府根据各地经济发展水平和区域发展战略,组织东部和中部地区省市以“一省帮一重灾县”原则,各省市在3年期内、以不低于1%的财力对口支援重灾县市重建工作。其中支援方为[[广东]]、[[江苏]]、[[上海]]、[[山东]]、[[浙江]]、[[北京]]、[[辽宁]]、[[河南]]、[[河北]]、[[山西]]、[[福建]]、[[湖南]]、[[湖北]]、[[安徽]]、[[天津]]、[[黑龙江]]、[[重庆]]、[[江西]]、[[吉林]]共19个省市,受援方为[[四川省]][[北川县]]、[[汶川县]]、[[青川县]]、[[绵竹市]]等18个县市,以及[[甘肃省]]、[[陕西省]]受灾严重的地区。主要援助项目为提供规划编制、建筑设计、专家咨询、工程建设和监理、建设和修复学校、住房、医院、交通等内容<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自中国政府网)| title =国办印发《汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案》| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-06/18/content_8391394.htm| author =[[中华人民共和国国务院]]| date =2008-06-18| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080618183548/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-06/18/content_8391394.htm| archivedate =2008-06-18}}</ref>。至2010年5月12日地震后两周年,对口支援省份完成投资已经超过640亿元,完成预期目标的80%以上<ref name="rebuil">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国网(转自中华人民共和国国防部)| title =创造人间奇迹的伟大力量| url =http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-05/12/content_2074496.htm| author =| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140825011802/http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-05/12/content_2074496.htm| archivedate =2014-08-25}}</ref>。
香港特别行政区亦同时在灾后参与重建工作,政府部门、专业机构及学会组成“香港建造界 5.12 重建工程联席会议”,项目达一百五十项,包括卧龙自然保护区、教育医疗及卫生的设施重建。<ref>[http://www.hk-sichuanrebuild.gov.hk/index.html 四川重建-香港项目] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095614/http://www.hk-sichuanrebuild.gov.hk/index.html |date=2014-02-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.512rjc.hk/index.html香港建造界 5.12 重建工程联席会议]{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
=== 中央政府重建工程 ===
2008年9月19日,[[中华人民共和国国务院|国务院]]颁布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划》。该规划由[[国家发展和改革委员会]]主持编制,4000余名设计人员参与<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《四川日报》) | title = 汶川地震灾区巨变录:科学规划 蓝图变实景 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/10/c_1285965.htm | author = 杨理光 | date = 2010-05-10 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140907173255/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/10/c_1285965.htm | archivedate = 2014-09-07 }}</ref>,决定用三年时间使灾区的基本生活条件和经济社会发展水平达到或超过灾前水平,其中具体对住房、建设、公共设施、产业重组、生态环境、民族关系、重建基金等9大类专项36个子项目进行具体规划<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国政府网| title =汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划| url =http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-09/23/content_1103686.htm| author =中国国务院| date =2008-09-19| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101220113154/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-09/23/content_1103686.htm| archivedate =2010-12-20}}</ref>。2009年5月12日,中国共产党中央委员会总书记[[胡锦涛]]表示“力争用两年时间基本完成原定三年重建目标”,以加强重建的效率及力度<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =人民网| title =胡锦涛:力争用两年时间基本完成原定三年重建目标| url =http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1024/9286158.html| author =| date =2009-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515232836/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1024/9286158.html| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>。2009年9月14日,[[中华人民共和国审计署|审计署]]发布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建跟踪审计结果》,对部分重建项目进行评估及提出整改方案<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国审计署| title =汶川地震灾后恢复重建跟踪审计结果| url =http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1992130/n1992150/n1992500/2302194.html| author =中华人民共和国审计署| date =2009-09-14| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170145/http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1992130/n1992150/n1992500/2302194.html| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。
截止2010年5月,四川地震灾区38个需要恢复重建的重点城镇中,已有33个完成重建主体任务。四川灾区39个重灾县需恢复重建的3002所学校,已开工2997所,开工率99.83%、竣工2609所,占86.91%<ref name="xj">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 潇湘晨报(转自[[新华网]]) | title = 汶川灾区有望提前实现重建目标 | url = http://xxcb.rednet.cn/show.asp?id=1027907 | author = | date = 2010-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref>;在建及竣工的医疗卫生项目2200多个,近六成已竣工<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自《深圳晚报》)| title =汶川重建 三年任务两年完成| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-05-13/063517503449s.shtml| author =| date =2010-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208023153/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-05-13/063517503449s.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。至2010年5月12日地震后两周年,四川、甘肃、陕西灾后重建已经完成投资超过7400亿元,完成灾后重建投资计划的70%以上<ref name="rebuil" />。在此基础上,中央财政部下拨汶川地震灾后重建基金248.35亿元,重点支持灾后城乡基础设施、公共服务、防灾减灾、产业重建等方面四千余个重建项目<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国政府网(转自[[新华社]])| title =中央财政下拨汶川地震灾后重建基金248.35亿元| url =http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/14/content_1606439.htm| author =韩洁、罗沙| date =2010-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100520002619/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/14/content_1606439.htm| archivedate =2010-05-20}}</ref>。
然而,在重建过程中的一些奢侈、浪费让中国民众很是忧心灾区重建资金和他们的捐款是否真能用到灾区老百姓身上<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =金羊网| title =豪华越野车让人忧心灾区重建资金| url =http://www.ycwb.com/sp/2009-01/23/content_2052637.htm| author =刘义昆| date =2009-01-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062214/http://ycwb.com/sp/2009-01/23/content_2052637.htm| archivedate =2009-02-01}}</ref>。比如:《北川国家地震遗址博物馆整体设计方案》中初步预算总投资为23亿元左右<ref>{{cite news| language =| author =| coauthors =| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-03-27/200017497506.shtml| title =北川国家地震遗址博物馆欲耗资23亿引争议| work =| publisher =新浪| pages =| date =| accessdate =| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025714/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-03-27/200017497506.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,四川[[北川县]]政府于震后采购110万豪华[[越野车]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网 | title = 1月十大网民质疑:政府招标购豪华越野车遭质疑 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/02-05/1550415.shtml | author = | date = 2009-02-05 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912050542/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/02-05/1550415.shtml | archivedate = 2009-09-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[中国网]]| title =北川回应百万买越野车:将用作应急通讯| url =http://www.china.com.cn/tech/txt/2009-01/23/content_17173298.htm| author =陈刚| date =2009-01-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090227045433/http://www.china.com.cn/tech/txt/2009-01/23/content_17173298.htm| archivedate =2009-02-27}}</ref>以及组织资助20对新人海南免费欢度蜜月之旅<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 北川20对新人海南免费欢度蜜月之旅 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2009-04/29/content_11276822.htm | author = | date = 2009-04-29 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502221120/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2009-04/29/content_11276822.htm | archivedate = 2009-05-02 }}</ref>,[[汶川县]][[威州镇 (汶川县)|威州镇]]政府采购万元[[笔记本电脑]]等<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =搜狐网(转自红网)| title =网友曝四川汶川县某镇政府采购万元笔记本| url =http://news.sohu.com/20090210/n262160721.shtml| author =耿红仁| date =2009-02-10| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090919012119/http://news.sohu.com/20090210/n262160721.shtml| archivedate =2009-09-19}}</ref>。<br />
2012年1月10日,四川省长蒋巨峰在该省第十一届人大第五次会议上作政府工作报告时宣布,该省汶川特大地震灾后恢复重建完成。<ref>{{cite news|author=刘贤|title=四川省长:汶川地震灾后重建完成|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/70731/16840668.html|accessdate=2012-01-10|newspaper=人民网|date=2012-01-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113042941/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/70731/16840668.html|archivedate=2012-01-13}}</ref>
== 纪念活动 ==
=== 全国哀悼日 ===
2008年5月19日下午2时10分,[[天安门广场]][[下半旗 (中华人民共和国)|下半旗]]向地震遇难者致哀。数以万计的民众在广场上聚集,默哀3分钟后,许多人自发开始高喊“中国加油”、“四川加油”等口号。
{{Wikisourceshas|国务院公告/2008年5月18日|文化部办公厅关于执行国务院“全国哀悼日”公告的通知}}
地震后,中国民间要求全国哀悼的声音高涨,2008年5月18日[[中华人民共和国国务院|中国国务院]]宣布5月19日至21日三天为[[全国哀悼日]],全国[[下半旗]]致哀,停止公共娱乐活动<ref name="closenational" />。在5月19日14时28分,全国人民[[默哀]]3分钟,汽车、火车、舰船鸣笛,[[防空警报]]鸣响,成为[[中华人民共和国]]近60年历史上,首次对普通民众死难者[[降半旗]]<ref name="gwygg">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中央政府网| title =国务院公告| url =http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-05/18/content_981560.htm| author =国务院办公厅| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150620/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-05/18/content_981560.htm| archivedate =2010-08-16}}</ref>。期间,奥运圣火在中国境内的传递活动暂停三天,体育赛事推迟三天<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易| title =哀悼日体育比赛停三天 亚泰亚冠生死战面临延期| url =http://sports.163.com/08/0519/10/4CA3SF1500051C89.html| author =雷森| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044718/http://sports.163.com/08/0519/10/4CA3SF1500051C89.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>,[[香港赛马会]]亦取消原定21日举行的赛马并把活动延期至6月5日<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港赛马会| title =马会取消本周三夜赛 悼念四川地震死难者| url =http://www.hkjc.com/chinese/news/news_2008051919052.htm| author =| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090118025432/http://www.hkjc.com/chinese/news/news_2008051919052.htm| archivedate =2009-01-18}}</ref>。各地亦举行烛光晚会,部分地区飞放[[孔明灯]],同时多间[[电影院]]也停止放映活动<ref name="closenational">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自《京华时报》)| title =全国哀悼日:各部委及北京做出反应 记者现场探访| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8203592.htm| author =| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213725/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8203592.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>;[[电视台]]均停播娱乐节目,并在22日恢复时播企业特别讯息,亦把台徽改为黑白<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =各地报纸头版沉痛哀悼汶川大地震中遇难同胞| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2008-05/19/content_8206621.htm| author =高海英、朱希琳| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090211013939/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2008-05/19/content_8206621.htm| archivedate =2009-02-11}}</ref>;国内游戏网站停运三日<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 硅谷动力(转自搜狐IT) | title = 页面标黑游戏停运 互联网企业集体哀悼受难者 | url = http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2008/0519/A20080519268622.shtml | author = 林丰蕾 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110101144708/http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2008/0519/A20080519268622.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-01 }}</ref>。根据[[谷歌中国]]的数据分析,在5月19日默哀的三分钟内,谷歌的使用量出现巨大的下降<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 千家网 | title = Google技术统计汶川地震默哀时刻“零”搜索流量 | url = http://www.qianjia.com/html/2008-05/46688.html | author = | date = 2008-05-23 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115233943/http://www.qianjia.com/html/2008-05/46688.html | archivedate = 2010-01-15 }}</ref>。
哀悼日期间,[[法国总统]][[尼古拉·萨科齐]]、[[美国总统]][[乔治·沃克·布什]]、[[英国首相]][[戈登·布朗]]、[[日本首相]][[福田康夫]]等多名[[国家元首]]到中国大使馆吊唁,[[联合国]]于5月20日亦在[[安理会]]会议上集体默哀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =联合国安理会哀悼四川汶川大地震遇难者| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/21/content_8217370.htm| author =柳奇| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080523000507/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/21/content_8217370.htm| archivedate =2008-05-23}}</ref>。同时,部分国家亦颁布全国哀悼日,其中[[秘鲁]]政府5月16日颁布最高政令,将5月19日设为为全国哀悼日,所有政府机构下半旗致哀,这是秘鲁首次为外国的死难者设立全国哀悼日,且其颁布政令时间早于中国决定的时间<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港《明报》 |title=秘鲁为四川地震下半旗哀悼 |url=http://www.sinchew-i.com/node/22688?tid=1 |author= |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223224042/http://news.sinchew.com.my/topic/node/22688?tid=1 |archivedate=2014-02-23 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。5月21日,[[孟加拉国]]政府办公楼和其它重要建筑的国旗降半旗,悼念中国和缅甸自然灾害的死难者。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2008-05/21/content_8218148.htm|title=孟加拉国宣布全国哀悼日为中国地震罹难者致哀|publisher=新华网|date=2008-05-21|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170852/http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2008-05/21/content_8218148.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>[[科摩罗]]和[[佛得角]]两国政府还分别宣布5月22日和5月23日为“全国哀悼日”,所有政府机关降半旗致哀。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://km.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/201612/20161202018965.shtml|title=科摩罗副总统到中航鼎衡参观考察|publisher=中华人民共和国驻科摩罗联盟大使馆经济商务参赞处|date=2016-12-02|accessdate=2017-02-24|language=zh-hans|quote=2008年中国四川汶川大地震发生后,科摩罗政府宣布2008年5月22日为科摩罗全国哀悼日,全国下半旗悼念中国四川地震遇难者。}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web//ziliao_674904/zt_674979/ywzt_675099/2008zt_675545/kzjz_675575/t458292.shtml|title=佛得角宣布全国哀悼日悼念中国汶川地震罹难者|publisher=中华人民共和国外交部|date=2008-05-26|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204175920/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web//ziliao_674904/zt_674979/ywzt_675099/2008zt_675545/kzjz_675575/t458292.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>
=== 北京奥运会 ===
{{See also|2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会}}
汶川大地震发生时,正值[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会|北京奥运会]]圣火在中国境内传递,为了向汶川大地震中遇难同胞表示深切哀悼,[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|北京奥运会火炬接力活动]]5月19日至21日暂停了3天<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 第29届奥林匹克运动会组织委员会 | title = 北京奥组委决定:奥运圣火19日起停传三天 | url = http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/news/headlines/n214368031.shtml | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907102829/http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/news/headlines/n214368031.shtml | archivedate = 2008-09-07 }}</ref>。此后的火炬传递活动缩减规模,简化程序,传递前默哀,传递路线上设立募捐箱等,将火炬传递与抗震救灾紧密结合。因受灾严重,原计划在[[绵阳]]、[[广汉]]和[[都江堰]]的火炬传递取消,在四川传递时间也由原来的6月15日至6月18日调整为8月3日至8月5日,火炬在四川[[广安]]、[[乐山]]、[[成都]]传递结束后返回北京<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =西部网(转自新华网)| title =绵阳、广汉和都江堰重灾区圣火传递活动取消| url =http://news.cnwest.com/content/2008-05/31/content_1258184.htm| author =史春东| date =2008-05-31| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222718/http://news.cnwest.com/content/2008-05/31/content_1258184.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>,并在绵阳和广汉进行展示。2008年8月8日,在[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会开幕式|北京奥运会开幕式]]上,[[国际奥林匹克委员会|国际奥委会]]主席[[罗格]]亦在开幕式致辞上对汶川地震致哀<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = World Records Academy | title = Most spectacular opening ceremony-Beijing sets world record | url = http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/sports/most_spectacular_opening_ceremony-Beijing_sets_world_record_80347.htm | author = | date = 2008-08-08 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613081920/http://worldrecordsacademy.org/sports/most_spectacular_opening_ceremony-Beijing_sets_world_record_80347.htm | archivedate = 2010-06-13 }}</ref>。
=== 纪念馆与文艺作品 ===
汶川大地震后,各地的纪念活动持续进行,而四川等地也在灾区废墟基础上建造各类纪念馆,以纪念在灾难中死去的人以及相关事迹。2009年5月11日,四川成都修建的[[汶川大地震博物馆]]正式对外开放<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自新华网)| title =汶川地震博物馆即将开馆| url =http://news.163.com/09/0509/07/58RUM01O0001125G.html| author =江宏景、贾国荣| date =2009-05-09| accessdate =2010-06-09| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515104455/http://news.163.com/09/0509/07/58RUM01O0001125G.html| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>,其中陈列着从废墟中挖出的学生日记、书包与鞋等物品,以及“[[猪坚强]]”等地震中发生的事迹<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =金羊网| title =走进汶川地震博物馆| url =http://www.ycwb.com/news/2009-05/13/content_2133706.htm| author =丹丹| date =2009-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-05| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101015202859/http://www.ycwb.com/news/2009-05/13/content_2133706.htm| archivedate =2010-10-15}}</ref>。2009年5月12日[[汉旺地震工业遗址纪念中心]]开幕,中心坐落在东汽厂区外,面积500平方米,与东汽厂正门、汉旺钟楼隔街相望。在中心外的广场上,是一座大手牵小手的“[[大爱永生]]”雕像。<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线-华西都市报| title =数字纪念馆内 电子笔写下“汉旺不倒”| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-05-13/062015615134s.shtml| author =廖兴友丁伟余行| date =2009-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-05| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208023715/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-05-13/062015615134s.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。位于-{}-震中[[映秀镇]]的[[汶川地震震中纪念馆|汶川地震震-{}-中纪念馆]]于2010年底修建完成<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =汶川地震震中纪念馆年底完工| url =http://society.people.com.cn/GB/11455057.html| author =侯大伟| date =2010-04-26| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208161829/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/11455057.html| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,重灾区[[北川县]]也建成了[[“5·12”汶川特大地震纪念馆]],于2013年开放<ref>{{cite news|url=http://local.newssc.org/system/20130510/001042753.htm|title=“5·12”汶川特大地震纪念馆在北川隆重开馆|publisher=四川日报|date=2013-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171856/http://local.newssc.org/system/20130510/001042753.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。此外,纪念地震普通罹难者的[[胡慧姗纪念馆]]等也相继建成<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川新闻网(转自《长江日报》)| title =建筑师为汶川地震罹难女孩建纪念馆| url =http://zhcj.newssc.org/system/2009/10/21/012384747.shtml| author =| date =2009-10-21| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101115063117/http://zhcj.newssc.org/system/2009/10/21/012384747.shtml| archivedate =2010-11-15}}</ref>。
汶川大地震后亦有大量的文艺作品产生。其中有反映对灾区受难者与救灾活动的,包括《[[大爱永生]]》雕塑;<ref name="autogenerated1"/>。《[[生死不离]]》、《[[承诺 (歌曲)|承诺]]》、《风雨操场》等歌曲;《[[震撼世界的七日]]》等电视剧;《[[四川大地震 (图书)|四川大地震]]》等书籍。其中[[李西闽]]的《幸存者》获第七届“[[华语文学传媒大奖]]年度散文家奖”<ref name=东南>{{cite web|url=http://fjnews.fjsen.com/2015-12/08/content_17006212.htm|title=中国新概念恐怖小说领军人物李西闽:写作是自我救赎|publisher=东南网|date=2015-12-08}}</ref>。也有对地震后产生的校舍质量及维权纠纷等抗议的作品,包括曾获[[第82届奥斯卡金像奖|2009年奥斯卡金像奖]]“纪录短片”奖项提名的《[[劫后天府泪纵横]]》<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=VOA |title=夏明谈《劫后天府泪纵横》(四川之泪)拍摄感受 |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/osca-sichuan-20100204-83555637.html |author=燕青 |date=2010-02-04 |accessdate=2010-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209022333/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/osca-sichuan-20100204-83555637.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,[[艾未未]]工作室拍摄的纪录片《[[花脸巴儿]]》以及[[艾晓明]]等作家制作的纪录片等。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160512-dailynews-sichuan-earthquake-8th-anniversary/|title=四川地震八周年:抗争者们的故事|publisher=端传媒|date=2016-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hant}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/05/110512_earthquake_aixiaoming.shtml|title=艾晓明:川震三週年 心情很沉重|publisher=BBC中文网|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hant|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170305/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/05/110512_earthquake_aixiaoming.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>
=== 后续纪念和教育活动 ===
2009年3月,中国国务院宣布将每年的5月12日定为[[防灾减灾日]],加强对民众的教育和对防灾减灾工作的关注。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-03/02/content_1248489.htm|title=经国务院批准 每年5月12日为全国“防灾减灾日”|publisher=中华人民共和国中央人民政府|date=2009-03-02|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173435/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-03/02/content_1248489.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>之后中国多地政府和中小学在每年这一天举行防震演习<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scnews.newssc.org/system/20150509/000562320.html|title=2015年四川省级防震救灾综合演练现场直击|publisher=四川日报|date=2015-05-09|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013159/http://scnews.newssc.org/system/20150509/000562320.html|archivedate=2017-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/16/0513/03/BMTQNVAS00014Q4P.html|title=汶川地震8周年 成都举行防震减灾应急演练|publisher=网易新闻|date=2016-05-13|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171047/http://news.163.com/16/0513/03/BMTQNVAS00014Q4P.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jiaodong.net/news/system/2016/05/11/013196862.shtml|title=照旺庄初中防震演练纪念“5.12”汶川大地震|publisher=胶东在线|date=2016-05-11|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173207/http://www.jiaodong.net/news/system/2016/05/11/013196862.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。中小学也开始重视普及“防震”教育<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edu.gmw.cn/newspaper/2015-04/20/content_106047342.htm|title=防震减灾教育应成为常态|publisher=兰州日报|date=2015-04-20|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013212/http://edu.gmw.cn/newspaper/2015-04/20/content_106047342.htm|archivedate=2017-02-05}}</ref>。2009年5月12日,中国政府在映秀镇举行纪念汶川地震一周年活动,时任中共中央总书记[[胡锦涛]]和国务院副总理[[李克强]]等人到场出席活动。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/12/content_11360145.htm|title=纪念汶川地震一周年活动举行 胡锦涛发表讲话|publisher=新华网|date=2009-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112230329/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/12/content_11360145.htm|archivedate=2012-11-12}}</ref> 2018年,地震十周年,汶川县政府将5月12日确立为汶川“感恩日”。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/06/c_1122790543.htm|title=汶川确立“感恩日”,让爱的涌泉奔流不息|date=2018-05-06|accessdate=2018-05-08|website=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507053056/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/06/c_1122790543.htm|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>
== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== 外部链接 ==
{{Wikinews|中国四川省发生强烈有感地震}}
{{Wikisourcecat|汶川地震}}
{{Commonscat|2008 Sichuan earthquake}}
* [http://www.512.gov.cn/ 中国抗震救灾网(512.gov.cn)]([http://web.archive.org/web/20090120224840/http://www.512.gov.cn/ 2009年1月20日存档])
* [http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm 中国地震局关于四川汶川县地震的资料]([http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090201183724/http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm 2009年2月1日存档])
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008ryan.php 美国地质调查所关于汶川大地震的资料]([http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090122060605/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008ryan.php 2009年1月22日存档])
* [http://www.luxinzheng.net/publication3/Wenchuan_Summary.pdf 汶川地震建筑震害分析]
* 中国大陆专题:[http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/kzjz/ 中国政府网]、[http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/zt20080512/ 新华网]、[http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/index.html 人民网]、[http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/wxdz/node_7044358.htm 中国网]、[http://news.cctv.com/special/C21344/01/index.shtml 中国中央电视台]、[http://www.chinanews.com.cn/special/2008/0513/3.html 中新网]、[http://www.cnr.cn/2008zt/scdz/ 中广网]、[http://www.81.cn/2018zt/101391.htm 中国军网]、[http://news.sohu.com/s2008/dizhen/ 搜狐]、[http://news.163.com/special/00012MS5/sichuan0512.html 网易]
* 香港专题:[http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/ 凤凰卫视]、[http://cablenews.i-cable.com/feature/breaking_earthquake/ 香港有线]、[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517001040/http://breakingnews.tvb.com/chinaquake/ 香港无线]、[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626075700/http://www.hkatv.com/v3/special_events/08/sichuancharity/ 香港亚洲电视]、[http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/sichuan512 香港电台]、[http://www.stnn.cc/feature/200805/t20080512_777539.html 星岛环球网]、[http://sp.wenweipo.com/962DZ/ 文汇报]
* 其他媒体专题:[http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/china.earthquake/ CNN] {{en icon}}、[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2008/china_quake/default.stm BBC新闻网] {{en icon}}
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|中华人民共和国|四川|灾害|地球科学|死亡}}
* [[板块构造论]]
* [[地震列表]]:[[四川地震列表]]
* [[龙门山断层]]:部份专家认为是强馀震的[[2013年芦山地震|雅安地震]]
* [[唐山大地震]]
*[[海原大地震]]
*[[嘉靖大地震]]
* [[范美忠事件]]
* [[心系四川]]
* [[汶川大地震捐款列表]]
* [[汶川大地震死难学生调查活动]]
{{汶川大地震}}
{{2008年地震}}
{{中国地震}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:汶川大地震}}
[[Category:600 史地总论]]
{{Infobox earthquake
|标题 = 汶川大地震
|map2 = {{Location map+ | China Sichuan
| places =
{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=31.099|long=103.279|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40|position=top}}
{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=30.66|long=104.06|label=成都 |position=right|mark=Green pog.svg}}
| relief = yes
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption = }}
|map2_caption = 震中位置
|日期 = 2008年5月12日
|发生时间 = 14:28:04([[UTC+8]])
|持续时间 = >2分钟<ref name="MSNBC2008">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/|title=Massive quake kills nearly 10,000 in China|date=2008-05-12 |publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=2008-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516233751/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/|archivedate=2008-05-16 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref>
|地图 = 2008 Sichuan earthquake map no labels.svg
|规模 = [[面波震级|M<sub>s</sub>]] 8.2([[中国地震局|CEA]])<ref name="中国地震局8.2" /><br>[[矩震级|M<sub>w</sub>]] 8.3([[美国地质调查局|USGS]])<ref name="csi7.8a"/>
|深度 = 19千米<ref name="美国地质调查局" />
|震中 = {{coord|31.099|N|103.279|E|display=inline,title}}
|烈度 = [[中国地震烈度表|11(XI)度]](CSIS,CEA)<br>[[麦加利地震烈度|11(XI)度]](MM,USGS)
|影响地区 = {{CHN}}[[四川省]]、[[重庆市]]、[[陝西省]]、[[云南省]]和[[甘肃省]]
|伤亡=死亡:69,227人<br />受伤:374,643人<br />失踪:17,923人<br />{{Small|(截至[[北京时间]]2008年9月25日12时<ref name="people_sept">{{cite web |url = http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-09-25/183514499939s.shtml |title = 四川汶川地震已确认69227人遇难 |publisher = [[新浪网]](转自中国新闻网) |accessdate = 2010-05-20 |date = 2008-09-25 |language = zh-hans |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101201182658/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-09-25/183514499939s.shtml |archivedate = 2010-12-01 }}</ref>)}}
}}
'''汶川大地震''',也称'''2008年四川大地震'''或'''5·12大地震''',发生于[[北京时间]]2008年5月12日(星期一)14时28分04秒<ref name="路透社地震袭击">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csndmc.ac.cn/newweb/data/csn_fast_p002.jsp?startdate=2008-05-12&enddate=2008-05-12&startlati=-90.0&endlati=90.0&startlongi=-180.0&endlongi=180.0&startdepth=0&enddepth=1000&startmag=3.0&endmag=10.0&epicenter=|title=国家台网大震速报目录|author=|date=2008-05-12|work=|website=国家测震台网中心地震数据管理与服务系统(CSNDMC)|accessdate=2017-08-11|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>,[[震央]]位于[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[四川省]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州]][[汶川县]][[映秀镇]]附近、四川[[省会]][[成都市]][[连续罗经读数|西北偏西方向]]79千米处<ref name="美国地质调查局">{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223116/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ |archivedate=2016-03-03 |trans_title=规模7.9级-中国四川东部 |title=Magnitude 7.9 - EASTERN SICHUAN, CHINA |publisher=[[美国地质调查局]] |work=World Earthquakes |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2008-05-22 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。根据[[中国地震局]]的数据,此次地震的[[面波震级]]达8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2">{{Cite web|url=http://data.earthquake.cn/datashare/public/csn_catalog_p002.jsp?page=2&date_min=2007/12/01&date_max=2015/12/31&longitude_min=103&longitude_max=106&latitude_min=30&latitude_max=33&depth_min=0&depth_max=1000&magnitude_min=8.0&magnitude_max=10.0&events_sortedby=descent®ion=no®ion_en=China®ion_cn=中国®ion_mode=region_cn|title=中国地震台网(CSN)地震目录|date=2016-01-01|accessdate=2016-04-16|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=A-Chinese-Wikipedian |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>、[[矩震级]]达8.3级<ref name="csi7.8a"/>,破坏地区超过10万平方公里<ref name="中国地震局8.0" />。地震[[烈度]]可能达到11度<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-14/153415538061.shtml|title=地震专家:汶川地震烈度巨大 可能达11度|accessdate=2008-05-14|publisher=[[新浪]]新闻网|language=zh-hans|date=2008-05-21|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518043037/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-14/153415538061.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-18}}</ref>。本次地震的[[地震波]]围绕地球传播了6圈<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|title=5 月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について ― 地球を何周もした地震波 ―|publisher=気象业务支援センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003747/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>,[[地震]]波及大半个[[中国]]及[[亚洲]]多个国家和地区。北至[[辽宁]],东至[[上海]],南至[[香港]]、[[广东]]、[[澳门]]、[[泰国]]、[[越南]],西至[[巴基斯坦]]均有震感<ref name="chu3" /><ref>{{cite news|title='Hundreds buried' by China quake|trans_title=中国地震中“百人被埋”|date=2008-05-12|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7395496.stm|work=|pages=|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513055818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7395496.stm|archivedate=2008-05-13}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews1">{{cite news | title=China Quake Death Toll Rises To 10,000 | trans_title=中国地震死亡人数超过10,000人 | date=2008-05-12 | publisher=CBS News | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/12/world/main4086648.shtml | accessdate=2008-05-12 | language=en | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516221438/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/12/world/main4086648.shtml | archivedate=2008-05-16 }}</ref>。
[[File:汶川大地震2.jpg|缩略图|左|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=4b90f603738da9770e267665bb51f8198618e377 原图链接]汶川大地震]]
截至2008年9月18日12时,汶川大地震共造成69227人死亡<ref name="people_sept"/>,374643人受伤,17923人失踪。是[[中华人民共和国]]成立以来破坏力最大的地震<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-16|publisher=[[新华网]]|url=http://gz.xinhuanet.com/xwpd/2008-05/16/content_13281282.htm|title=温家宝:汶川地震是建国以来最大地震|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2008-05-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520193434/http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/xwpd/2008-05/16/content_13281282.htm|archivedate=2008-05-20}}</ref>,也是[[唐山大地震]]后伤亡最惨重的一次<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-17|publisher=[[香港商报]]|url=http://www.cnwnc.com/content/2008-05/17/content_2052372.htm|title=汶川地震破坏性波及面超唐山|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053725/http://www.cnwnc.com/content/2008-05/17/content_2052372.htm|archivedate=2008-12-04}}</ref>。地震造成[[四川]]、[[甘肃]]、[[陝西]]等省的灾区直接经济损失共8451亿元[[人民币]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/200902/t20090226_12542.html|title=2008年全国国民经济和社会发展统计公报|date=2009-02-26|publisher=[[中华人民共和国国家统计局]]|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213113103/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/200902/t20090226_12542.html|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>,灾区的卫生、住房、校舍、通讯、交通、治安、地貌、水利、生态、少数民族文化等方面受到严重破坏。地震灾情引起民间强烈迴响,全中国以至全球纷纷捐款援助,累积金额超过500亿元人民币<ref name="people_sept" />。中国军方调动了和平时代以来规模最庞大的队伍进行救灾<ref name="leader2008" />,中国民间的大批志愿者和来自中国各地以及世界各国的专业人道救援队伍也加入救灾。震后[[中华人民共和国国务院|中华人民共和国政府]]采取“一省帮一县”的原则,用三年时间进行地震灾区的重建工作,计划在2010年基本实现目标<ref name="rebuil" />。2012年初,时任四川省省长[[蒋巨峰]]宣布重建完成<ref>{{cite web|author=中国新闻网|title=四川省长:汶川地震灾后重建完成|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/01-10/3593415.shtml|accessdate=2013-11-17|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025347/http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/01-10/3593415.shtml|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref>。
灾后的[[做七|头七]],中华人民共和国政府首次对公众设立了[[全国哀悼日]]<ref name="gwygg" />。
== 地震详情 ==
=== 震级 ===
[[File:May12 2008 Sichuan, China earthquake shake map.jpg|220px|thumb|2008年5月12日,位在中国四川的7.9级汶川大地震的烈度图。]]
根据[[中国地震局]]的数据,此次地震的[[面波震级|面波震级M<sub>s</sub>]]为8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2" />,[[矩震级|矩震级M<sub>w</sub>]]达到了8.3级<ref name="csi7.8a">{{cite web|url=http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527184155/http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |title=汶川地震震源特性分析报告 |author=陈运泰、许力生、张勇、杜海林、冯万鹏、刘超、李春来 |accessdate=2008-05-14 |publisher=中国地震信息网 |language=zh-hans |date=2008-05-12 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,此次地震最大烈度达Ⅺ度,破坏特别严重的地区超过10万平方公里<ref name="中国地震局8.2" />。根据[[美国地质调查局]]的数据,矩震级达到了M<sub>w</sub>7.9<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。根据中国地震局地球物理所的分析报告<ref name="csi7.8a"/>,此次地震的特点是以逆冲为主、兼少量右旋走滑的分量。其中,断层向西北倾斜,走向是229°,标量地震矩为4.4×10<sup>21</sup> N-m<ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = 吴健、吕红山、刘爱文 | title = 汶川地震烈度分布与震源过程相关性的初步研究 | url = http://zzfy.eq-j.cn/zzfyjs/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080304&flag=&journal_id=zzfyjs&year_id=2008 | journal = 震灾防御技术 | volume = 3期 | issue = 3卷 | pages = 224-229 | year = 2008年 | id = 9月 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051638/http://zzfy.eq-j.cn/zzfyjs/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080304&flag=&journal_id=zzfyjs&year_id=2008 | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。中国地震局最初发佈为7.6级<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 北方网 | title = 四川汶川发生7.6级地震 | url = http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264647.shtml | author = 中国国家地震台网 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-12 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110111191041/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264647.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-11 }}</ref>,发布的之后修正为7.8级<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 北方网(转自国家地震台网) | title = 四川汶川地震震级修订为7.8级 | url = http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264750.shtml | author = 国家地震台网 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-12 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110107131131/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2008/05/12/003264750.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-07 }}</ref>,5月18日确定为M<sub>s</sub> 8.0级<ref name="中国地震局8.0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_history/08_06/30/1214800159546.html|title=汶川地震震级修订为M<sub>s</sub>8.0级|publisher=[[中国地震局]]门户网|date=2008-05-18|accessdate=2014-12-12|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202008/http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_history/08_06/30/1214800159546.html|archivedate=2015-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =中国地震局:修订汶川地震震级属正常| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/19/content_8205879.htm| author =杨维汉| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080526201141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/19/content_8205879.htm| archivedate =2008-05-26}}</ref>,后修正为8.2级<ref name="中国地震局8.2"/>。而据[[四川电视台]]新闻资讯频道报道,四川省地震局最初发布的数据即为8.0级<ref>{{cite video| title =地震局第一次新闻发布会| url =http://my.ku6.com/watch?v=86XIuHm6apIwFNds#share| accessdate =2012-03-27}}{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。
=== 震中 ===
[[File:汶川大地震3.jpg|缩略图|thumb|left|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=9c16fdfaaf51f3de5f9b2a9d94eef01f3a29791a 原图链接][[美国地质调查局]]所提供的2008年5月亚洲震央分布地图,在这期间总计有122次地震是发生在亚洲大陆上。图中红色正方型中心便是2008年5月12日汶川大地震的震央。]]
根据中国地震网络中心的资料显示,地震发生于2008年5月12日14时28分00秒。初震中位于[[成都]]西北约80公里的[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州]][[汶川县]]境内,[[北纬]]31.01°,[[东经]]103.42°,深度为14公里,其后馀震深度皆为10至33公里左右。受影响地区包括震中50公里范围内的县城和200公里范围内的大中城市<ref name="csi7.8a"/>。而根据[[美国地质调查局]]测定,震中亦同位于汶川县境内,东经103.279°,北纬31.099°,[[震源]]深度为19公里<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。美国地质调查局的摇晃程度调查结果将震源附近的绵阳市的地震烈度定为IX,沿海在内的中国大部分地区的烈度为III<ref name="美国地质调查局"/>。该次地震只有一个震源,规模与1976年[[唐山大地震]]相仿<ref name="bgs_report" />。由于该次地震震源颇浅,属较为罕见的“板块内地震”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =专家解读汶川地震缘何中国许多地方震感强烈| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-05/13/content_8160359.htm| author =邹声文、杨维汉| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916180141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-05/13/content_8160359.htm| archivedate =2008-09-16}}</ref>,引发的震波波及了半个亚洲<ref name="liberty_asia">{{cite news|url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo1.htm|title=板块内地震 半个亚洲跟著晃|author=许敏溶|coauthors=林毅璋,张沛元|publisher=自由时报|language=zh-hant|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025309/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo1.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。这次地震地区的震前过程不明显,与中国以往的地震不同,地震监测机构在震前没有发现异常<ref name="netease_sun">{{cite news|author=中国网|title=中国地震台预报员孙士鋐:汶川地震来得很突然|date=2008-05-14|publisher=网易|url=http://news.163.com/08/0514/14/4BTLIUI7000121G3.html|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|8=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517234630/http://news.163.com/08/0514/14/4BTLIUI7000121G3.html|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。
=== 地质 ===
{{See also|四川盆地|四川地震|叠溪大地震}}
[[File:汶川大地震4.jpg|缩略图|thumb|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/4d086e061d950a7bca7c2cb208d162d9f2d3c97f?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=b94f65ec83c0a2862f2e21a4 原图链接]震中所在地的地形情况,可以看到四川省因受到板块挤压而地形十分崎岖。汶川大地震的震央位在龙门山附近,而这附近的山区直接围绕著四川盆地。之所以会有这些山脉,是由于印度板块不断往北对欧亚板块推挤,而形成这些东北─西南向的山地地形。]]
四川盆地由5500万年来自印度次大陆向亚洲大陆推挤的[[造山运动]]而来<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo2.htm|title=逆断层「造震」 造山运动延伸|date=2008-05-13|publisher=自由时报|language=zh-hant|accessdate=2010-05-21|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225043743/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/13/today-fo2.htm|archivedate=2010-12-25}}</ref>,属地震频繁区。地震前,横跨龙门山断裂带中段与北段的地壳形变特征的差异,亦与汶川地震时能量释放的空间分布吻合<ref>{{cite journal | language=zh-hans | author = 杜方、闻学泽、张培震、王庆良 | title = 2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变 | url = | journal = 地球物理学报 | volume = 52 | issue = 11 | pages = 2739-2749 | year = 2009 | id = }}</ref>。而美国地质调查局的报告亦指出:“地震是由[[四川盆地]]西北边缘东北向[[逆断层]]或[[冲断层]]运动所致。震中与震源机制与[[龙门山断层]]或与其构造相关的断层运动结果一致。由于地壳物质缓慢从青藏高原向东移动,遇四川盆地和中国东南部坚硬地壳而汇聚,产生构造压力,导致地震的发生。”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cags.net.cn/2008/20080513-21.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084741/http://www.cags.net.cn/2008/20080513-21.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |title=美国地质调查局报告中国四川地震情况 |language=zh-hans |publisher=中国地质科学院 |author=中国地质科学院国际合作处 |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-13 |deadurl=yes }},原文:"The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake's epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China."</ref>而从洲际的规模上看,这次地震缘于[[印度板块]]以每年5厘米的速度向北朝[[欧亚板块]]的碰撞形成<ref name="美国地质调查局" /><ref name="bgs_report">{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/latest/eastern_sichuan_12052008/eastern_sichuan_12052008.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517102426/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/latest/eastern_sichuan_12052008/eastern_sichuan_12052008.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |title=Eastern Sichuan Earthquake 12 May 2008 |trans_title=2008年5月12日川东地震 |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-14 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外,日本专家分析,地震造成的地下断层在长约120公里、宽约40公里的范围内剧烈运动。断层自东北向西南位移,从深度约11公里处开始移动,约45秒后整个断层进行位移。最严重处断层错位约有3.4米<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |title=日专家推测四川地震能量约为坂神大地震的20倍 |date=2008-05-14 |publisher=搜狐新闻 |url=http://news.sohu.com/20080514/n256848741.shtml |accessdate=2017-02-04 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071506/http://news.sohu.com/20080514/n256848741.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
这次地震是继1976年8月16日下午2时[[四川]][[松潘县|松潘]]、[[平武县|平武]]两县发生7.2级地震以来,近32年发生的四川省内首次规模7级以上地震<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网(转自《天府早报》) | title = 32年首发7级以上地震 四川地震局连开6次发布会 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-13/1247028.shtml | author = 郑其 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080522060515/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-13/1247028.shtml | archivedate = 2008-05-22 }}</ref>。它造成了连接[[青藏高原]]东部山脉和[[四川盆地]]之间大约275公里长的[[断层]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Richard A. Kerr |title=Chinese Quake Likely a Mega-Catastrophe |trans_title=中国的地震很有可能是一场巨大的灾难 |date=2008-05-12 |publisher=ScienceNow |url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/512/1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515055956/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/512/1 |archivedate=2008-05-15 |work=Daily News |accessdate=2008-05-15 |language=en |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。四川西北部曾经在1933年8月25日发生过[[叠溪大地震|7.5级地震]],造成了9300人死亡<ref name="美国地质调查局" />。
=== 波及面 ===
由于震中位于[[海拔]]较高的地方,而且震源距地面非常近,加上中国中部地区[[岩层]]较为坚硬,[[地震波]]传得很远,因而有明显震感的地区很广<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2008-05-18|language=en|publisher=[[美联社]]|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=91984|title=Earthquake in China struck in 2 stages|author=SHINO YUASA|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223121710/http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=91984|archivedate=2014-02-23}}</ref>。亦有分析指出远距离强震传来较长的[[周期|振动周期]],比较容易与高层建筑物的自振周期接近从而形成[[共振]]。同时,由于建筑物的高度进一步放大了摇动幅度,导致远离震中一千多公里以外地区的高层的人员依然能够明显感受到地震,而地面及低层人员几乎感受不到振动<ref>{{cite news|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|publisher=[[新民晚报]]|title=远方来“震”对上海未有破坏性影响|author=马亚宁|url=http://news.idoican.com.cn/xmwb/html/2008-05/13/content_4922391.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112047/http://news.idoican.com.cn/xmwb/html/2008-05/13/content_4922391.htm|archivedate=2015-04-02}}</ref>。日本[[东京大学]]教授古村孝志称本次地震引起的[[长周期地震动]]是北京、上海等地的高层建筑感受到大幅摇晃的原因。根据[[地球模拟器]]的模拟,长周期地震动的周期约为10至20秒,于地震发生后7至8分钟到达北京、上海等地,其振幅可达20厘米<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cidir.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/kenkyu_report02.html|title=北京や上海でも大きく揺れた四川大地震の长周期地震动|publisher=东京大学 大学院情报学环 総合防灾情报研究センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003546/http://cidir.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/kenkyu_report02.html|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>。
根据[[日本气象厅]]精密地震观测室(现[[气象厅松代地震观测所|松代地震观测所]])的观测,地震发生当日下午,本次地震的地震波绕地球一圈后返回,当日晚上又第二次观测到绕地球一圈后返回的地震波。经过详细解析后,确认本次地震的地震波围绕地球传播了6圈。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/0805/16a/0516shisen.pdf|title=5月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について(第2报)―国内の観测データを用いた解析结果―|publisher=[[日本气象厅]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407062634/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/0805/16a/0516shisen.pdf|archivedate=2016-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|title=5 月 12 日の中国四川省の地震について ― 地球を何周もした地震波 ―|publisher=気象业务支援センター|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003747/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/jp/topics/2008/0805/0805sichuan_quake.pdf|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>
中国大陆除[[吉林]]、[[黑龙江]]、[[新疆]]三省区无震感报告外,其余省区市均有震感<ref name="chu3">{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161113.htm|title=快讯:除三省区无震感报告 其他省区市均有震感|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2010-05-20|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054059/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161113.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。[[香港|港]][[澳门|澳]]地区在地震发生三分钟后感到震动,[[台湾]]在大陆的媒体宣称有感,后台湾气象局表示当时台湾东部发生有感地震所以当地居民感受到的地震不是汶川大地震的震波。
[[越南]][[河内]]、[[泰国]][[曼谷]]、和[[巴基斯坦]]分别在地震后的5、6和10分钟后感到震动<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154341.htm|title=四川汶川发生地震 越南首都河内有震感|author=黄海敏|date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2008-05-14|language=zh-hans|publisher=新华网|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522102103/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154341.htm|archivedate=2008-05-22}}</ref><ref name="越泰巴基斯坦同感摇晃">{{cite news| language =zh-hant| author =| coauthors =| url =http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=155&Page=3&News=c99b76cac28969ec4c92d7cad80331ecc91fd48eca4377e4a41a15c84a&ChineseName=| title =越泰巴基斯坦同感摇晃| work =| publisher =《明报》| pages =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-20}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="liberty_asia" />。
=== 余震 ===
{{Main|汶川大地震余震列表}}
[[File:汶川大地震5.jpg|缩略图|right|300px|thumb|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/b03533fa828ba61ea9df54cb4634970a304e5924?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=b03533fa828ba61ea9df54cb4634970a304e5924 原图链接]汶川大地震遗址。]]
截止到2010年2月10日12时,据中国地震台网中心测定,汶川地区共发生72046次余震,其中4.0级以上余震311次(4.0~4.9级264次,5.0~5.9级39次,6.0~6.9级8次),最大余震为6.4级<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_06/13/1213320904796.html |title=汶川8.0级地震4级以上余震目录 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |publisher=[[中国地震网]] |language=zh-hans |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032622/http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_06/13/1213320904796.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川防震减灾信息网| title =汶川地区共发生72046次余震| url =http://www.eqsc.gov.cn/manage/html/ff808181126bebda01126bec4dd00001//wc512/index.html| author =| date =| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170603/http://www.eqsc.gov.cn/manage/html/ff808181126bebda01126bec4dd00001//wc512/index.html| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。其中5月16日[[汶川]]就发生强度为5.1级的[[馀震]],当时[[胡锦涛]]正在灾区现场指挥抢险也感受到强烈震感。馀震也引发了[[泥石流]]等灾害险情<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =暴雨余震后都汶路连续出现塌方泥石流| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-08/02/content_8910814.htm| author =肖林| date =2008-08-02| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180029/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-08/02/content_8910814.htm| archivedate =2015-04-02}}</ref>。其中最大的余震发生于5月25日下午16时21分:[[青川]]发生6.4级余震,震中为东经105.23°,北纬32.32°,其位置在[[青川]]的观音店乡一带,广元、西安、成都、重庆等地有强烈震感。共造成8人死亡,927人受伤<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 快讯:青川发生的6.4级余震造成8人死亡927人受伤 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/26/content_8256735.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-26 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024121958/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/26/content_8256735.htm | archivedate = 2008-10-24 }}</ref>。5月27日下午16时零5分,四川[[青川]](震中位置位于北纬32.7°,东经105.6°)再次发生5.4级余震,成都、重庆、陕西等地均有震感。5月27日下午16时37分,陕西省[[宁强县]]发生5.7级余震,造成至少20人受伤<ref>{{cite web | url = http://old.jfdaily.com/gb/jfxww/xlbk/xwwb/node48790/node48792/userobject1ai2055003.html | title = 四川青川、陕西宁强 接连发生5级以上余震 | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新闻晚报 | 5 = | date = 2008-05-28 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121731/http://old.jfdaily.com/gb/jfxww/xlbk/xwwb/node48790/node48792/userobject1ai2055003.html | archivedate = 2015-04-02 }}</ref>。不过随着时间的推移,整个余震活动处于正常衰减,2009年全年4.0级以上余震仅为24次<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川日报 | title = 四川今年“有感余震”24次 并无破坏性地震迹象 | url = http://news.cnwest.com/content/2009-12/25/content_2673180.htm | author = 石莉芳 | date = 2009-12-25 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100315074225/http://news.cnwest.com/content/2009-12/25/content_2673180.htm | archivedate = 2010-03-15 }}</ref>。
=== 成因 ===
{{See also|龙门山断层|西部大开发|紫坪铺水利枢纽}}
地震专家普遍认为引发地震的原因在于龙门山断裂带<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国中央电视台| title =视频:汶川地震成因初探 祸起龙门山断裂带| url =http://news.cctv.com/science/20080523/100111.shtml| author =程冲| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170324/http://news.cctv.com/science/20080523/100111.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>:[[印度板块]]往北推进,向[[欧亚板块]]挤压并不断地向亚洲板块下插入,导致[[青藏高原]]迅速上升,并在高原的边缘形成了地震多发的[[断层]],其中就包括[[龙门山断层]]。如果断裂每年运动数厘米,每隔50米至70米,积聚的应力和能量就能产生一次里氏7级以上的大地震。由于震源较浅,而且震源机制为向东的逆冲运动,加上震区土质松软,地震波向东能传播很长距离<ref name="duanc" />。而正是这次地壳收缩过程造成了这场地震<ref> {{cite journal|title=Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake|journal=Nature|date=2009-03-12|author=Judith Hubbard|coauthors=John H. Shaw|volume=|issue=458|pages=194-197<!--|id= {{doi|10.1038/nature07837}}-->|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07837.html|format=|accessdate=2009-03-13|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317002129/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07837.html|archivedate=2009-03-17}}</ref>。[[汶川]]位于龙门山断裂带上,这一地震带非常活跃,半个世纪以来已发生7级以上的破坏性地震多达10余次,距离汶川不远的[[松潘]]附近地区曾于1938年和1976年发生过7级以上的大地震<ref name="duanc">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =中外专家和机构分析汶川大地震成因| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167645.htm| author =| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090420115201/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167645.htm| archivedate =2009-04-20}}</ref>。
不过也有专家推断中国推动[[西部大开发]]以来,四川修建的大量水库可能诱发地震。四川地矿局区域地质调查队总工程师[[范晓]]称这次地震有可能是[[紫坪铺水利枢纽|紫坪铺水库]]蓄水引发的<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=星岛环球网 |title=地质专家:不排除紫坪铺水库诱发地震 |url=http://www.stnn.cc:82/society_focus/200805/t20080522_783600.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419205916/http://www.stnn.cc:82/society_focus/200805/t20080522_783600.html |archivedate=2009-04-19 |author= |date=2008-05-22 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,范认为这次汶川地震符合典型水库诱发地震的三个指标性条件,分别为高坝大库(坝体高、水库容量大)、水库建于活动的地震断裂带上及后来发生了黎克特制6级以上地震<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=明声报(转自香港明报) |title=省地矿局工程师:水库与川震「密切相关」 西部大兴水电 埋地震隐忧 |url=http://mingshengbao.com/tor/article.php?aid=569050 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516022853/http://mingshengbao.com/tor/article.php?aid=569050 |archivedate=2018-05-16 |author= |date=2018-05-11 |accessdate=2018-05-16 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>;但是长江三峡工程开发总公司枢纽管理部门的人员否认了这种可能<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国评论新闻网| title =社评:汶川地震 三峡水库勿受冤枉| url =http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/5/100652572.html?coluid=93&kindid=2773&docid=100652572&mdate=0522085502| author =丘峦| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142113/http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/5/100652572.html?coluid=93&kindid=2773&docid=100652572&mdate=0522085502| archivedate =2016-03-05}}</ref>。美国的地质学家也认为这种说法有一定的可能性<ref>{{cite news|language=en |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2009/11/06-03.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304104551/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2009/11/06-03.html |archivedate=2010-03-04 |title=More Support for Human Role in Chinese Quake |author=Richard A. Kerr |date=2009-11-06 |publisher=ScienceNOW |accessdate=2010-05-26 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。他们的研究认为紫坪铺水库中水的压力可能削弱附近的北川断层,额外的压力裂开了断层线。水本身也会渗透进断层下数公里,从而加剧断层的断裂,这可能让汶川大地震发生的时间提前了数十到数百年。但是真正的影响可能还需要更长时间的观察才能做出结论<ref>{{cite journal|language=en|author=Ge, S.|coauthors=M. Liu, N. Lu, J. W. Godt, and G. Luo|date=2009-10-28|title=Did the Zipingpu Reservoir trigger the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake?|journal=Geophys. Res. Lett.|volume=36|pages=L20315, 5|doi=10.1029/2009GL040349|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL040349/abstract|accessdate=2010-05-26|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127013209/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL040349/abstract|archivedate=2013-01-27}}</ref>。
=== 征兆与预警 ===
{{Seealso|地震预测}}
在该次严重地震前,民间一直出现各类异象,被视为地震征兆的凭证,但它们与地震的关连性仍有待考证。2008年5月10日,[[四川]][[绵竹市]]西南镇檀木村(距离震中不到100公里)出现了数十万只[[蟾蜍]][[迁徙]]的现象<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/13/CH0805130019.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616091738/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/13/CH0805130019.htm |archivedate=2008-06-16 |title=震前数十万蟾蜍骚动示警 |publisher=[[文汇报 (香港)|文汇报]](香港) |author=唐湛嫣 |date=2008-05-12 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hant |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,当地林业部门解释其为蟾蜍的正常迁徙<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自四川在线-华西都市报)| title =数十万只蟾蜍迁徙引居民担忧| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-10/034013855633s.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-10| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100510184438/http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-10/034013855633s.shtml| archivedate =2010-05-10}}</ref>。蟾蜍的大规模迁徙现象曾在2006年4月于重庆<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tech.tom.com/2006-04-29/04BF/13303089.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235330/http://tech.tom.com/2006-04-29/04BF/13303089.html |archivedate=2008-05-16 |title=集体大迁徙,重庆万只蟾蜍‘压马路’ |publisher=中国新闻网 |date=2006-04-29 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2007年5月于河北唐山<ref>{{cite news|url=http://yzdsb.hebnews.cn/20070524/ca751316.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703144238/http://www.ts800.net/html/tongchengxinxi/20070525/21.html |archivedate=2007-07-03 |title=成千上万只蟾蜍迁徙,队伍绵延约400米 |publisher=燕赵都市报 |date=2007-05-24 |accessdate=2010-05-24 |language=zh-hans |author=徐扬 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2007年9月于山东临沂<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/news/2007-09/20/content_11204223.htm|title=气温骤降赶去沂河越冬,山东上万蟾蜍大搬家|publisher=新华网(转自《齐鲁晚报》)|date=2007-09-20|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704154313/http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/news/2007-09/20/content_11204223.htm|archivedate=2008-07-04}}</ref>、2005年7月于吉林长春<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nen.com.cn/72343471356116992/20050707/1716188.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043750/http://www.nen.com.cn/72343471356116992/20050707/1716188.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-16 |title=长春万只蟾蜍四处逃窜场面壮观 |publisher=东北新闻网(转自东亚经贸新闻) |date=2005-07-07 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |author=孙鹏 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、2008年5月于江苏泰州<ref>{{cite news|url=http://it.sohu.com/20080512/n256805713.shtml|title=江苏泰州数万只小蟾蜍排队过马路|publisher=扬子晚报|date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|author=赵里鹏|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516180954/http://it.sohu.com/20080512/n256805713.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>、2007年4月于四川成都<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/zoujinkexue/20070918/106664.shtml|title=蟾蜍进村|publisher=中国中央电视台|work=走近科学|date=2007-09-18|accessdate=2008-05-16|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516111158/http://www.cctv.com/program/zoujinkexue/20070918/106664.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>等中国各地区多次发生并被报道,但其后并未发生地震。中国工程院院士[[周福霖]]称,震前的动物异常反应是科学的,敏感的动物会察觉到地震变化;然而动物除了对地震会有敏感反应外,亦会对其他自然现象产生敏感反应。因此蟾蜍迁徙只能作为可能发生地震的参考,并不能作为震前的可靠预测<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =北京新浪网| title =中国工程院院士周福霖:板块断裂造成汶川地震| url =http://news.sina.com/c/2008-05-15/182715547473.shtml| author =夏杨、孙璇| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100211115419/http://news.sina.com/c/2008-05-15/182715547473.shtml| archivedate =2010-02-11}}</ref>。
纵然科学家普遍认同地震难以预测,但在地震后,外界曾质疑中国为办好奥运而隐瞒地震预警。其中在5月13日国务院记者会上,新加坡《[[联合早报]]》的记者报道说,曾接到四川地震局职工7人的投诉,指几天前已察觉到地震迹象,但局里说为了保证奥运前的安定局面,禁止透露这个信息<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/2008-05/13/content_15193697.htm|title=国新办就四川汶川地震灾害和抗震救灾进展情况召开发布会|publisher=中国网|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516221211/http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/2008-05/13/content_15193697.htm|archivedate=2008-05-16}}</ref>。地震局予以否认,重申地震预测是“世界难题”,地震前并未收到预报<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/201015531372.shtml|title=中国地震台从未收到汶川地震预报卡|publisher=中国新闻网|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-13|language=zh-hans|author=孙自法|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517154220/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/201015531372.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。
有关汶川地震前的预报研究亦被重新关-{注}-。2006年,[[陕西师范大学]]科学家发布研究论文,其中利用[[川滇地区]]25次地震的数据,预测2008年川滇地区极有可能发生大于6.7级强烈地震<ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = | title = 《基于可公度方法的川滇地区地震趋势研究》 | url = http://www.iseis.cuhk.edu.hk/img/special/ref1.pdf | journal = 灾难学 | volume = 第21卷 | issue = 第3期 | pages = 81-84 | year = 2006年 | id = 9月 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111548/http://www.iseis.cuhk.edu.hk/img/special/ref1.pdf | archivedate = 2011-05-14 }}</ref>。而在2007年7月17日,中、欧和美三地科学家亦在权威地质专刊《构造》(''{{lang|en|Tectonics}}'')中发表文章,指出北川和彭灌断层具有造成灾害性地震的潜能<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = 美国国家地理杂志 | title = Study Warned of China Quake Risk Nearly a Year Ago | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080516-earthquake-predicted.html | author = Kevin Holden Platt | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091212081552/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080516-earthquake-predicted.html | archivedate = 2009-12-12 }}</ref>。而汶川附近地区从2005年至2007年连续大旱,符合民间所谓「大旱后1至3年半出现6级以上地震」的说法<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =[[明报]]| title =汶川大地震是否不可预测?| url =http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=155&News=84ca73308d203f9f9dc572ba0c18139f05c4f0fa881e1d2382e24738b92e27| author =刘进图| date =2008-06-01| accessdate =2010-05-20}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。有学者认为如果当局掌握地震前的反常现象([[气压]]、[[温度]]、[[降雨]]等),应能准确预测<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=[[文汇报 (香港)|文汇报]] |title=专家:3年大旱 地震先兆 |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/15/CH0805150028.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517070854/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/15/CH0805150028.htm |archivedate=2008-05-17 |author= |date=2008-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
在地震前数天,地震重灾区的阿坝州更盛传将有大地震发生,又指村干部劝村民搬到户外居住,但阿坝州当地政府澄清并无其事,誓言找出谣传来源,大力辟谣<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.takungpao.com/news/08/05/13/ZM-904157.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083437/http://www.takungpao.com/news/08/05/13/ZM-904157.htm |archivedate=2008-05-13 |title=当地曾爆「大地震」流言 |location=香港 |publisher=[[大公报]] |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hant |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。就在地震当天清晨,[[新浪网]]亦发放消息,描述在阿坝州防震减灾局主动解释下,已成功解除村民的恐慌,秩序快速恢复了正常<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hant | publisher = [[新浪网]] | title = 5月3日阿坝州防震减灾局成功平息地震误传事件 | url = http://news.sina.com/ch/phoenixtv/102-101-101-102/2008-05-12/01102888653.html | author = | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100204091059/http://news.sina.com/ch/phoenixtv/102-101-101-102/2008-05-12/01102888653.html | archivedate = 2010-02-04 }}</ref>。四川省政府网页亦发放了澄清消息,但在地震发生后两媒体开始删除有关内容并做出回应,称信息中所涉及之阿坝州马尔康县梭磨乡马塘村确未发生地震<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自四川新闻网)| title =四川省地震局辟谣:无故意隐瞒地震预报不报| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/182315547456.shtml| author =姚朔昂| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040542/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/182315547456.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。地震前半小时,甘肃天水上空亦曾出现彩云<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 腾讯网 | title = 视频:5月12日甘肃天水地震前半小时天空出现彩云 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20080513/004283.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101019064335/http://news.qq.com//a//20080513//004283.htm | archivedate = 2010-10-19 }}</ref>。根据台湾卫星福尔摩沙三号的观测,地震前一到五天,震区上空的[[电离层]]平均密度骤降一半<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =今日传媒| title =四川强震/震前空中电离层变稀薄 福尔摩沙三号重大发现| url =http://www.nownews.com/2008/05/16/91-2275796.htm| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080629043146/http://www.nownews.com/2008/05/16/91-2275796.htm| archivedate =2008-06-29}}</ref>。
自地震发生后,中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理[[温家宝]]18日在[[中国地震局]]要求进一步加强地震监测预报工作<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =温家宝要求进一步加强地震监测预报工作| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/18/content_8200774.htm| author =李斌| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091013104122/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/18/content_8200774.htm| archivedate =2009-10-13}}</ref>。翌日,四川省地震局旋即发放馀震警告:汶川余震活动水平为6至7级左右,5月19日至20日汶川地震区附近余震发生的可能性较大<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[新华网]] | title = 汶川震区附近可能发生6至7级余震 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/20/content_8210103.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-20 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150214210521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/20/content_8210103.htm | archivedate = 2015-02-14 }}</ref>。为避免余震灾害,包括[[成都]]在内的很多城市街头上出现大量市民露宿<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自中国新闻网)| title =四川汶川地震:成都震感强烈全城市民街头避险| url =http://news.163.com/08/0512/16/4BON5L040001124J.html| author =邹辉| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080516201104/http://news.163.com/08/0512/16/4BON5L040001124J.html| archivedate =2008-05-16}}</ref>。
=== 损失与伤亡 ===
{{see also|汶川大地震灾情|公民调查}}
2008年汶川大地震过后,一栋由四川省当地政府于1999年兴建来安置被拆迁居民的都江堰云海汽修厂大楼,在这次大地震中二楼崩塌成一条狭窄的细缝。此时尚有孕妇及老妇人困于其中,也有多人已遭掉落的石块压死。
{| class="collapsible wikitable collapsed" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
! colspan=7| '''<center>汶川地震伤亡人数<ref name="南方日报数据">{{Cite news|url=http://gb.news.sina.com/ch/nanfangdaily/102-000-101-101/2008-05-24/19232925493.html|title=汶川大地震遇难人数逾6万/川高校60多人遇难—请志愿者另择时机去灾区|publisher=[[新浪网]]引自《[[南方日报]]》|date=2008-05-24|accessdate=2008-05-25|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208160202/http://gb.news.sina.com/ch/nanfangdaily/102-000-101-101/2008-05-24/19232925493.html|archivedate=2011-12-08}}</ref><ref name="新浪数据汇集">{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html|date=2008-05-27|accessdate=2008年6月1日15:20[[UTC]]|title=各地伤亡汇总(实时更新)|publisher=[[新浪]]新闻中心|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519003228/http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html|archivedate=2008-05-19}}</ref></center>'''
|- style="background:#000;"
| colspan=4| '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">地区</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">死亡人数</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">受伤人数</span></center>''' || '''<center><span style="color:#fff;">失踪人数</span></center>'''
|-
|rowspan = "45" | '''[[四川省]]''' ||colspan="2" rowspan="5" | '''[[绵阳市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mianyang.gov.cn/MYGOV/147211412819673088/20080528/295248.html|title=绵阳市抗震救灾情况通报|publisher=[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[绵阳市]]政务网站|date=2008-05-27|accessdate=2008-05-31|language=zh-hans}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || '''[[北川羌族自治县|北川县]]''' || 8,605 || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[安县]]''' || 1,571 || 13,476 || 不详
|-
| '''[[平武县]]''' || 1,546 || 32,145 || 不详
|-
| '''[[江油市]]''' || 394 || 10,006 || 85
|-
| '''总计:''' || 21,960 || 166,735 || 7,650
|-
|rowspan="16" | '''[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝州]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abazhou.gov.cn/html/2008-5/29/content_200852905923121.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529134959/http://www.abazhou.gov.cn/html/2008-5/29/content_200852905923121.html |archivedate=2008-05-29 |title=截至5月31日18时阿坝州地震灾区遇难人员超过1.9万人 |publisher=[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝州]]人民政府门户网站 |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2008-05-29 |language=zh-hans |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ||rowspan="4" | '''[[汶川县]]''' || '''[[映秀镇]]''' || 不详<br />(生还2,300人<ref name="映秀生还人数">{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/13/content_8161323.htm|title=徒步入汶川映秀镇救援队发回震中首条消息|publisher=[[新华网]]|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2008-05-25|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517033326/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/13/content_8161323.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[漩口镇]]''' || 不详(“惨重”) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''[[卧龙镇 (汶川县)|卧龙镇]]''' || 不详(“惨重”) || 不详 || 不详
|-
| '''总计:''' || 15,941 || 34,583 || 8,109
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[茂县]]''' || 3,122 || 8,183 || 2,223
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[理县]]''' || 103 || 1,612 || 25
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[金川县]]''' || 39 || 28 || 28
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[松潘县]]''' || 20 || 22 || 14
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[小金县]]''' || 18 || 22 || 30
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[黑水县]]''' || 13 || 77 || 3
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[红原县]]''' || 9 || 2 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[马尔康县]]''' || 8 || 不详 || 1
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[若尔盖县]]''' || 8 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[九寨沟县]]''' || 7 || 34 || 2
|-
|colspan="2" | '''[[壤塘县]]''' || 5 || 3 || 不详
|-
|colspan="2" | '''总计:''' || 20,159 || 44,640 || 8,573
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="4" | '''[[德阳市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deyang.gov.cn/zt_dy/showinfo.asp?id=495|title=德阳市抗震救灾综合信息(5月31日)|publisher=德阳市人民政府公众信息网|date=2008-05-28|accessdate=2008-05-31|language=zh-hans}}{{Dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> || '''[[绵竹市]]''' || 11,101 || 36,822 || 298
|-
| '''[[什邡市]]''' || 5,924 || 31,990 || 214
|-
| '''[[中江县]]''' || 21 || 420 || 不详
|-
| '''总计:''' || 17,114 || 73,972 || 566
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''[[广元市]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cngy.gov.cn/Columns/20071220194235738/20071226234130794/20080514092338254/20080524155421437/20080531175146354.shtml?articleID=45439 |title=市政府举行第十四次抗震救灾新闻发布会 |publisher=[[广元市]]人民政府门户网站 |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=2008-05-31 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317102211/http://www.cngy.gov.cn/Columns/20071220194235738/20071226234130794/20080514092338254/20080524155421437/20080531175146354.shtml?articleID=45439 |archivedate=2009-03-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> || '''[[青川县]]''' || 4,663 || 15,390 || 162
|-
| '''总计:''' || 4,817 || 28,241 || 125
|-
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" | '''[[成都市]]''' || '''[[都江堰市]]''' || 3,069 || 4,388 || 429
|-
| '''[[彭州市]]''' || 952 || 5,770 || 676
|-
| '''总计:''' || 4,276 || 26,413 || 1,271
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[南充市]]''' || 30 || 7,632 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[雅安市]]''' || 28 || 1,351 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[遂宁市]]''' || 27 || 402 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[资阳市]]''' || 20 || 633 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[眉山市]]''' || 10 || 315 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[巴中市]]''' || 10 || 258 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[甘孜藏族自治州|甘孜州]]''' || 9 || 23 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[乐山市]]''' || 8 || 534 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[内江市]]''' || 7 || 225 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[达州市]]''' || 4 || 67 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[凉山彝族自治州|凉山州]]''' || 3 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[自贡市]]''' || 2 || 87 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[广安市]]''' || 1 || 44 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[泸州市]]''' || 1 || 1 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 68,620 || 360,213 || 不详(约20,000)
|-
|rowspan = "2" | '''[[甘肃省]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[陇南市]]''' || 275 || 6,073 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 364 || 7,560 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[陕西省]]''' || 121 || 2,932 || 不详
|-
|rowspan = "5" | '''[[重庆市]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[梁平县]]''' || 6 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[巴南区]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[江津区]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''[[开县]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 18 || 47 || 58
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[河南省]]''' || 2 || 7 || 不详
|-
|rowspan = "2" | '''[[云南省]]''' ||colspan="3" | '''[[昭通市]]''' || 1 || 9 || 不详
|-
|colspan="3" | '''总计:''' || 1 || 51 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[贵州省]]''' || 1 || 15 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[湖北省]]''' || 1 || 14 || 不详
|-
|colspan = "4" | '''[[湖南省]]''' || 1 || 不详 || 不详
|-
! colspan="4"| '''总计:'''
| '''69,227'''|| '''374,643''' || '''17,923'''<ref name="people_sept" />
|-
| colspan="7"|【注】本表汇集多个传媒在不同时间报道的数据,总计数目不一定与各地区累计总合相符。
|}
汶川大地震对中国造成了极大的人员伤亡和经济损失。其中,[[四川]]、[[甘肃]]、[[陕西]]三省的极重灾区和重灾区数量分别是39个、8个和4个,共51个灾区县,总面积达到13万多平方公里。
2008年9月4日,中国国务院新闻办公室公布,汶川大地震造成的直接经济损失达8451亿元人民币,四川省占总损失的91.3%,甘肃占总损失的5.8%,陕西占总损失的2.9%。在这些损失中,民房和城市居民住房的损失占总损失的27.4%。包括学校、医院和其他非住宅用房的损失占总损失的20.4%。另外还有基础设施,道路、桥梁和其他城市基础设施的损失,占到总损失的21.9%<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=人民网 |title=汶川地震造成直接经济损失8451亿元人民币 |url=http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126525/7789005.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916174250/http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126525/7789005.html |archivedate=2008-09-16 |author=吕冰 |date=2008-09-04 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外中国民政部报告,截至2008年9月18日,中国汶川大地震已造成69227人遇难,374643人受伤,17824人失踪<ref name="people_sept" />。地震近一年之后,四川省人民政府在2009年5月7日报告,汶川地震在四川共造成68712人遇难,17921人失踪<ref name="died_sichuan">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川省人民政府 | title = “5.12”汶川地震四川学生死亡及失踪人数5300余名 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/bmdt/200905/t20090507_722124.shtml | author = 四川新闻网 | date = 2009-05-07 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155929/http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/bmdt/200905/t20090507_722124.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。
对于地震-{中}-死亡的学生数字,中国著名艺术家[[艾未未]]发起民间“拒绝遗忘”活动,公布非官方统计的汶川地震死难孩子的数字,对政府在处理汶川地震中回避责任的做法直接提出挑战<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 汶川地震两周年艾未未录制遇难学生名单 | url = http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2010/05/100512_china_quake_students.shtml | author = | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-06-06 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170841/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2010/05/100512_china_quake_students.shtml | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref>。艾未未指出地方政府对调查多方阻挠和回避<ref>{{cite news| author=亚微| title=民间拒绝遗忘汶川大地震死难学生| date=2009-05-23| publisher=| url=http://m.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2009-03-23-voa51-61390842/1029876.html| work=VOA| pages=| accessdate=2014-05-12| language=zh-hans| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043814/http://m.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2009-03-23-voa51-61390842/1029876.html| archivedate=2016-03-05}}</ref>,而四川省政府则否认接到类似的投诉<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=[[联合早报]] |title=外国记者在四川被骚扰事件 省府新闻办:没收到这类投诉 |url=http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/scquake/pages/scquake090508a.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218073212/http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/scquake/pages/scquake090508a.shtml |archivedate=2009-12-18 |author= |date=2009-05-08 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。2008年12月5日,[[艾未未]]再次发起了[[公民调查]]志愿者活动,但政府方面仍不配合<ref>{{cite web |url=http://view.news.qq.com/a/20090424/000018.htm |title=艾未未:汶川之后,谁死在第二次? |date=2009-04-24 |accessdate=2009-04-25 |publisher=[[腾讯网]](转自南方网) |language=zh-hans |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226071352/http://view.news.qq.com/a/20090424/000018.htm |archivedate=2010-02-26 }}</ref>。中国官方在2009年5月7日公布了学生死亡人数为5335名,这一数字是根据遇难学生家庭申请国家抚慰金和社会救助金的人数统计的。并且经过调查,认定没有发现因为建筑的质量问题而导致建筑物垮塌的案例。对可能尚未发现的问题,四川省政府也明确表明一旦发现将依法严肃查处<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]]| title =四川共计5335名学生在地震中遇难或失踪| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-07/111317764690.shtml| author =孙闻、王爱华| date =2009-05-07| accessdate =2009-05-07| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012913/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-07/111317764690.shtml| archivedate =2009-05-11}}</ref>。
== 震后影响 ==
=== 卫生与污染 ===
[[File:汶川大地震6.jpg|缩略图|right|300px|[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87/11042644/0/a6aed01bec4cf5c2af5133b7?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=a6aed01bec4cf5c2af5133b7 原图链接]汶川大地震]]
[[四川]][[中国疾病预防控制中心|疾控中心]]救援人员指出灾区的卫生问题恶劣,主要由于乾淨水源的缺乏,以致灾民随处便溺,垃圾亦四处可见。此外,由于伤亡惨重、尸横遍野,为阻绝卫生问题进一步恶化以及避免出现疫病,灾后不少地区需大量火化尸体,工作人员不时在火葬场范围喷洒消毒药水清洁,死者家属到场认尸后亦仅可以进行简单的祭念仪式。单计[[德阳市]]在灾情严重的日子内每天就需火化超过1000具尸体<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=明报 |date=2008-05-16 |language=zh-hans |title=尸体便溺垃圾处处防爆疫一市日烧1000尸 |url=http://www.mingpaosf.com/htm/News/20080516/SB4.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519170758/http://www.mingpaosf.com/htm/News/20080516/SB4.htm |archivedate=2008-05-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
此外,火灾、毒气洩漏和水污染都是四川大地震后可能发生的环境问题。虽然政府已经发出通知要求灾区的所有化工企业停产,但国际环保组织[[绿色和平]]发现仍然有部分小型化工厂违反政府指令偷偷开工,造成很大的环境问题<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =绿色和平| title =绿色和平协助清除四川地震灾区的环境隐患| url =http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/news/20080520-sichuan-earthquake| author =| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090101232957/http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/news/20080520-sichuan-earthquake| archivedate =2009-01-01}}</ref>,比如在绵阳市安县发现大量露天堆放的泥磷,严重威胁当地及下游居民的生命安全<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =绿色和平| title =堰塞湖下游化工厂存留泥磷废料| url =http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/press/releases/sichuan-earthquake-20080527| author =绿色和平| date =2008-05-28| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090129113657/http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/press/releases/sichuan-earthquake-20080527| archivedate =2009-01-29}}</ref>。
=== 通讯 ===
地震后,四川、[[甘肃]]和[[陕西]]三省公众通信网络基础设施受到了严重破坏<ref name="Zhang RY">{{cite journal|author1=张若英|title=中国汶川地震:通信应急预案遇大考|journal=世界电信|date=2009|volume=22|issue=9|doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4802.2009.09.020|url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/sjdx200909020|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173335/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/sjdx200909020|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。其中[[中国移动]]四川公司有3个[[交换机]]发生拥塞,2300多个基站因断电、传输中断等原因退出服务。因通讯联络急剧增多,四川当地长途话务量已上升到日常的10倍以上,手机接通率下降到日常平均值的一半左右<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 天府早报(转自新华网) | title = 移动四川公司:2300多个基站受影响 | url = http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094175814.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517105925/http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094175814.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref><ref name="Zhang RY"/>。
而[[中国联通]]方面,[[四川]][[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝]]地区网络约200个基站瘫痪;成都市通信网络基本正常,但由于网络繁忙,语音是平时的7倍,短信是平时的2倍,造成拥塞,短信通信迟缓<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =天府早报(新华社)| title =汶川联通两网全部中断| url =http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094176416.htm| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517110434/http://www.morning.sc.cn/2008/05/13/20080513508094176416.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>。截至2008年5月13日晚19时,四川移动全省范围内已经有1400余个基站抢修成功,但仍有2053个基站中断服务,但全省电话接通率已达90%以上<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 移动通讯保障人员"空投"灾区 仍有2千余基站中断 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163741.htm | author = 海明威 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917112225/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163741.htm | archivedate = 2008-09-17 }}</ref>。此后,中国联通、[[中国网通]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪科技| title =对话张春江:亲历震中映秀镇通信开始恢复| url =http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-17/00522200875.shtml| author =康钊| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043113/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-17/00522200875.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>等公司纷纷派遣抢救队进行抢修并运输海事卫星,灾区与外界的通讯陆续恢复<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪科技| title =联通员工回忆亲历空降映秀:团结就能战胜苦难| url =http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-20/01162204285.shtml| author =康钊| date =2008-05-20| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081118225239/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-20/01162204285.shtml| archivedate =2008-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪科技 | title = 运营商值守员工灾后120小时纪实 | url = http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-22/01592209442.shtml | author = 康钊 | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-24 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025809/http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2008-05-22/01592209442.shtml | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。
=== 交通 ===
航空方面,2008年5月12日,[[成都双流国际机场]]在地震发生后随即关闭<ref name="delayfly">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自人民网)| title =成都双流国际机场关闭 航班陆续备降重庆机场| url =http://news.sohu.com/20080512/n256805625.shtml| author =沉文敏| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170027/http://news.sohu.com/20080512/n256805625.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>,当日所有前往成都的航班被取消<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =民航资源网(转自香港《[[大公报]]》)| title =受汶川地震影响 香港逾十个航班延误或取消| url =http://news.carnoc.com/list/103/103465.html| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090404174600/http://news.carnoc.com/list/103/103465.html| archivedate =2009-04-04}}</ref>,受到影响的航班全部被转往[[重庆江北国际机场]]<ref name="delayfly" />。21时45分,双流机场恢复单向开放。5月13日0时23分,双流机场恢复双向开放<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =因地震临时关闭的成都双流国际机场恢复双向开放| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158495.htm| author =杨三军| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033026/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158495.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>。
铁路方面,[[宝成铁路]]、[[成昆铁路]]及相关支线线路多处塌方<ref name="train">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 腾讯网(转自[[中新社]]) | title = 汶川地震导致15处铁路塌方 200多列车滞留 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20080512/004100.htm | author = 周音 | date = 2008-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093143/http://news.qq.com/a/20080512/004100.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国铁道部|铁道部]]表示,受地震影响,有三十一列客车、一百四十九列货车在途滞留<ref name="train" />。其中[[宝成线]][[徽县]]至[[虞关乡|虞关]]段109号隧道山体塌方最为严重,导致21043次货物列车在隧道内脱轨,包括12节油罐车在内的货车起火燃烧<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国广播网| title =铁道部新闻发言人谈汶川地震后铁路情况| url =http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200805/t20080513_504786116.html| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140824210926/http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200805/t20080513_504786116.html| archivedate =2014-08-24}}</ref>。宝成线因此从2008年5月12日起中断行车,经过抢修,直至5月24日得以恢复<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/27/content_8264733.htm|title=宝成铁路在两次较强余震中未受明显影响|date=2008-05-27|author=梁娟|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528084357/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/27/content_8264733.htm|archivedate=2008-05-28}}</ref>。
公路方面,地震及其引发的滑坡、崩塌等次生灾害,致使灾区公路及其基础设施损毁严重、损失巨大。21条建成的高速公路、5条在建的高速公路不同程度受损,5条国道、11条省道受损严重,损毁农村公路24103公里<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=四川省交通运输厅 |title=《四川汶川地震灾后恢复重建规划》简介 |url=http://www.scjt.gov.cn/10000/10001/10023/10024/10019086.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135553/http://www.scjt.gov.cn/10000/10001/10023/10024/10019086.shtml |archivedate=2015-04-02 |author=四川省交通运输厅 |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2010-05-24 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。震后第二日,[[303省道 (四川)|303省道]]、[[210省道 (陕西)|210省道]]、[[310省道 (陕西)|310省道]]、[[316国道]]、[[318国道]]等得以修复,交通系统从东、西、南、北四方全力抢通前往汶川的公路<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =辽宁新闻网(转自新华网)| title =交通系统从东西南北四方全力抢通前往汶川的公路| url =http://news.lnd.com.cn/xwzx/htm/2008-05/13/content_171104.htm| author =林红梅| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-24| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120805231340/http://news.lnd.com.cn/xwzx/htm/2008-05/13/content_171104.htm| archivedate =2012-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =浙江在线(转自新华网)| title =冯正霖:交通系统正争分夺秒抢通通往汶川的公路| url =http://china.zjol.com.cn/05china/system/2008/05/14/009515004.shtml| author =林红梅、周英峰| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221181923/http://china.zjol.com.cn/05china/system/2008/05/14/009515004.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>。
=== 地貌与水利 ===
{{See also|唐家山堰塞湖|紫坪铺水库}}
地震造成的塌方对[[岷江]]产生重大影响,可以看见的岷江两岸旁的植被因滑坡现象而大量消失。这些地区所造成的山体滑坡现象,可能是由于5月12日的汶川大地震,或者是一些大大小小的馀震所导致的。根据德伦大学的教授大卫·皮特里指出,一个地区的地形往往会对地震袭击该地的情况产生影响,特别是山地地形会因山顶而导致晃动幅度增大,使得山区自山顶或者附近山脊开始出现滑坡现象。在加上由于中国经历了快速的工业化和城市化,使得这一地区砍伐树林的情况颇为明显,也或多或少加剧了地震对山林地的影响。
这次大地震造成大面积的地貌改变,诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要有崩塌、[[滑坡]]、[[泥石流]]等,在这些进入活跃期的震后次生灾害中,崩塌滑坡的活跃期将持续5-10年,泥石流的活跃期将持续10-20年<ref>{{cite journal|language=zh-hans|author=崔鹏|coauthors=韦方强 陈晓清 何思明|date=2008|title=汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策|journal=中国科学院院刊|issue=4|url=http://www.cas.cn/zt/jzt/wxcbzt/zgkxyyk2008nd4q/kjzz/200807/t20080721_2668404.shtml|accessdate=2010-05-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155743/http://www.cas.cn/zt/jzt/wxcbzt/zgkxyyk2008nd4q/kjzz/200807/t20080721_2668404.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。此外,地震在汶川、北川及青川等区形成了34个[[堰塞湖]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 总参:所有34个堰塞湖都在国家和军队掌握之中 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-06/12/content_8352255.htm | author = | date = 2008-06-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-26 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616083248/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-06/12/content_8352255.htm | archivedate = 2008-06-16 }}</ref>,其中在[[湔江]]形成的[[唐家山堰塞湖]],为堰塞湖中最危险的一座<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国新闻网| title =汶川地震形成的唐家山堰塞湖处于高危状态| url =http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/05-25/1261510.shtml| author =阮煜琳| date =2008-05-25| accessdate =2010-05-26| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080529053031/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/05-25/1261510.shtml| archivedate =2008-05-29}}</ref>。为防止堰塞湖崩塌引发下游出现洪灾,政府各部门共同组建了唐家山堰塞湖抢险指挥部,开挖引水槽排水,降低堰塞湖的水位、水量,以减少对下游的威胁<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =唐家山堰塞湖抢险指挥部召开紧急会议| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/04/content_8312855.htm| author =王圣志、汪延| date =2008-06-04| accessdate =2010-05-28| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230735/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/04/content_8312855.htm| archivedate =2008-07-03}}</ref>;俄罗斯亦派出[[米-26直升机|米-26重型运输直升机]]对困在堰塞湖附近的数百名灾民进行疏散<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐(转自[[新华社]]) | title = 俄罗斯米-26重型运输直升机抵达绵阳 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20080525/n257067505.shtml | author = 张勇 | date = 2008-05-25 | accessdate = 2010-05-25 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170156/http://news.sohu.com/20080525/n257067505.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 凤凰网(转自哈尔滨新闻网) | title = 米-26援救绵阳清平偏僻山区 一次运出百余灾民 | url = http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/detail_2008_05/21/487444_0.shtml | author = 吴庆梅 | date = 2008-05-21 | accessdate = 2010-05-27 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208030722/http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/detail_2008_05/21/487444_0.shtml | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。6月10日至11日,泄洪获得了成功,唐家山堰塞湖黄色警报于6月11日16时获得解除<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =四川唐家山堰塞湖解除黄色警报| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8348676.htm| author =王圣志| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-26| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080614030949/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8348676.htm| archivedate =2008-06-14}}</ref>。
除了形成堰塞湖外,地震还对震区的水库及水利枢纽造成破坏。[[中国水利部]]2008年5月13日发表初步统计称,大地震造成[[四川]]和[[重庆]]等地约391座水库出现险情,其中,大型水库2座,中型水库28座,小型水库321座。这300多座水库中,有129座在重庆境内。地震已造成紫坪铺水库大坝坝体发生裂缝,局部沉陷<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =燕赵晚报| title =【重返灾区】“最昂贵公路”通车| url =http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/331792.php| author =| date =2009-05-05| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170035/http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/331792.php| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>。5月14日中午,一度传出紫坪铺水库非常危险,水利部紧急启动“保坝方案”,当地有关部门已调派两千名官兵火速前往,打通水库排洪通道,降低蓄水水位,确保都江堰安全,缓解水库溃决的危险。紫坪铺水库附近山体滑坡相当严重,已出现大量土石流,这些土石流对紫坪铺水库也造成一定程度的破坏。两千名在当地驻守的官兵,随时监测和抢救险情<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.zaobao.com.sg/special/report/social/scquake/story20080516-66200|title=四川紫坪铺水库现裂缝 局部沉陷|publisher=联合早报|date=2008-05-16|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204174156/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/special/report/social/scquake/story20080516-66200|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。5月16日[[四川]][[岷江]]上游9座水坝,因大地震受到不同程度破坏,[[紫坪铺水库]]已出现裂缝和局部沉陷,邻近山区不断下泄大量土石流,危及水库安全。5月26日,紫坪铺受损泄洪洞闸已修复<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线(转自新华社)| title =紫坪铺受损泄洪洞闸已修复 水库状态安全运行| url =http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20080526/200852675239.htm| author =| date =2008-05-26| accessdate =2010-05-25| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170331/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20080526/200852675239.htm| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>。2008年8月21日紫坪铺水库完成永久修复。四川省政府亦计划用3年时间,投资300亿元,重建并完善防洪减灾基础设施、供水保障基础设施及农村水利基础设施<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = CCTV | title = 四川灾区紫坪铺水库完成永久修复 | url = http://news.cctv.com/china/20080821/101694.shtml | author = 熊德壮 | date = 2008-08-21 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170410/http://news.cctv.com/china/20080821/101694.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国新闻网| title =汶川地震两周年:探访唐家山堰塞湖| url =http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-10/2273091.shtml| author =杨超、曹周林| date =2010-05-10| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100514174432/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/05-10/2273091.shtml| archivedate =2010-05-14}}</ref>。
=== 生态 ===
汶川大地震产生的山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地陷等地质灾害造成四川、陕西、甘肃境内生态系统大面积损毁、岩土裸露、河流阻断、地貌改观,使灾区的水源涵养功能、土壤保持功能、生物多样性维持功能受到严重损伤。而震区中心所属的岷山和邛崃山系中动植物种类繁多,生物资源十分丰富,其中包括维管束植物4600种以上,苔藓植物400多种;脊椎动物252种,其中兽类58种,鸟类64种,爬行类45种,两栖类54种,鱼类31种<ref>{{cite journal| language =zh-hans| author =包维楷、庞学勇| title =四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点| url =http://www.cibj.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/6ef85010-c78c-487c-b0dd-ac66fdb96236.pdf| journal =《应用与环境生物学报》| volume =14| issue =4| pages =441-444| year =2008| id =| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170732/http://www.cibj.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/6ef85010-c78c-487c-b0dd-ac66fdb96236.pdf| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。它还是[[大熊猫]]、[[金丝猴]]等多种中国国家重点保护野生动植物物种的主要生境<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自《成都日报》) | title = 《“5·12”汶川大地震极重灾区生态破坏评估》初稿出炉 | url = http://news.163.com/10/0522/04/678SFN6000014AED.html | author = 李凌翌 | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-29 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043619/http://news.163.com/10/0522/04/678SFN6000014AED.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。
植被生态方面,汶川地震造成四川省林地损失493万亩,使该省森林覆盖率由30.7%下降为30.2%。其中45个林业重灾县市森林覆盖率由震前44.51%下降为42.64%。<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国中央人民政府| title =四川开展汶川地震灾区江河流域生态修复课题调查| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-10/13/content_1720927.htm| author =九三学社四川委员会| date =2010-01-26| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173425/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-10/13/content_1720927.htm| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。动物方面,至2008年5月13日晚,地震涉及到的[[中国保护大熊猫研究中心]]、[[成都大熊猫繁育研究基地]]、[[陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心]]中国三大[[大熊猫]]饲养繁育基地共144只大熊猫均无伤亡<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163568.htm|title=卧龙自然保护区内饲养繁育的86只大熊猫安然无恙|date=2008-05-13|author=于文静|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019232104/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8163568.htm|archivedate=2008-10-19}}</ref>。但[[四川]]、[[陕西]]、[[甘肃]]三省野生大熊猫栖息地受到不同程度影响。至14日11时,武警救援队在汶川县[[卧龙自然保护区]]搜救出40只受困的大熊猫<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.yn.xinhua.org/sms/2008-05/14/content_13258268.htm|title=卧龙自然保护区的40只受困大熊猫获救|date=2008-05-14|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918060842/http://www.yn.xinhua.org/sms/2008-05/14/content_13258268.htm|archivedate=2008-09-18}}</ref>。6月9日,最后1隻名为「毛毛」的大熊猫尸体被寻回<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华社 | title = 四川卧龙失踪大熊猫证实遇难 育有3个子女 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-06/11/content_8344077.htm | author = | date = 2008-06-11 | accessdate = 2017-02-04 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912074458/http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2008-06/11/content_8344077.htm | archivedate = 2011-09-12 }}</ref>。2010年,四川成都重新发现金丝猴、[[苏门羚]]等珍稀野生动物的身影,同时还采集到野生大熊猫的粪便,灾区的生态环境开始呈现恢复趋势<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《成都日报》)| title =汶川地震后 金丝猴首次现身| url =http://news.163.com/10/0523/03/67BBB29E00014AED.html| author =李凌翌| date =2010-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043827/http://news.163.com/10/0523/03/67BBB29E00014AED.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。在生态环境被严重破坏的同时,政府开始重视在重建中对生态结构的保护<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自[[新华网]])| title =汶川灾后重建启示录:保护生态环境和文化传统| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-05-11/204120250329.shtml| author =车玉明、刘铮、侯大伟、叶建平、苑坚| date =2010-05-11| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208024346/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-05-11/204120250329.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>与农业生产方式的调整<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国经济网(转自[[中国新闻网]])| title =汶川地震两周年:农业重建"生态发酵"助农民增收| url =http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201005/11/t20100511_21382018.shtml| author =鄢银婵| date =2010-05-11| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063723/http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201005/11/t20100511_21382018.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。
=== 金融与工业 ===
有一名女孩在废墟活埋102小时(将近4天又6小时)后成功获救。
由于地震的影响,[[上海证券交易所]]和[[深圳证券交易所]]由于无法与上市的四川、重庆上市公司取得联系,决定对两地的66家上市公司实施停牌<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://finance.people.com.cn/BIG5/7230072.html|title=受地震影响沪深两市66家上市公司今起停牌|date=2008-05-12|publisher=人民网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171100/http://finance.people.com.cn/BIG5/7230072.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。而[[上海证券交易所综合股价指数|沪]]、[[深圳证券交易所成份股价指数|深]]两市均未受太大影响,由于股民的强烈支持,复牌后[[四川|川]]、[[重庆|渝]]板块股票多只涨停<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =大洋网| title =股民拒卖"川股" 川渝板涨停疯狂| url =http://news.dayoo.com/finance/news/2008-05/15/content_3394701.htm| author =| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517172755/http://news.dayoo.com/finance/news/2008-05/15/content_3394701.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>。银行结算方面,外汇交易网络总体正常。5月14日,四川省辖内37个直接参与支付清算系统交易的商业银行中,已有36个可正常登录系统办理业务<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《国际金融报》) | title = 央行:汶川灾区金融运行总体稳定 国家拨款42.8亿 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/16/content_8183966.htm | author = 李卫玲 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170548/http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/16/content_8183966.htm | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref>。而保险业方面,由于投保额和投保率较低,汶川大地震之后,灾区获得来自保险业的赔付仅有18.06亿元;[[保监会]]据此呼吁建立巨灾风险管理制度<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 《财经》 | title = 汶川大地震获保险业赔付仅18亿元 | url = http://www.caijing.com.cn/2008-09-26/110016268.html | author = 李微敖 | date = 2008-09-26 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081029234708/http://www.caijing.com.cn/2008-09-26/110016268.html | archivedate = 2008-10-29 }}</ref>。截止至2010年3月,[[银监会]]引导银行业累计为汶川灾区发放重建贷款4200多亿元<ref name="">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中央政府门户网站 | title = 银行业累计为汶川灾区发放重建贷款4200多亿元 | url = http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-05/10/content_1603040.htm | author = | date = 2010-05-10 | accessdate = 2010-05-29 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160413/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-05/10/content_1603040.htm | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。
工业方面,四川、甘肃、陕西省受灾工业企业达17923家,直接经济损失1048.7亿元,其他经济损失约830亿元。四川省受灾工业企业16280家,直接经济损失997.8亿元;39个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失934亿元,占全省的93.6%;重灾企业2945家,需异地重建企业847家。甘肃省受灾工业企业761家,直接经济损失31亿元,8个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失21.1亿元。陕西省受灾工业企业785家,直接经济损失19.9亿元,4个重灾县工业企业直接经济损失6.7亿元。其中,[[东方汽轮机厂|东方汽轮机]]、[[蓝星机械]]等重点装备制造企业受损严重,直接经济损失超过130亿元。成都、德阳、绵阳、广元的电子信息产业规模四川省的80%左右,全行业直接经济损失约43亿元,[[长虹]]、[[九洲集团]]损失惨重。[[磷]]化工基地中,60%以上的磷矿损毁,近90家磷矿和磷化工企业受损,[[宏达集团]]、[[龙蟒集团]]、[[蓥峰实业]]等3支骨干企业直接损失36亿元。[[四川长钢]]、[[阿坝铝厂]]损失分别达3.5亿元、5亿元。[[陕西有色集团]]、[[略阳钢铁]]受损较大。[[剑南春]]集团固定资产损失8.2亿元,原酒损失9.6亿元。[[阿坝制药厂]]全部毁损,财产损失2.3亿元。此外,[[什邡]]、[[绵竹]]、[[北川]]、汶川、[[平武]]等重灾区工业基础设施基本全部摧毁,四川灾区44个工业园区、42个小企业创业基地和陕西5个县域工业园区基础设施均遭到不同程度损坏<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川省人民政府网(转自中国工业和信息化部网)| title =汶川地震灾区工业恢复重建规划| url =http://www.sc.gov.cn/zt_sczt/zhcjmhxjy/cjgh/200904/t20090424_703905.shtml| author =中国工业和信息化部| date =2008-11-25| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20130411212619/http://www.sc.gov.cn/zt_sczt/zhcjmhxjy/cjgh/200904/t20090424_703905.shtml| archivedate =2013-04-11}}</ref>。
=== 核研究 ===
中国的核物理研究机构[[中国工程物理研究院]]位于此次地震重灾区绵阳市境内。根据总参作战部马健少将介绍,灾区内的核设施是安全的,已经被军队和武警加以严格保护<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自新华网)| title =总参作战部:中国地震灾区核设施是安全的| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-18/164015566137.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208041619/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-18/164015566137.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国环境保护部|环境保护部]]部长周生贤在2008年5月20日表示,汶川大地震埋在废墟里的32枚放射源目前已回收30枚,剩余2枚已探测到具体位置<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20080521/n256984999.shtml|title=四川汶川地震灾害实时播报|date=2008-05-21|publisher=[[搜狐]](转自新华社)|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160059/http://news.sohu.com/20080521/n256984999.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。至6月10日,灾区存在安全隐患的50枚放射源已全部收贮,各核设施均处于安全受控状态<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/t/20080610/03234962095.shtml|title=灾区存安全隐患 50枚放射源已全部收贮完毕|author=王婷|publisher=[[新浪]]|date=2008-06-10|accessdate=2009-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213161551/http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/t/20080610/03234962095.shtml|archivedate=2015-02-13}}</ref>。
2017年2月 ,[[中国国防科工局]]副局长、[[国家原子能机构]]副主任王毅韧在中央电台节目透露,汶川地震时在四川的一处核设施曾出现类似日本福岛核电事故的险情,形势很危险「当时电断了,冷却水池破裂,堆芯有裸露可能。我们迅速调应急柴油机,採取空运,恢复供电,把水池修好,及时用冷却水,避免事故发生。」根据官方公开资料,在四川省内没有任何核电站,但海外媒体曾-{披}-露,在地震重灾区的北川县及安县,可能存在核武器库和核反应堆。<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.stheadline.com/inews-content.php?cat=e&nid=31820
|title=类似日本福岛险情 京官爆汶川大地震险酿核事故
|date=2017-02-17
|website=stheadline.com
|publisher=星岛头条网
|access-date=2017-02-17
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220004233/http://www.stheadline.com/inews-content.php?cat=e&nid=31820
|archivedate=2017-02-20
|deadurl=yes
}}</ref>
=== 文化与古迹 ===
汶川大地震使四川各地的少数民族文物和文化遗产遭到了不同程度的破坏,其中[[北川]]等地的少数民族聚居区受灾情况严重。文化遗産在地震灾区当地特别密集,仅[[成都]]、[[绵阳]]、[[阿坝藏族羌族自治州|阿坝]]、[[德阳]]四个地区的39个县、市,就有1处[[世界文化遗产]]([[四川大熊猫栖息地]])、49处[[全国重点文物保护单位]];还有大量藏羌[[碉楼]],已被列入申报世界文化遗産的预备名单。各级文物保护单位共958处,都在地震时遭到一定损害<ref name="culture" />。此外,少数民族文化中[[羌族]]文化在地震中受灾严重<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=南方都市报 |title=汶川萝卜寨:仅存的“释比”维系传承希望 |url=http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2010-05/15/content_11946398.htm |author=刘黎霞 |date=2010-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516184304/http://nf.nfdaily.cn/nfdsb/content/2010-05/15/content_11946398.htm |archivedate=2010-05-16 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。北川羌族自治县内的[[羌族]]人死亡与失踪人口达19000多人,占总人口的五分之一,97%以上的羌族民居倒塌<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2008-06/17/content_2225466.htm|title=羌族文化震后濒危|publisher=中国青年报|date=2008-06-17|accessdate=2009-05-10|language=zh-hans|author=文静|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208022934/http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2008-06/17/content_2225466.htm|archivedate=2011-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20090322/200932273510.htm|title=破坏严重 汶川等五县倡议抢救羌族文化遗产|publisher=天府早报|date=2009-03-22|accessdate=2009-05-10|language=zh-hans|author=王冬冬|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010614/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/20090322/200932273510.htm|archivedate=2014-05-13}}</ref>。而羌族碉楼、村寨等特色文物建筑,以及羌族民族刺绣、羌笛等非物质文化遗产的记录传承,也都遭到一定破坏<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2008/06-20/1287944.shtml|title=“云朵上的民族”重建羌文化 民间艺人坚强上路|publisher=中国新闻网(转自《四川日报》)|date=2008-06-20|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170654/http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2008/06-20/1287944.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。[[汶川县]]雁门乡有四千多年历史的古蹟遗址[[萝卜寨]],在地震中被夷为平地<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中国评论新闻| title =四川强震 四千多年古寨“萝卜寨”消逝| url =http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/8/100652878.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100652878| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055916/http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/5/2/8/100652878.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100652878| archivedate =2011-07-14}}</ref><ref name="heritage"/>。
在地震中,四川省文物考古研究院办公大楼受损较严重,部分文物标本受损;[[三星堆]]工作站房屋围墙受损;成都市文物考古研究所整理基地有少量陶器受损;[[古蜀船棺遗址]]附近的一座大楼开裂;[[金沙遗址]]博物馆成为避难场所,文物紧急撤展并移存;重庆市文物考古研究所周转库房围墙垮塌;陕西省考古研究所库房有9件陶器出现裂碎、1件[[三彩器]]跌落受损;甘肃省文物考古研究所礼县考古工地有7件陶器受损<ref name="culture">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[人民网]] | title = 汶川地震威胁954处文物 国家文物局紧急部署保护 | url = http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/87423/7235130.html | author = 文松辉 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090118023958/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/87423/7235130.html | archivedate = 2009-01-18 }}</ref>。其中,[[中国世界遗产]]之一的[[青城山]]和[[都江堰|都江堰水利工程]]位于震中,不过[[李冰]]父子修建、具有两千多年历史的都江堰工程基本无恙<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =泸州市水务局| title =汶川地震 都江堰工程几无恙| url =http://slj.luzhou.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=34| author =| date =2008-06-25| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150318020320/http://slj.luzhou.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=34| archivedate =2015-03-18}}</ref>;但是后人修建、纪念李冰父子的[[二王庙]]则在地震中损毁严重,后被国家文物局列为“灾后重建1号工程”进行重建<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线| title =汶川地震两周年 重大在建项目点击| url =http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/content/2010-05/12/content_741225.htm| author =| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234930/http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/content/2010-05/12/content_741225.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qianlong.com/28874/2009/05/07/2502@4978962.htm |title=都江堰二王庙有望2-3年后对游人开放 |publisher=[[千龙网]] |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |author=石磊 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180801/http://news.qianlong.com/28874/2009/05/07/2502%404978962.htm |archivedate=2014-02-21 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外,[[明朝|明]]末所建的[[阆中白塔]]在地震-{中}-拦腰截断,12层的阆中白塔被震垮6层;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155652.htm|title=四川阆中古城明代白塔在地震中拦腰折断|publisher=[[新华网]]|date=2008-05-13|accessdate=2010-05-23|language=zh-hans|author=陈勇|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155652.htm|archivedate=2009-01-19}}</ref>其他古迹包括[[彭州]][[领报修院]],[[绵竹]][[剑南春]]「天益老号」酒坊遗址古建筑<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中国国家地理 | title = 汶川地震对文化遗产保护的启示 | url = http://cng.dili360.com/ch/jcjx/2008/07011560.shtml | author = | date = 2008-07-01 | accessdate = 2010-05-23 }}</ref>、[[理县]]桃枰羌寨、江油市[[李白故里]]、[[李白纪念馆]]、[[窦团山]]、[[安县]]文星塔、[[青城山]]普照寺等遭受严重损毁。
=== 治安 ===
地震发生后,四川、甘肃、陕西等地震灾区治安形势总体平稳,[[中国公安部]]指挥中心未接报重大刑事案件、群死群伤的火灾、交通事故<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中央政府门户网站| title =公安部:四川汶川地震灾区社会治安形势总体平稳| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_971084.htm| author =中国公安部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223022137/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_971084.htm| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。不过因为地震损害严重,灾区部分灾民抢掠救援物资及商店<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[人民网]](转自 《健康时报》) | title = 公安特警在北川灾区抓获28名趁火打劫的犯罪嫌疑人 | url = http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/122647/7255355.html | author = 赵安平、刘桥斌 | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208160517/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/122647/7255355.html | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[搜狐]](转自中国西部网)| title =震灾中趁火打劫 无德导游盗走网吧营业款| url =http://travel.sohu.com/20080518/n256931424.shtml| author =李妍| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20121121024146/http://travel.sohu.com/20080518/n256931424.shtml| archivedate =2012-11-21}}</ref>,也有灾民在抢掠过程起争执而打斗,或抢掠物资再出售图利<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =丑陋的国民,卑鄙的行径,救灾物资被抢无人管| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080518/20080518023053_0000.html| author =李向荣| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090607081025/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080518/20080518023053_0000.html| archivedate =2009-06-07}}</ref>;亦有黑心商人伺机抬高物价<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =趁灾抢劫无处不在| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523024305_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061347/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523024305_0000.html| archivedate =2011-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =无良商人抬高物价| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025729_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080601232759/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025729_0000.html| archivedate =2008-06-01}}</ref>。此外,警方侦破一些诈骗案件<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自中国新闻网) | title = 2男子建网站借地震赈灾为名网上诈骗被抓 | url = http://news.163.com/08/0519/04/4C9EU09Q00011229.html | author = 丁梅、赵家新 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043615/http://news.163.com/08/0519/04/4C9EU09Q00011229.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>,包括部分[[黑客]]入侵部分[[中国红十字会]]网站篡改捐款账号<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《现代金报》)| title =黑客入侵红十字会官网篡改募捐帐号| url =http://tech.163.com/08/0517/10/4C4U7KJQ000915BF.html| author =吴双颖| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080724004812/http://tech.163.com/08/0517/10/4C4U7KJQ000915BF.html| archivedate =2008-07-24}}</ref>;或谎称求助,进行短信诈骗<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网(《新闻晨报》) | title = 上海警方抓获8名借赈灾短信诈骗分子 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2008/05-16/1251936.shtml | author = 罗剑华 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 }}</ref>。而在灾区,有人口贩子到灾区拐卖婴儿<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=[[联合早报]](转自《新明日报》) |title=灾区贩卖幼婴 6人被捕 |url=http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/05/xmrb080525f.shtml |author= |date=2008-05-25 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527225547/http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/05/xmrb080525f.shtml |archivedate=2008-05-27 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=新浪香港(转自《星岛日报》) |title=江油市拘六拐卖犯救五婴 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/32/1/1/749491/1.html |author= |date=2008-05-25 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527073457/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/32/1/1/749491/1.html |archivedate=2008-05-27 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>、有无良商人将劣质的[[黑心棉]]製成棉被并将其卖到灾区医院<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自中国新闻网)| title =质检总局:四川在救灾物资中发现黑心棉制品| url =http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/chn/chnpolitics/chinanews/file/20080529/0100456271.html| author =| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130546/http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/chn/chnpolitics/chinanews/file/20080529/0100456271.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =「黑心棉」卖医院| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530030224_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080920083913/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530030224_0000.html| archivedate =2008-09-20}}</ref>。
2008年5月21日,四川地震重灾区[[德阳市]]发生大规模骚乱,数千愤怒的民众怀疑有人侵吞转卖赈灾物资而进行抗议,最后演变成流血衝突<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=新浪网(转自《明报》) |title=物资疑遭侵吞惹骚乱 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/2/1/1/746567/1.html |author=梁曙光、覃纯健、秦伟、林迎、李绍昌 |date=2008-05-23 |accessdate=2010-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017122853/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/2/1/1/746567/1.html |archivedate=2010-10-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。而灾区亦出现言论冲突,比如优先撤离台湾人引发受困九寨沟九黄机场的其他旅客不满,有旅客拦住登机舱口,双方引发冲突<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中国评论新闻| title =爱心喷发 政治让位| url =http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/8/4/0/100684083.html?coluid=33&kindid=1671&docid=100684083&mdate=0630145023| author =蔡逸儒| date =2008-06-30| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221903/http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1006/8/4/0/100684083.html?coluid=33&kindid=1671&docid=100684083&mdate=0630145023| archivedate =2015-09-23}}</ref>。此外,《[[纽约时报]]》等媒体报道有大量孕妇在震后[[流产]],居民怀疑流产是临时居住屋的建材中[[甲醛]]超标所引起,四川当地政府也禁止媒体报道相关事件<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/world/asia/06quake.html|title=Year After China Quake, New Births, Old Wounds|publisher=《纽约时报》|date=2009-05-05|author=EDWARD WONG|accessdate=2010-05-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825195535/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/world/asia/06quake.html|archivedate=2012-08-25}}</ref>。而这一事件也导致[[台湾]][[八八水灾]]中[[佳冬乡]]的居民、乡长质疑中国大陆捐助的组合屋的质量问题,一度表示拒收<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://gb.nownews.com:6060/2009/08/19/11490-2493795.htm|title=陆捐汇编屋含过高甲醛?佳冬乡拒收!|publisher=NOWnews(转自东森新闻)|date=2009-08-09|accessdate=2010-05-29}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。
=== 心理 ===
尽管地震发生后的救援行动中出现的譬如“[[可乐男孩]]”、“[[猪坚强]]”等事迹反映了灾区民众的坚强与乐观一面,然而更多的心理问题与自杀案件反映出地震后的负面影响。2008年10月3日,因丧子之痛加上高度工作压力,北川县农办主任[[董玉飞]]在自己寓所内自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =北川官员震后自杀 心理和工作压力是主因| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-10/29/content_10272988.htm| author =新华网| date =2008-10-29| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100615052021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-10/29/content_10272988.htm| archivedate =2010-06-15}}</ref>;2009年4月20日,北川县宣传部副部长[[冯翔]]在寓所自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国广播网(转自齐鲁日报)| title =自杀干部冯翔的多面人生| url =http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200904/t20090422_505310568.html| author =杨珂、张跃伟| date =2009-04-22| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150319052916/http://www.cnr.cn/gundong/200904/t20090422_505310568.html| archivedate =2015-03-19}}</ref>。此外,[[都江堰市]]、[[安县]]、[[绵阳市]]、[[平武县]]等接连发生民众自杀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =世界娱乐报道| title =不止北川冯翔董玉飞 十大汶川地震灾区跳楼自缢事件盘点| url =http://ent.icxo.com/htmlnews/2009/04/21/1353855_1.htm| author =| date =2009-04-21| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091230113058/http://ent.icxo.com/htmlnews/2009/04/21/1353855_1.htm| archivedate =2009-12-30}}</ref>,这些事件引起民间及官方对于灾后心理干预及援助重视及行动<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐网(转自CCTV) | title = 央视反思北川干部自杀 灾区干部心理健康引关注 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20090422/n263539005.shtml | author = | date = 2009-04-22 | accessdate = 2010-06-05 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110919215423/http://news.sohu.com/20090422/n263539005.shtml | archivedate = 2011-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 河北新闻网(转自《南方都市报》) | title = 汶川2.0:看不见的重建是缓慢的 | url = http://ping.hebnews.cn/zhpl/2010/0513/ff808081288ab5b801288d8ccdf610f9.html | author = 吴珊 | date = 2010-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-06-06 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | language = zh-hans | author = 伍新春、侯志瑾、臧伟伟、张宇迪、常雪亮 | title = 汶川地震极重灾区中小学校的心理援助现状与需求——以茂县、汶川县和都江堰市为例 | url = http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HNSB200903025.htm | journal = 《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》 | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 110-114 | year = 2009 | id = 6 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305054114/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HNSB200903025.htm | archivedate = 2014-03-05 }}</ref>。
=== 教育与校舍 ===
{{see also|范美忠事件|汶川大地震死难学生调查活动|汶川大地震中倒塌学校列表}}
{{wikisourceshas|四川省人民政府关于我省2008年普通高考的通告|四川省教育厅关于认真做好我省2008年普通高考工作的紧急通知}}
地震造成约21.6万间房屋倒塌,其中包括6898间校舍,当中仍未包括汶川、北川等重灾区<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=《财经》 |title=校舍忧思录 |url=http://www.medialeader.com.cn/focus/200806/20080611113248_18737.html |author=杨彬彬 |date=2008-06-11 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009101351/http://www.medialeader.com.cn/focus/200806/20080611113248_18737.html |archivedate=2008-10-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。地震发生时正值上课时间,其中绝大多数教师都在指挥学生疏散,包括[[谭千秋]]、苟晓超<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪网 | title = 24岁新婚教师救出数名学生后遇难 | url = http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-23/034615599724.shtml | author = | date = 2008-05-23 | accessdate = 2014-10-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016001210/http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2008-05-23/034615599724.shtml | archivedate = 2014-10-16 }}</ref>、张米亚<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =腾讯新闻| title =张米亚:摘下我的翅膀,送给你飞翔| url =http://news.qq.com/a/20090331/001226.htm| author =| date =2009-03-31| accessdate =2014-10-09| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20141016092356/http://news.qq.com/a/20090331/001226.htm| archivedate =2014-10-16}}</ref>等教师在保护学生疏散中被埋去世<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 谭千秋:双臂护住4个学生 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/15/content_8177311.htm | author = | date = 2008-05-14 | accessdate = 2014-10-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5tihOIfuh?url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/15/content_8177311.htm | archivedate = 2010-10-24 }}</ref>;而丢下学生率先撤退、且事后发文自称无过的[[范美忠]]则成为民间口诛笔伐的对象<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自长江商报)| title =范美忠如在美国铁定会被学校开除| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2008-06-16/091815752824.shtml| author =方舟子| date =2008-06-16| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111102161956/http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2008-06-16/091815752824.shtml| archivedate =2011-11-02}}</ref>,该事件亦促使[[中华人民共和国教育部|中国教育部]]在新版《中小学教师职业道德规范》中明确写入“保护学生安全”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =新版师德规范首次列入保护学生安全 范美忠质疑| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-09/04/content_9766913.htm| author =广州日报| date =2008-09-04| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091001222234/http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-09/04/content_9766913.htm| archivedate =2009-10-01}}</ref>。不过,在2010年,有关[[谭千秋]]“保护学生”的报道被指有假。<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 联合早报 | title = 汶川地震“烈士教师”谭千秋救人事迹被指造假 | url = http://www.zaobao.com/wencui/2010/10/ifeng101022.shtml | author = 凤凰网 | date = 2010-10-22 | accessdate = 2010-10-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119233919/http://zaobao.com/wencui/2010/10/ifeng101022.shtml | archivedate=2011-01-19 }}</ref>
由于地震正值[[普通高等学校招生全国统一考试|高考]]前夕,四川省政府宣布[[成都]](仅所辖之[[都江堰]]和[[彭州]])、[[德阳]]、[[绵阳]]、[[广元]]、[[雅安]]、[[阿坝州]]等六个重灾区下的40个县市延期举行2008年高考<ref name="hiedu">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 四川重灾区40个县延期高考 具体县(市.区)名单 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2008-05/19/content_8203421.htm | author = 杨维汉 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014073812/http://epaper.bjnews.com.cn/html/2008-06/08/content_217657.htm |archivedate=2014-10-14}}</ref>;并免收大学孤残学生学费及提供生活费,并让学生免费就读中等职业学校<ref name="hiedu" />。因为地震灾害严重,包括汶川等地的考生最终到成都等地异地参加高考<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =环球网(转自《四川日报》)| title =汶川学生微笑着迎接高考| url =http://china.huanqiu.com/photo/2009-06/480170.html| author =张守帅| date =| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090808101714/http://china.huanqiu.com/photo/2009-06/480170.html| archivedate =2009-08-08}}</ref>;而2008年高考中全国有六地的语文试卷作文题目与汶川大地震相关<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新京报| title =六地高考作文考汶川地震| url =http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/116076/7353868.html| author =王佳琳、杜丁、林文龙、吴鹏| date =2008-06-08| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120510051803/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/116076/7353868.html| archivedate =2012-05-10}}</ref>。
此外,有关学校质量问题受到舆论强烈关注。其中香港学者在考察[[绵竹市]]五福镇富新小学及[[都江堰]]聚源中学后指出校舍结构松散,抗震能力极差<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港《星岛日报》 |title=豆腐渣校舍 钢筋英泥不足 |url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/238/1/1/751210/1.html |author= |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118033517/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/238/1/1/751210/1.html |archivedate=2009-01-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>;[[中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部|住建部]]亦承认不排除有偷工减料<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =搜狐(转自《每日经济希新闻》)| title =建设部:倒塌校舍不排除“豆腐渣”可能| url =http://business.sohu.com/20080519/n256939587.shtml| author =江旋、刘瑞婷| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208154635/http://business.sohu.com/20080519/n256939587.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,而日本地震学者亦认为中国建筑抗震标准偏低、中国一般建筑物的支柱较细、混凝土质量较差、钢筋数量较少、建筑技术过旧<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hans|publisher=日本[[共同社]]|title=日本专家指出中国建筑抗震标准过低|url=http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese&storyid=57569|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2008-05-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418203619/http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese|archivedate=2010-04-18}}</ref>。5月26日,教育部发言人分析校舍倒塌原因,是非常复杂的,有各种原因。<ref>[http://news.sohu.com/20080526/n257089704.shtml 教育部发言人分析学校校舍倒塌原因]</ref>5月28日, 四川省教育厅将倒塌原因归纳为以下几点:1,地震首先是超过了预计强度,学校校舍抗震难以抵御如此强烈的地震。2,灾情发生在上课期间,集体伤亡人数比较多。3,学生上课时集中在教室,楼面负荷大,疏散时又集中在楼梯间,比较薄弱的,所以造成了一定的损害。4,校舍建筑时间比较长,校舍陈旧落后。5,建筑在抗震方面本身就存在着设计方面的先天性缺陷。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2008-05/28/content_7857261.htm |title=四川省教育厅做出评估 归纳校舍倒塌五点原因 |access-date=2019-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072103/http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2008-05/28/content_7857261.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>因为教育厅非专业建筑机构,此结论引起质疑。清华大学、西南交通大学、北京交通大学震害调查组撰写的《汶川地震建筑震害分析》论文报告,指出地震校舍损毁严重不是地震设防目标和手段的问题,问题在于设防目标和手段在具体地区的应用,受国情国力限制,很多地区的设防烈度实际上偏低0.5度-1度,应该+1.5度甚至2度。倒塌原因是多方面的一是由于教室开间大墙少抗震能力比较差,二是和建设年代有关。此外,工程质量也被认为是影响因素之一。<ref>[http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/05-25/1705427.shtml 清华大学震害调查组披露震区校舍损毁严重原因]</ref>
随后中国政府在重建中提出“8-{}-级抗震、9度设防”的新标准,要求新建筑抗震级为8级、烈度为9度的地震,但仍有大量按新标准修建的学校建筑在之后的[[2013年芦山地震]]中倒塌,引发建筑质量的质疑。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0423/c1007-21241131.html|title=“8级抗震、9度设防”为何抵不住7级地震|publisher=人民网|date=2013-04-03|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424074213/http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0423/c1007-21241131.html|archivedate=2013-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://xiaoxue.eol.cn/zx/sichuan/xiaoxue/201505/t20150511_1257556_3.shtml|publisher=中国教育在线|title=5.12汶川地震7周年:孩子防震科普目前难靠谱|date=2015-05-11|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170543/http://xiaoxue.eol.cn/zx/sichuan/xiaoxue/201505/t20150511_1257556_3.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>2008年5月25日,[[绵竹市]]因地震失去子女的五福镇富新二小学生家长游行抗议学校[[豆腐渣工程]]<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=南方都市网(转自《南方都市报》) |title=学校“豆腐渣”?一月内查明 |url=http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/26/content_476508.htm |author=涂峰 |date=2008-05-26 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065913/http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/26/content_476508.htm |archivedate=2008-12-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2008-05-26/1211810210d1048587.html|title=痛失子女数百家长游行 绵竹书记当街下跪|publisher=星岛日报|date=2008-05-26|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171039/http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2008-05-26/1211810210d1048587.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。同年6月3日,上百名都江堰死难学生的家长到当地法院外示威控诉校舍质量问题并要求法院接受诉讼,但受警方阻挠并架走。公安称法院不会受理有关诉讼,并扣留两名日本共同社记者一小时和阻止美联社记者採访<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7430000/newsid_7434000/7434022.stm|title=四川学生家长法院申诉受阻|publisher=BBC中文网|date=2008-06-03|accessdate=2010-05-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227165236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7430000/newsid_7434000/7434022.stm|archivedate=2008-12-27}}</ref>。
=== 维权与诉讼 ===
汶川地震后,中国公民张晓辉起诉地震局发布虚假信息、隐瞒地震预测,而因非具体行政行为为由被拒绝受理<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/china/CHINA-EARTH-QUAKE-20091126-74763557.html |title=中国公民起诉地震局发布虚假信息被拒 |work=美国之音 |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2010-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130165405/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/china/CHINA-EARTH-QUAKE-20091126-74763557.html |archivedate=2009-11-30 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外,异见人士[[黄琦]]由于帮助四川大地震死难者家长调查<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hant | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 黄琦案成都审结法院择日宣判 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_8180000/newsid_8184700/8184725.stm | author = | date = 2009-08-05 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090808213431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_8180000/newsid_8184700/8184725.stm | archivedate = 2009-08-08 }}</ref>,于2009年11月23日被法院以“[[非法持有国家机密文件罪]]”宣判,判处有期徒刑三年<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =联合早报| title =调查川震豆腐渣工程 黄琦被判监三年| url =http://chinese.irib.ir/news/reports/item/14164-%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B7%9D%E9%9C%87%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B-%E9%BB%84%E7%90%A6%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4| author =| date =2009-11-24| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140513021247/http://chinese.irib.ir/news/reports/item/14164-%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B7%9D%E9%9C%87%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B-%E9%BB%84%E7%90%A6%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4| archivedate =2014-05-13}}</ref>。而[[南京师范大学]]副教授[[郭泉]]撰文批评四川灾区学校「豆腐渣工程」﹐亦被控「[[颠覆国家政权罪]]」<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=VOA |title=郭泉教授颠覆国家政权? |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/GUOQUAN-CHINA_20091017-64664147.html |author=申华 |date=2009-10-17 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402094734/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/GUOQUAN-CHINA_20091017-64664147.html |archivedate=2010-04-02 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,被判处有期徒刑十年<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = RFA自由亚洲电台 | title = 郭泉被以颠覆国家政权罪刑事拘留 | url = http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/guoquan-11132008094552.html | author = 严修 | date = 2008-11-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624014019/http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/guoquan-11132008094552.html | archivedate = 2009-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =苹果日报| title =揭四川豆腐渣工程被控郭泉否认颠覆国家| url =http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20090808/13075529| author =| date =2009-12-17| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214902/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20090808/13075529| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref>。另外,四川作家[[谭作人]](属于争议人物,后因牵扯天安门六四事件而被判入狱,于2014年刑满释放)亦在汶川地震后致力于调查灾区学校豆腐渣工程,并搜集川震遇难学生名单。之后谭被控以「[[煽动颠覆国家政权罪]]」,并于2010年2月9日,被法院判处有期徒刑5年,剥夺政治权利3年<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =德国之声| title =四川维权人士谭作人被判5年监禁| url =http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5230982,00.html| author =洪沙| date =2010-02-10| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100616115124/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5230982,00.html| archivedate =2010-06-16}}</ref>。
此外,原定于2010年3月1日在成都举行的民间问责中国地震局研讨会,其会场被警方毁坏<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/dizhen-03012010095407.html|title=地震问责研讨会被公安禁 主办者被软禁器材被查抄|work=自由亚洲电台|date=2010-03-01|accessdate=2010-03-02|author=乔龙|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519033230/http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/dizhen-03012010095407.html|archivedate=2010-05-19}}</ref>。
== 救援 ==
{{Main|汶川大地震各方反应}}
由于地震发生突然、加之通往震中等地的交通堵塞,当地政府及民众首先采取一定的抗震自救行动<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =《四川新闻网》| title =汶川县漩口中学抗震自救纪实| url =http://local.newssc.org/system/20080605/000004898.htm| author =| date =2008-06-05| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224835/http://local.newssc.org/system/20080605/000004898.htm| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自巴中网)| title =四川地震组图:都江堰灾区群众抗灾自救| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2008-05-15/145215546255.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2014-05-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215122/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2008-05-15/145215546255.shtml| archivedate =2014-05-12}}</ref>。地震后,中国发动自和平时代以来最庞大的救援行动,派出逾十万军人、调动全国各地的救援队伍,亦协调来自全球各地的救援队伍。截至2008年9月25日12时,抢险救灾人员已累计解救和转移1486407人;因地震受伤住院治疗累计96544人,已出院93597人,仍有272人住院,其中四川转外省市伤员仍住院106人,共救治伤病员4305820人次。外地向灾区调运的救灾帐篷共计157.97万顶、被子486.69万床、衣物1410.13万件、燃油414.6万吨、煤炭885.8万吨<ref name="people_sept" />。
=== 政府 ===
{{Wikiquote|温家宝#关于汶川大地震|温家宝关于汶川大地震的讲话}}
在整个救灾工作,[[中华人民共和国政府|中国中央政府]]一直扮演主导角色,多位最高层领导先后到达灾区指挥,公安、交通、电讯、地震、民政各部均被调度管理救灾工作。当地震发生1小时27分钟后,[[中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会|中共中央政治局常委]]、[[中华人民共和国国务院总理|国务院总理]][[温家宝]]赶赴灾区,晚上抵达都江堰到指挥中心指挥救援工作<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =温家宝总理抵都江堰:步行也要儘快进入受灾最严重地区| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154687.htm| author =李斌| date =2008-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043046/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/12/content_8154687.htm| archivedate =2008-05-17}}</ref>,并接连下达救灾命令<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 温家宝要求今晚12时前打通通往震中灾区的道路 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8157163.htm | author = 李斌 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050744/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8157163.htm | archivedate = 2008-05-17 }}</ref>。2008年5月16日,[[中国共产党中央委员会总书记|中共中央总书记]]、[[中华人民共和国主席|国家主席]]、[[中国共产党中央军事委员会主席|中央军委主席]][[胡锦涛]]亦飞抵四川视察<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =胡锦涛在飞机上研究灾情和抗震救灾工作| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/16/content_8184918.htm| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080519213221/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/16/content_8184918.htm| archivedate =2008-05-19}}</ref>。
{{wikisourceshas|汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例|救灾捐赠管理办法|国务院办公厅关于加强汶川地震抗震救灾捐赠款物管理使用的通知|抗震救灾款物管理使用违法违纪行为处分规定}}
全国各地消防救援人员和武警由[[中华人民共和国公安部|公安部]]协调,各派遣人员奔赴灾区投入救灾工作<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155350.htm|title=公安部紧急从各地调集消防救援人员和特警各1000人投入救灾|date=2008-05-13|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517085429/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155350.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。单在14日凌晨,北京、上海、山东等20个公安消防总队已派出11000多人参与救援<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8168425.htm|accessdate=2010-05-22|title=1.1万多名消防专业救援人员在四川灾区抢险施救|date=2008-05-14|author=张景勇|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520020718/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8168425.htm|archivedate=2008-05-20}}</ref>。22日,已有5.2万民警在四川、甘肃、陕西等地一线参与抢险救灾<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 公安部:约有5.2万民警在一线参与抢险救灾 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8229655.htm | author = 吴晶 | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213753/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8229655.htm | archivedate = 2014-02-21 }}</ref>。同时[[中华人民共和国卫生部|卫生部]]组织24个省区约2000人的医疗防疫队伍<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161009.htm|title=卫生部第二批应急医疗队整装待发|date=2008-05-13|author=周婷玉、周玮|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517170851/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161009.htm|archivedate=2008-05-17}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国工业和信息化部|工业和信息化部]]指挥运营商调拨卫星电话紧急恢复通讯。[[中华人民共和国交通运输部|交通运输部]]负责协调抢修公路。[[中华人民共和国铁道部|铁道部]]下令全国铁路迅入应急状态,确保铁路运输安全畅通<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/003715524305.shtml|title=中央和国家十余部门紧急开展抗震救灾|date=2008-05-13|publisher=[[新浪网]](转自[[新华网]])|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518105018/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-13/003715524305.shtml|archivedate=2008-05-18}}</ref>。至于海外救灾协调,则由[[中华人民共和国外交部|外交部]]处理<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =外交部紧急启动应对四川地震灾情涉外工作应急机制| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155272.htm| author =[[中华人民共和国外交部]]| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081022112435/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155272.htm| archivedate =2008-10-22}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国水利部|水利部]]则肩负供水、防洪等设施安全<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国政府网| title =水利部作出五项部署 迅速开展抗震救灾防灾工作| url =http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_969235.htm| author =中华人民共和国水利部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223013334/http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-05/13/content_969235.htm| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国环境保护部|环保部]]启动核与辐射及水污染防治应急预案<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中华人民共和国环境保护部 | title = 环境保护部启动核与辐射及水污染防治应急预案 21人环境专家组已赶赴地震灾区指导抗灾救灾 | url = http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/200910/t20091023_180144.htm | author = 中华人民共和国环境保护部 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064931/http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/200910/t20091023_180144.htm | archivedate = 2010-07-01 }}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国科技部|科技部]]下属[[国家遥感中心]]则要向减灾委提供[[人造卫星|卫星]]监测资料,并派出[[遥感]]飞机赴灾区勘查<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国科技部| title =科技部下属国家遥感中心紧急启动应急机制应对地震灾害| url =http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/200805/t20080513_61254.htm| author =中华人民共和国科技部| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090419163818/http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/200805/t20080513_61254.htm| archivedate =2009-04-19}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国农业部|农业部]]集中力量指导开展农业抗震救灾,并强调早着手准备灾后重建<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161777.htm|title=农业部要求全力做好农业抗震救灾工作|date=2008-05-13|author=董峻|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118161813/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8161777.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。[[中华人民共和国商务部|商务部]]则负责监察灾区市场情况,保障生活必需品及救灾物资供应<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 中华人民共和国商务部 | title = 商务部启动抗震救灾应急方案 组织落实应急救灾物资货源 | url = http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ae/ai/200805/20080505528645.html | author = 中华人民共和国商务部 | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref>。[[中国人民银行]]要求全力维护支付系统、国库系统的正常运行,并要求各级分支机构对救灾款项随到随办<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158060.htm|title=中国人民银行部署紧急措施应对汶川地震灾害|date=2008-05-13|author=王宇、姚均芳|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118223338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8158060.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。
对于政府的救援,媒体和民间多持肯定态度。[[联合国秘书长]][[潘基文]]高度赞扬中国政府的救援工作,称其“迅速”、“有效”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =联合国秘书长高度赞扬中国政府抗震救灾工作| url =http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/05/17/1865@2063024.htm| author =| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171634/http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/05/17/1865@2063024.htm| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = CCTV | title = 国际社会高度赞扬中国政府抗震救灾工作 | url = http://news.cctv.com/xwlb/20080517/105769.shtml | author = 王超 | date = 2008-05-17 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160206/http://news.cctv.com/xwlb/20080517/105769.shtml | archivedate = 2015-02-13 }}</ref>。[[欧洲议会]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国经济网| title =欧洲议会赞赏中国政府的救灾行动并将继续提供援助| url =http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200805/23/t20080523_15590164.shtml| author =孙健| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213155933/http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200805/23/t20080523_15590164.shtml| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>、[[非洲联盟]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =非盟对中国地震救援行动表示赞赏| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8183230.htm| author =熊思浩| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080923162115/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8183230.htm| archivedate =2008-09-23}}</ref>、亚洲开发银行行长黑田东彦<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =亚行行长说愿随时为中国灾后重建提供援助| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8223987.htm| author =许林贵| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150214210544/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8223987.htm| archivedate =2015-02-14}}</ref>、英国首相[[戈登·布朗]]等也赞扬了中国的救援努力<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC中文网 | title = 美英领导人去中国使馆吊唁 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7410000/newsid_7411300/7411345.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-20 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090104062533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7410000/newsid_7411300/7411345.stm | archivedate = 2009-01-04 }}</ref>。[[红十字会与红新月会国际联合会]]驻北京的工作人员[[弗朗西斯·马库斯]]({{lang|en|Francis Marcus}})称赞“中国政府反应迅速有效”,但又说因为灾难规模巨大,“中国政府没办法处理到每个细节。”<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = [[英国广播公司]] | title = Search for China quake survivors | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7397489.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515094215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7397489.stm | archivedate = 2008-05-15 }}</ref>
此外,包括[[中央社]]<ref name="praise1">{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=台湾中央社 |title=四川地震似乎改变民众对中共当局惯常看法 |url=http://society.dwnews.com/news/2008-05-15/4017196.html |author=张谦 |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208042214/http://society.dwnews.com/news/2008-05-15/4017196.html |archivedate=2011-12-08 }}</ref>、[[BBC]]<ref name="praise2">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = BBC(中文) | title = 观察:中国缅甸对救灾态度天壤之别 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7401500/7401531.stm | author = 肯德尔 | date = 2008-05-14 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090103153215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7401500/7401531.stm | archivedate = 2009-01-03 }}</ref>、[[路透社]]<ref name="praise4">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[路透社]] | title = 分析:中国政府震后反应无与伦比 但未来面临巨大挑战 | url = http://cn.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idCNChina-1248420080522?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 | author = John Ruwitch | date = 2008-05-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222214026/http://cn.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idCNChina-1248420080522?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>等很多境外、国际媒体对中华人民共和国政府此次的救灾行动表示肯定<ref name="praise3">{{cite web | language = en | publisher = Telegraph | title = China shows a human face with earthquake rescue mission | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/05/16/do1603.xml | author = | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619040552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2008%2F05%2F16%2Fdo1603.xml | archivedate = 2008-06-19 }}</ref>。《[[经济学人]]》、[[BBC]]、[[联合早报]]等媒体也将中国政府对汶川地震的表现与缅甸政府对[[纳尔吉斯飓风]]的缓慢反应的悬殊差别做了对比<ref name="praise5">{{cite book|title=《5.12汶川大地震: 抗震救灾十日志, 2008.5.12-5.21》|year=2008|publisher=团结出版社|pages=201-204页}}</ref>,并称赞中国政府行动的果断和开放性<ref name="praise2" /><ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = 《[[经济学人]]》 | title = China's earthquake | url = http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11376935 | author = | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514122850/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11376935 | archivedate = 2009-05-14 }}</ref>。[[香港中文大学]]香港亚太研究所通过电话访问香港市民,其中有85.1%满意中国政府的表现,有88.7%满意解放军在救灾上的表现<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中大香港亚太研究所社会与政治发展研究中心| title =中大香港亚太研究所 市民对四川大地震灾难态度意见调查结果摘要| url =http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/080522.htm| author =中大香港亚太研究所社会与政治发展研究中心| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081122022800/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/080522.htm| archivedate =2008-11-22}}</ref>。
不过,境外媒体注意到,中国政府在这次救援活动中的表现也有受到批评的地方。有境外媒体报道部分灾民对救援活动不满,比如救灾中存在消极救援<ref name="hksun515">{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳报》| title =原往都江堰 变酒店直播 央视记者涉采访造假| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080515/20080515030242_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080922131638/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080515/20080515030242_0000.html| archivedate =2008-09-22}}</ref>、当地政府谎报灾情延误救援<ref name="corr">{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =美国之音| title =四川贪官滥用地震救济金中饱私囊| url =http://www.muzi.net/news/ll/fanti/1541655.shtml?cc=45916| author =| date =2009-01-04| accessdate =2010-05-22}}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。该地震暴露出政府专业救援人员和专业设备不足的问题<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《21世纪经济报道》) | title = 214人团:中国地震救援队全解密 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/15/content_8173770.htm | author = 滕晓萌 | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116080524/http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-05/15/content_8173770.htm | archivedate = 2010-01-16 }}</ref>。此外,中国一开始婉拒境外专业救援队的表态也得到不同程度的批评<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = VOA | title = 美国基金会讨论中国抗震救灾做法 | url = http://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2008-05-17-voa38-58941372/1104266.html | author = 燕青 | date = 2008-05-17 | accessdate = 2017-02-04 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170817/http://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2008-05-17-voa38-58941372/1104266.html | archivedate = 2017-02-04 }}</ref><ref name="jpre1">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[BBC]] | title = 中国接受更多国际地震救援小组 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7403900/7403962.stm | author = | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080519212415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7400000/newsid_7403900/7403962.stm | archivedate = 2008-05-19 }}</ref>。自2008年5月14日至27日为止,四川政府已接获群众对救灾不满的投诉信件2233封,电话投诉2101宗,互联网投诉132宗。其中共有6名官员干部因抗灾不力被免职<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港《太阳网》| title =有人打纸牌 有人贪物资 六干部救灾不力革职| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080529/20080529025518_0000.html| author =| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081203133751/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080529/20080529025518_0000.html| archivedate =2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港商报(转自大洋网) |title=都江堰三名官员干部因抗灾不力被免职 |url=http://www.hkcd.com.hk/content/2008-05/19/content_2055492.htm |author=蓝博 |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108060408/http://www.hkcd.com.hk/content/2008-05/19/content_2055492.htm |archivedate=2009-01-08 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。此外部分地方官员倒卖救灾物资的行为也被揭发,[[中央纪律委员会]]工作组赴四川调查监督救灾物资运行,中央政府亦呼吁传媒检举<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[凤凰网]](转自[[中国新闻网]])| title =中纪委工作组赴四川调查监督救灾物资运行| url =http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/rollnews/200805/0523_3410_558599.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208030718/http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/rollnews/200805/0523_3410_558599.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。截至2008年11月底,中国国家审计署共接到群众举报1962件。审计机关移送给纪检、监察和司法部门的案件146起,涉案人员162人<ref name="corr" />。
=== 军队 ===
{{see also|5·31四川救灾直升机失事事故}}
[[中国人民解放军]]和[[中国人民武装警察部队]]在地震后紧急启动应急措施<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155461.htm|title=全军和武警部队全面启动应急机制紧急驰援灾区|date=2008-05-13|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8155461.htm|archivedate=2009-01-19}}</ref>。13日军队抗震救灾领导小组在北京成立,指挥解放军和武警参加抗震救灾工作<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167884.htm|title=解放军成立军队抗震救灾领导小组|date=2008-05-14|author=黎云|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118192604/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8167884.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。当日中午,[[中国人民解放军第13集团军|解放军第13集团军]]第149山地师率首批22人突击队强行军进入震中地区[[汶川]][[映秀镇]];当日傍晚,[[武警第38师]]参谋长王毅率200名先遣队员昼夜兼程徒步进入[[汶川]]县城救灾<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =他们首先进入汶川:本网独家揭秘首支进入震中部队| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/15/content_8179916.htm| author =史照栋、温常青、李凌志| date =2008-05-15| accessdate =2010-05-01| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135011/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-05/15/content_8179916.htm| archivedate =2008-09-23}}</ref>。
然而由于通往汶川的道路完全中断,大批救援部队未能进入震中,军方一直计划使用空降兵,几经天气延误,解放军只能在2008年5月13日将11420名官兵空运到成都附近,创下解放军军史和中国航空史上单日出动飞机最多、投送兵力最多的纪录<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_971718.htm|title=解放军全天空运兵力11,420人 创造单日最高纪录|date=2008-05-14|author=黎云|publisher=中央政府门户网站|accessdate=2010-05-22|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223013227/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_971718.htm|archivedate=2014-02-23}}</ref>。14日中午,15名伞兵请命空降,在无地面引导、能见度差、地面山川河流纵横的地区,从近5000米高空中空降[[茂县]],随后建立联络机构<ref name="leader2008">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| title =总参谋长首次披露汶川大地震调兵14万内幕| url =http://cq.qq.com/a/20100215/000024.htm| author =彭美| date =2010-02-15| publisher =腾讯网(转自南方报业网)| accessdate =2014-05-12| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20161017221857/http://cq.qq.com/a/20100215/000024.htm| archivedate =2016-10-17}}</ref>。
截至2008年5月18日12时,军方及武警共出动113,080人,来自五个军区、涉及20余个兵种;出动各型飞机1,069架次,开出军列92列,动用各种运输、后勤保障设备11万台。从废墟中挖掘被埋人员21,566名,救治受伤人员34,051名,转移安置受灾群众和游客205,371名;调运各类物资7.8万多吨;抢修道路557公里<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/zhibo/20080518/zhibo.htm|title=国务院新闻办介绍军队救灾情况|date=2008-05-18|publisher=[[新华网]]|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013183734/http://www.xinhuanet.com/zhibo/20080518/zhibo.htm|archivedate=2008-10-13}}</ref>。基于救灾需要,[[总参谋部]]按照应急预案,首次无偿征用了国内民航公司的12架民用客机,以弥补军队运力的不足<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8164160.htm|title=解放军全天空运兵力11,420人|date=2008-05-13|author=黎云|publisher=新华网|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521173130/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/14/content_8164160.htm|archivedate=2008-05-21}}</ref>。总共参与地震救援行动的军队人数为14.6万名,其涉及地域、动用力量等,都创下了中国解放军和武装警察部队抗灾历史纪录<ref name="leader2008" />,军队在地震中的表现得到各界的赞许<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国驻德意志联邦共和国大使馆| title =德国国防部长高度评价中国军队在四川地震灾区的救援工作| url =http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457582.htm| author =| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213161244/http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457582.htm| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =凤凰网(转自中国广播网)| title =国外媒体赞解放军在救灾中发挥中流砥柱作用| url =http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/waimei/200805/0523_3466_557624.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208024746/http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/waimei/200805/0523_3466_557624.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。
然而在地震的救援中发生了意外事件。5月31日14时56分,一架[[成都军区]]的[[米-171直升机]]在[[汶川县]][[映秀镇]]附近失事坠毁,机上有5名机组人员、13名群众及其他人员。6月10日上午失事飞机在映秀镇附近的深山峡谷密林中找到,机上人员全部罹难<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =成都军区抗震救灾部队失事直升机黑匣子已找到| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8350295.htm| author =曾志坚、叶锋、赵叶苹| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-20| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100831045953/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8350295.htm| archivedate =2010-08-31}}</ref>。
=== 境外 ===
美军运输机飞抵成都[[双流机场]]赈灾,由[[中国人民解放军总参谋部外事局|中国国防部外事办公室]]副主任[[关友飞]]海军[[大校]]、[[美国驻华大使馆|美国驻华武官]][[胡可诚]]陆军[[准将]]接见。
时任俄罗斯总统[[梅德韦杰夫]]在莫斯科[[克里姆林宫]]接见灾区学生代表。
汶川地震同时牵动全球为中国捐款援助,捐款总额不但创下纪录,也是中华人民共和国历史上第一次有大陆境外专业救援人员参与救灾<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =[[太阳报 (香港)|太阳报]]| title =接受境外救援队意义深远| url =http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523002703_0000.html| author =邱震海| date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140223120915/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080523/20080523002703_0000.html| archivedate =2014-02-23}}</ref>。香港先后派出[[香港消防处]][[特种救援队]]、[[食物环境卫生署]]及[[政府飞行服务队]]等前往绵竹汉旺镇及映秀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =人民网| title =香港第二批搜救队前往四川灾区| url =http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64387/7253296.html| author =万世成| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080521005055/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64387/7253296.html| archivedate =2008-05-21}}</ref>。5月16日,更多救援队伍获中国政府批准进入灾区。其中[[台湾红十字会]]救援队共22人,于16日15点登上专机,19点抵达成都;[[新加坡]]派出55人的救援队<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 联合早报 | title = 新加坡55人灾难拯救队伍今早飞成都 | url = http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_18.shtml | author = 蔡永伟 | date = 2008-05-16 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090118003445/http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_18.shtml | archivedate = 2009-01-18 }}</ref>;[[韩国]]派出44人组成的救援队抵达[[什邡市]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =韩国救援队前往成都参与地震救灾| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8186233.htm| author =李拯宇、干玉兰| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119080048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8186233.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>;俄罗斯亦有共50人赶往[[绵竹市]]<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =俄罗斯、韩国救援队抵达成都| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8187466.htm| author =刘谨、冯昌勇| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081021224526/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/16/content_8187466.htm| archivedate =2008-10-21}}</ref>,随后俄罗斯又在成都成立战地移动医院<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-05/22/content_8231436.htm|title=俄罗斯战地移动医院在灾区收治伤员47人|date=2008-05-22|publisher=新华网|language=zh-hans|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526075335/http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-05/22/content_8231436.htm|archivedate=2008-05-26}}</ref>;而日本在提供救援物资时曾提出以军用运输机运送后来未取得中国同意而取消,其首批近60名救援人员亦抵达[[青川县]]展开救援<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[联合早报]]| title =日本救援队今早抵青川县关庄镇| url =http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_34.shtml| author =| date =2008-05-16| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20091213170739/http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/05/080516_34.shtml| archivedate =2009-12-13}}</ref>;德国红十字会提供的一所总价值约120万欧元的流动医院5月22日在德国柏林肖纳菲尔德机场启运,次日上午运抵成都后转运到都江堰市,同时一个由医生、护士、医院管理人员和技术人员组成的11人德国救援专家队也分批抵达都江堰市<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-botschaft.de/chn/zgyw/t457609.htm|title=德国为四川地震灾区提供的流动医院在柏林启运|date =2008-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-22|publisher=德国驻华大使馆网站}}</ref>;[[澳门]]在23日亦派出20名医护人员在成都应付医护不足<ref name="mo">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川新闻网(《四川日报》)| title =马来西亚捐助物资赴四川 澳门再派医疗队| url =http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2008/06/11/010889469.shtml| author =李旭| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208043145/http://scnews.newssc.org/system/2008/06/11/010889469.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自[[中国新闻社]])| title =澳门第二支医疗救援队今天中午启程赴四川| url =http://hm.people.com.cn/GB/85423/7366944.html| author =毕永光| date =2008-06-11| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111117014628/http://hm.people.com.cn/GB/85423/7366944.html| archivedate =2011-11-17}}</ref>。此外,[[印度尼西亚]]和[[巴基斯坦]]也各自派医疗救援队到达甘肃南部地震灾区<ref name="mo" /><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =印尼和巴基斯坦医疗救援队赶赴甘肃灾区| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/29/content_8275233.htm| author =宋常青、王艳明| date =2008-05-29| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080602052430/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/29/content_8275233.htm| archivedate =2008-06-02}}</ref>。
在整个国际救援中,世界多国均曾利用军机运用物资进行赈灾。2008年5月18日,[[美国]]两架[[C-17运输机]]分别从[[夏威夷]]和[[关岛]]载运了食品、发电机、毛毯和其他物品飞抵成都<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hant |author= |coauthors= |url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/080518/167/2u6el.html |title=北京首度接受外国军方伸援 美两架军机抵川 |work= |publisher=雅虎香港(转自[[法新社]]) |pages= |date=2008-05-18 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521110318/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/080518/167/2u6el.html |archivedate=2008-05-21 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。5月22日,美国国际开发署提供的一批总价值81.5万美元的锯子、液压装置、混凝土切割机和人员救助设备等装备运抵成都<ref>{{cite news|language =zh-hans|url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8231634.htm|title =美国国际开发署提供的救援设备运抵成都|date =2008-05-22|publisher =[[新华网]]|accessdate =2010-05-22|author =冯昌勇、黄堃|deadurl =no|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090118120314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/22/content_8231634.htm|archivedate =2009-01-18}}</ref>。翌日,[[约旦]]空军亦用飞机把10吨物资运往灾区<ref>{{cite news|language=zh-hant |author= |coauthors= |url=http://www.sinchew-i.com/sciWWW/node/22457 |title=约旦空运物资助地震灾民 |work= |publisher=星洲互动(转自[[明报]]) |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223231658/http://news.sinchew.com.my/topic/node/22457 |archivedate=2014-02-23 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。日本政府曾计划使用自卫队飞机运送救援物资,但因中国民间强烈反对,最终改派民用飞机<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = [[德国之声]](转自[[共同社]]) | title = 日本帮助中国救灾,弃用军用飞机 | url = http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3374150,00.html | author = | date = 2008-05-30 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[共同社]]| title =派自卫队飞机横生枝节显示日本政府错估形势| url =http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese&storyid=57943| author =| date =2008-05-22| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100523144057/http://china.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fsStory/index.php?sel_lang=schinese| archivedate =2010-05-23}}</ref>。此外,[[俄罗斯]]邀请约1000名中国地震灾区学生、儿童来俄疗养,其中第一批代表在[[克里姆林宫]]得到时任俄罗斯总统[[梅德韦杰夫]]的接见<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=人民网 |title=俄总统梅德韦杰夫会见四川地震灾区中小学生代表 |url=http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126482/7590291.html |author=于宏建 |date=2008-07-30 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009232520/http://www.512gov.cn/GB/126482/7590291.html |archivedate=2008-10-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
=== 民间 ===
中国官方和民间广泛使用互联网帮助传递灾害信息,辅助援助和救灾。官方的新华网用在线论坛收集各地援助请求,发现救灾的盲点并且上报相关政府部门<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/44110/113772/7363076.html|title=BBS--突发事件中不可忽视的传播力量|publisher=人民网|date=2008-06-10|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614120518/http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/44110/113772/7363076.html|archivedate=2008-06-14}}</ref>。得知救援直升机无法在汶川找到降落地点后,一名大学女生在网络上提议了一个适合降落的地点。该建议最终被救援军队采纳,让直升机第一次能降落汶川<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2008-05/18/content_8198824.htm|title=QQ发帖 女孩助直升机空降汶川|date=2008-05-18|publisher=[[新华网]](转自《华西都市报》)|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528112544/http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2008-05/18/content_8198824.htm|archivedate=2008-05-28}}</ref>。各地的志愿者更创立网站,组织派遣整合志愿者力量<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 搜狐网 | title = 5.12汶川地震志愿者平台 | url = http://news.sohu.com/s2008/zhiyuanzhepingtai/ | accessdate = 2010-05-09 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709135652/http://news.sohu.com/s2008/zhiyuanzhepingtai/ | archivedate = 2008-07-09 }}</ref>。此外,[[谷歌中国]]应用[[Google地图]]、[[Google地球]]等软件,提供灾区亲友寻找、报平安的免费服务,而且联合了[[天涯虚拟社区]]、[[豆瓣]]、[[百度贴吧]]、[[新浪]]和[[网易]]的网站提供寻亲服务<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=GOOGLE |title=Google - 寻找灾区的亲人 |url=http://www.google.cn/intl/zh-hans/qinren/cse.html |author=GOOGLE |date= |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517113607/http://www.google.cn/intl/zh-hans/qinren/cse.html |archivedate=2008-05-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
汶川大地震劫难,中国民众空前团结,国内国际[[非政府组织]]的联动回应之迅速也空前,来自全国各地的志愿者自发前往灾区<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256973845.shtml |title=5.12汶川大地震 四川NGO联合数家NGO投入赈灾 |publisher=[[搜狐网]] |language=zh-hans |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014233155/http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256973845.shtml |archivedate=2008-10-14 }}</ref>。他们之中,大部分靠自己的力量来提供帮助,也有一些通过[[中国红十字会]]的协调来参与救援工作<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://world.jyb.cn/hwsj/200805/t20080520_163788.html|title=英美媒体声音:汶川地震催生中国志愿者大军|author=|publisher=环球网|date=2008-05-19|accessdate=2017-02-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171935/http://world.jyb.cn/hwsj/200805/t20080520_163788.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。但是,志愿者的工作也并不是非常理想,有媒体报导部分义工由于缺乏专业知识反而变成帮倒忙<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant|url=http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025651_0000.html|title=义工欠专业辅导帮倒忙|publisher=香港[[香港|太阳报]]|date=2008-05-30|accessdate=2010-05-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531144720/http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/news/20080530/20080530025651_0000.html|archivedate=2009-05-31}}</ref>。此外,灾区也发生了志愿者与官员的冲突。比如5月20日下午,[[江油市]][[长钢医院]]内,一志愿者不小心把消毒液洒到了[[四川省卫生厅]]官员的车内,车内的官员张建新则下车殴打志愿者。5月26日,四川省卫生厅厅长[[沉骥]]在四川省抗震救灾的情况通报[[新闻发布会]]上称该传言纯属谣言。而当天深夜的[[新华社]]消息,四川省卫生厅向记者通报:经调查确有此事,而且当事人张建新已公开写检讨并致歉<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.ycwb.com/news/2008-05/28/content_1899387.htm|title=官员打人事件:下午刚“辟谣”晚上就查处|publisher=[[新快报]]|date=2008-05-28|accessdate=2010-05-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118002229/http://www.ycwb.com/news/2008-05/28/content_1899387.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。
=== 捐款 ===
{{Main|汶川大地震捐款列表}}
汶川大地震发生后,[[中国红十字基金会]]的赈灾宣传海报。设计师罗荣以中国汉字“汶川”与简体的“济”字之间的巧妙结合,呼吁社会共同帮助与救济地震灾区。
汶川大地震发生以来,国内外各界向灾区提供各类捐赠。中国国内展开了空前的捐款活动,截至2009年4月30日,捐款总数达到了767.12亿元人民币(其中捐赠资金约659.96亿元,物资折合约107.16亿元)<ref name="asdasd">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = [[腾讯]](转自[[新华网]]) | title = 民政部:汶川地震共接受捐款659.96亿 | url = http://news.qq.com/a/20090511/001516.htm | author = 卫敏丽 | date = 2009-05-11 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515223727/http://news.qq.com/a/20090511/001516.htm | archivedate = 2009-05-15 }}</ref>。截至2008年11月12日,15个省“送温暖 献爱心”活动所筹资金近7,202万元<ref name="blood">{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 《公益时报》 | title = 概况:5.12抗震救灾各类捐赠总价值937亿元 | url = http://www.gongyishibao.com/zhuan/csdh/juanzeng/news1.html | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208155337/http://www.gongyishibao.com/zhuan/csdh/juanzeng/news1.html | archivedate = 2011-12-08 }}</ref>。此外,中国4550万名[[中国共产党]]党员共交纳“特殊党费”97.3亿元<ref name="xj" /><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 四川在线转自[[新华网]] | title = 审计署:汶川地震社会捐款99.9%已到位 | url = http://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/content/2010-04/23/content_686295.htm | author = 杜宇 | date = 2010-04-22 | accessdate = 2010-05-09 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100608092132/http://focus.scol.com.cn/zgsz/content/2010-04/23/content_686295.htm | archivedate = 2010-06-08 }}</ref>,作为地震重建的部分资金<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国政府网(转自[[新华社]])| title =汶川特大地震发生两年来四川以党建促重建综述| url =http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/23/content_1611714.htm| author =谭浩、丛峰| date =2010-05-23| accessdate =2010-05-23| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100529191124/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/23/content_1611714.htm| archivedate =2010-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 网易(转自人民网) | title = 陕西:“特殊党费”104个投资土建工程已竣工90个 | url = http://news.163.com/10/0512/12/66FVV07F000146BC.html | author = 郑光魁 | date = 2010-05-12 | accessdate = 2010-05-13 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035821/http://news.163.com/10/0512/12/66FVV07F000146BC.html | archivedate = 2014-02-22 }}</ref>。另据[[香港中文大学]]和中山大学研究报告估算,全国多个非公募基金会和在华国际组织自筹自支款物约10亿元<ref name="blood" />。全国已为汶川地震灾区募集款物,超过了1996至2007年全国接收的救灾捐赠款物的总和,打破了中国捐赠史上的纪录<ref name="asdasd" />。
此外,境外地区及国际社会向中国地震灾区伸出援助之手。[[香港特区政府]]于地震发生一天后紧急调拨3.5亿港元(约合人民币3.1亿元)。两个月后追加20亿元,至2009年2月20日再追加40亿港元<ref name="hkhelp1">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自人民日报海外版)| title =香港救助汶川地震灾区纪事:你的伤痛我来分担| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2009-05/12/content_11356270.htm| author =武少民| date =2009-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515210951/http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2009-05/12/content_11356270.htm| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>,而由特区政府成立“支援四川地震灾区重建工作信托基金”(而该基金亦于2010年7月一日另设[[玉树地震]]重建工作事务部)负责管理资金<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港特区政府民政事务总署| title =四川重建捐款| url =http://www.had.gov.hk/tc/whats_new/donations.htm| author =| date =2010-01-08| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101012161352/http://www.had.gov.hk/tc/whats_new/donations.htm| archivedate =2010-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港特区政府 |title=香港特区政府支援四川地震灾区重建工作信托基金 |url=http://www.cmab.gov.hk/tf/ |author=香港特区政府 |date= |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217044554/http://www.cmab.gov.hk/tf/ |archivedate=2008-12-17 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。民间捐款方面,地震后一个月,香港各界向灾区捐款约20亿港元<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华社| title =中联办向香港社会各界发出感谢信| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/23/content_8425628.htm| author =| date =2008-06-23| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080626150755/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/23/content_8425628.htm| archivedate =2008-06-26}}</ref>,至地震一周年时,[[香港立法会]]共拨款捐达90亿港元,香港民间各界捐款已达130亿港元<ref name="hkhelp1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hket.com/eti/article/918a8fff-ce2e-4882-a4de-4ca348d4eaef-706801|title=贪腐窒碍赈灾 最苦四川灾民|publisher=香港经济日报|accessdate=2013-04-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507045859/http://www.hket.com/eti/article/918a8fff-ce2e-4882-a4de-4ca348d4eaef-706801|archivedate=2014-05-07}}</ref>;演艺界也举行[[演艺界512关爱行动|512关爱行动]]组织于2008及09年进行募捐。[[澳门特区政府]]在地震之后调动1.1亿元人民币赈灾,民间亦发起了大型捐款运动<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[人民网]]| title =澳门特区政府拨款一亿人民币赈济四川地震灾区| url =http://leaders.people.com.cn/GB/7235928.html| author =曾坤| date =2008-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090116124353/http://leaders.people.com.cn/GB/7235928.html| archivedate =2009-01-16}}</ref>。中华民国总统[[陈水扁]]指示行政院院长[[张俊雄]],于2008年5月13日向四川地震灾区捐出二十亿[[台币]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新浪网(转自[[大洋网]]) | title = 台湾“行政院”宣布支援灾区20亿元台币 | url = http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/155815546668.shtml | author = | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2008-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080526194211/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-15/155815546668.shtml | archivedate = 2008-05-26 }}</ref>,台湾总捐款金额88亿台币。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20090508/31611806/|title=川震周年 台湾捐款计70亿|date=[2009-5-8]|author=pabloli|publisher=苹果日报|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061741/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20090508/31611806/|archivedate=2017-08-19}}</ref>。[[沙特阿拉伯王国]]捐赠5000万[[美元]]现金和1000万美元物资;[[阿联酋]]捐赠5000万美元;[[加拿大]]政府捐助超过3100万加元,同时民间捐款近3000万加元;[[美国]]政府提供50万美元现金和70万美元物资,同时美国红十字会捐款1000万美元;[[印度]]提供500万美元救灾物资;[[日本]]政府则发放约5亿[[日元]](约合480万美元)紧急援助;[[俄罗斯]]提供四批物资,价值约400万美元;[[挪威]]捐赠2000万挪威克朗(约合400万美元);[[意大利]]提供了50万欧元现金援助和150万欧元的救灾物资;[[瑞典]]外交部在地震发生后不到两周的5月24日统计显示瑞典各界提供的各类援助总价值已达1540万瑞典克朗(约合250万美元);[[土耳其]]援助200万美元;[[尼日利亚]]捐赠200万美元;[[英国]]提供100万英镑援助;[[西班牙]]提供100万欧元紧急援助;[[爱尔兰]]提供100万欧元现金援助;[[马来西亚]]捐款150万美元;[[以色列]]向捐赠价值150万美元的救援物资;[[比利时]]提供了65万欧元紧急援助(约合100万美元);[[巴基斯坦]]提供包括战略储备在内的22260顶帐篷和其他救援物资,总值100万美元;[[阿尔及利亚]]捐款100万美元;[[韩国]]提供了100万美元救援资金及物资;澳大利亚捐款100万澳元(约合95万美元)<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=中华人民共和国中央人民政府 | title=国际社会向四川汶川地震灾区抗震救灾提供援助 | url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/15/content_975165.htm | author= | date=2008-05-15 | accessdate=2008-05-17 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707012211/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg//2008-05/15/content_975165.htm | archivedate=2008-07-07 }}</ref>。此外[[泰国]]、[[德国]]、[[荷兰]]、[[芬兰]]、[[波兰]]、[[法国]]、[[瑞士]]、[[奥地利]]、[[丹麦]]、[[希腊]]、[[克罗地亚]]、[[新西兰]]、[[新加坡]]、[[老挝]]、[[越南]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[加拿大]]、[[巴西]]、[[立陶宛]]、[[卢森堡]]、[[爱沙尼亚]]、[[捷克]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]、[[阿尔巴尼亚]]、[[伊朗]]、[[朝鲜]]、[[蒙古]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[缅甸]]、[[孟加拉国]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[吉尔吉斯斯坦]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[莫桑比克]]、[[萨摩亚]]等国亦向灾区捐款捐物,或派遣人员参与救援<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[搜狐网]](转自[[新华网]])| title =国际社会向四川汶川地震灾区抗震救灾提供援助| url =http://news.sohu.com/20080515/n256872067.shtml| author =徐松、白洁| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101202/http://news.sohu.com/20080515/n256872067.shtml| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=新华网 | title=国际社会继续就四川地震灾害向中方表示慰问并提供援助 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/17/content_8196391.htm | author= | date=2008-05-17 | accessdate=2010-05-22 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604164117/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/17/content_8196391.htm | archivedate=2009-06-04 }}</ref><ref name="pd">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher=新华网(转自《[[人民日报]]》) | title=国际社会继续向中方表示慰问并提供援助 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-05/19/content_8203403.htm | author= | date=2008-05-18 | accessdate=2010-05-22 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019005505/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-05/19/content_8203403.htm | archivedate=2009-10-19 }}</ref>。
=== 救援报道 ===
2008年5月13日的[[中国中央电视台|CCTV]]《[[新闻联播]]》中的新闻“奥运圣火完成在福建龙岩的传递”中,播出了奥运火炬手为灾区人民捐款的画面,但之后这画面被指为是奥运火炬手的假捐款镜头。
英国[[BBC]]在此次事件中的一系列报道中,对中国政府突发事件处理持正面评价,并认为“地震使中国获得较为宽松环境”<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = BBC | title = Quake reveals softer side to China | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7424262.stm | author = Michael Bristow | date = 2008-05-28 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311193928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7424262.stm | archivedate = 2009-03-11 }}</ref>。而中国政府一改以往在很多突发事件上封锁消息的做法,官方传媒如[[中央电视台]]与[[新华社]]在地震后五小时即对外公布,并以二十四小时播放救灾新闻节目跟进救援行动。此外,政府对境内外媒体采访也基本不阻止<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =中央社| title =四川地震中国媒体挣脱控制自行报导灾情| url =http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=659990| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150314/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=659990| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>,但有零星媒体遭地方政府阻拦的事件发生<ref>{{cite web | language=zh-hant | publisher = [[中央社]] | title = 四川地震似乎改变民众对中共当局惯常看法| url = http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20080516/349012.html | author = 张谦 | date = 2008-05-15 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2015}}</ref>。截至2008年5月22日,已有100多家境外媒体、300多名记者境外进入汶川地震灾区参加采访报道<ref>{{Cite news|language=zh-hans|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/22/content_8227169.htm|title=300多名境外记者进入灾区一线 多带方言翻译随行|author=张见悦、程晓龙|publisher=新华网(转自《中国新闻出版报》)|date=2008-05-22|accessdate=2010-05-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118121140/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/22/content_8227169.htm|archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref>。但也有媒体称救灾初期大陆开放媒体深入灾区,是因为当时全力救灾无暇管制,此后才开始管制境外媒体深入。
不过,部分境外媒体指责中国官方媒体只作正面报道,不提灾民对政府的不满,不提负面消息<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =自由时报(转自[[法新社]])| title =震灾失焦 中国媒体搞造神| url =http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/19/today-specialreport4.htm| author =陈成良| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-28| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111117033025/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/may/19/today-specialreport4.htm| archivedate =2011-11-17}}</ref>。地震发生次日,中共中央政治局常委、中央文明委主任[[李长春]]要求中国大陆新闻媒体在地震新闻中要“增强政治意识、大局意识、责任意识”,“牢牢把握正确舆论导向,坚持团结稳定鼓劲、正面宣传为主”<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =李长春主持召开抗震救灾宣传报道专题会议| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8162344.htm| author =| date =2008-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-29| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033031/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8162344.htm| archivedate =2009-01-19}}</ref>。此外,个别媒体记者专业精神不足,如有中央电视台记者徐娜本应在[[都江堰]]进行采访,但现场直播时却在成都的酒店<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=环球华网(转自[[联合早报]]) |title=中央电视台女记者徐娜 灾区编故事造假遭谴责 |url=http://www.gcpnews.com/zh-tw/articles/2008-05-15/C1044_23094.html |author=李向荣、许书凎 |date=2008-05-15 |accessdate=2010-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518100229/http://www.gcpnews.com/zh-tw/articles/2008-05-15/C1044_23094.html |archivedate=2008-05-18 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。而中央电视台在报导[[福建]][[龙岩]][[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|奥运火炬传递]]时,被指造假炮制火炬手为地震假捐款镜头,事后当事人致歉称是火炬手捐款后摄影留念<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =福州之窗| title =央视就龙岩站火炬手"空手捐款"致歉| url =http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/bdxw/20080517/fj161423.html| author =| date =2008-05-17| accessdate =2010-05-25| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142459/http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/bdxw/20080517/fj161423.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>。而此类事情也发生于[[广东]]一校园抗震捐款仪式上:捐款箱里的钱反复被捐,涉嫌造假的视频被上传到网上<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/17/content_470582.htm |title=惠州三中:不是造假,只是补拍 |publisher=南都网引自《[[南方都市报]]》 |date=2008-05-17 |accessdate=2008-05-22 |language=zh-hans |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520051505/http://epaper.nddaily.com/A/html/2008-05/17/content_470582.htm |archivedate=2008-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
== 重建 ==
{{main|汶川大地震灾后重建}}
=== 对口援助工程 ===
{{Wikisource|汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案}}
2008年6月18日,[[中华人民共和国国务院|中国国务院]]正式颁布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案》<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自《甘肃日报》)| title =陇南开展灾后恢复重建两周年记| url =http://news.163.com/10/0512/04/66F6QP3R00014AED.html| author =刘巨魁| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150213160838/http://news.163.com/10/0512/04/66F6QP3R00014AED.html| archivedate =2015-02-13}}</ref>,决定举全国之力,建立灾后恢复重建对口支援机制,以加快地震灾区灾后恢复重建。具体由中央政府根据各地经济发展水平和区域发展战略,组织东部和中部地区省市以“一省帮一重灾县”原则,各省市在3年期内、以不低于1%的财力对口支援重灾县市重建工作。其中支援方为[[广东]]、[[江苏]]、[[上海]]、[[山东]]、[[浙江]]、[[北京]]、[[辽宁]]、[[河南]]、[[河北]]、[[山西]]、[[福建]]、[[湖南]]、[[湖北]]、[[安徽]]、[[天津]]、[[黑龙江]]、[[重庆]]、[[江西]]、[[吉林]]共19个省市,受援方为[[四川省]][[北川县]]、[[汶川县]]、[[青川县]]、[[绵竹市]]等18个县市,以及[[甘肃省]]、[[陕西省]]受灾严重的地区。主要援助项目为提供规划编制、建筑设计、专家咨询、工程建设和监理、建设和修复学校、住房、医院、交通等内容<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[新华网]](转自中国政府网)| title =国办印发《汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案》| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-06/18/content_8391394.htm| author =[[中华人民共和国国务院]]| date =2008-06-18| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080618183548/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-06/18/content_8391394.htm| archivedate =2008-06-18}}</ref>。至2010年5月12日地震后两周年,对口支援省份完成投资已经超过640亿元,完成预期目标的80%以上<ref name="rebuil">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国网(转自中华人民共和国国防部)| title =创造人间奇迹的伟大力量| url =http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-05/12/content_2074496.htm| author =| date =2010-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140825011802/http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-05/12/content_2074496.htm| archivedate =2014-08-25}}</ref>。
香港特别行政区亦同时在灾后参与重建工作,政府部门、专业机构及学会组成“香港建造界 5.12 重建工程联席会议”,项目达一百五十项,包括卧龙自然保护区、教育医疗及卫生的设施重建。<ref>[http://www.hk-sichuanrebuild.gov.hk/index.html 四川重建-香港项目] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095614/http://www.hk-sichuanrebuild.gov.hk/index.html |date=2014-02-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.512rjc.hk/index.html香港建造界 5.12 重建工程联席会议]{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
=== 中央政府重建工程 ===
2008年9月19日,[[中华人民共和国国务院|国务院]]颁布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划》。该规划由[[国家发展和改革委员会]]主持编制,4000余名设计人员参与<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网(转自《四川日报》) | title = 汶川地震灾区巨变录:科学规划 蓝图变实景 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/10/c_1285965.htm | author = 杨理光 | date = 2010-05-10 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140907173255/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/10/c_1285965.htm | archivedate = 2014-09-07 }}</ref>,决定用三年时间使灾区的基本生活条件和经济社会发展水平达到或超过灾前水平,其中具体对住房、建设、公共设施、产业重组、生态环境、民族关系、重建基金等9大类专项36个子项目进行具体规划<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国政府网| title =汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划| url =http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-09/23/content_1103686.htm| author =中国国务院| date =2008-09-19| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101220113154/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-09/23/content_1103686.htm| archivedate =2010-12-20}}</ref>。2009年5月12日,中国共产党中央委员会总书记[[胡锦涛]]表示“力争用两年时间基本完成原定三年重建目标”,以加强重建的效率及力度<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =人民网| title =胡锦涛:力争用两年时间基本完成原定三年重建目标| url =http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1024/9286158.html| author =| date =2009-05-12| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515232836/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1024/9286158.html| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>。2009年9月14日,[[中华人民共和国审计署|审计署]]发布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建跟踪审计结果》,对部分重建项目进行评估及提出整改方案<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中华人民共和国审计署| title =汶川地震灾后恢复重建跟踪审计结果| url =http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1992130/n1992150/n1992500/2302194.html| author =中华人民共和国审计署| date =2009-09-14| accessdate =2017-02-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170145/http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1992130/n1992150/n1992500/2302194.html| archivedate =2017-02-04}}</ref>。
截止2010年5月,四川地震灾区38个需要恢复重建的重点城镇中,已有33个完成重建主体任务。四川灾区39个重灾县需恢复重建的3002所学校,已开工2997所,开工率99.83%、竣工2609所,占86.91%<ref name="xj">{{cite web | language=zh-hans | publisher = 潇湘晨报(转自[[新华网]]) | title = 汶川灾区有望提前实现重建目标 | url = http://xxcb.rednet.cn/show.asp?id=1027907 | author = | date = 2010-05-13 | accessdate = 2010-05-22 }}</ref>;在建及竣工的医疗卫生项目2200多个,近六成已竣工<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新浪网(转自《深圳晚报》)| title =汶川重建 三年任务两年完成| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-05-13/063517503449s.shtml| author =| date =2010-05-13| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208023153/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-05-13/063517503449s.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。至2010年5月12日地震后两周年,四川、甘肃、陕西灾后重建已经完成投资超过7400亿元,完成灾后重建投资计划的70%以上<ref name="rebuil" />。在此基础上,中央财政部下拨汶川地震灾后重建基金248.35亿元,重点支持灾后城乡基础设施、公共服务、防灾减灾、产业重建等方面四千余个重建项目<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中国政府网(转自[[新华社]])| title =中央财政下拨汶川地震灾后重建基金248.35亿元| url =http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/14/content_1606439.htm| author =韩洁、罗沙| date =2010-05-14| accessdate =2010-05-22| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100520002619/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-05/14/content_1606439.htm| archivedate =2010-05-20}}</ref>。
然而,在重建过程中的一些奢侈、浪费让中国民众很是忧心灾区重建资金和他们的捐款是否真能用到灾区老百姓身上<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =金羊网| title =豪华越野车让人忧心灾区重建资金| url =http://www.ycwb.com/sp/2009-01/23/content_2052637.htm| author =刘义昆| date =2009-01-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062214/http://ycwb.com/sp/2009-01/23/content_2052637.htm| archivedate =2009-02-01}}</ref>。比如:《北川国家地震遗址博物馆整体设计方案》中初步预算总投资为23亿元左右<ref>{{cite news| language =| author =| coauthors =| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-03-27/200017497506.shtml| title =北川国家地震遗址博物馆欲耗资23亿引争议| work =| publisher =新浪| pages =| date =| accessdate =| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025714/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-03-27/200017497506.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,四川[[北川县]]政府于震后采购110万豪华[[越野车]]<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 中国新闻网 | title = 1月十大网民质疑:政府招标购豪华越野车遭质疑 | url = http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/02-05/1550415.shtml | author = | date = 2009-02-05 | accessdate = 2010-05-20 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912050542/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/02-05/1550415.shtml | archivedate = 2009-09-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =[[中国网]]| title =北川回应百万买越野车:将用作应急通讯| url =http://www.china.com.cn/tech/txt/2009-01/23/content_17173298.htm| author =陈刚| date =2009-01-23| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090227045433/http://www.china.com.cn/tech/txt/2009-01/23/content_17173298.htm| archivedate =2009-02-27}}</ref>以及组织资助20对新人海南免费欢度蜜月之旅<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 新华网 | title = 北川20对新人海南免费欢度蜜月之旅 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2009-04/29/content_11276822.htm | author = | date = 2009-04-29 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502221120/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2009-04/29/content_11276822.htm | archivedate = 2009-05-02 }}</ref>,[[汶川县]][[威州镇 (汶川县)|威州镇]]政府采购万元[[笔记本电脑]]等<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =搜狐网(转自红网)| title =网友曝四川汶川县某镇政府采购万元笔记本| url =http://news.sohu.com/20090210/n262160721.shtml| author =耿红仁| date =2009-02-10| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090919012119/http://news.sohu.com/20090210/n262160721.shtml| archivedate =2009-09-19}}</ref>。<br />
2012年1月10日,四川省长蒋巨峰在该省第十一届人大第五次会议上作政府工作报告时宣布,该省汶川特大地震灾后恢复重建完成。<ref>{{cite news|author=刘贤|title=四川省长:汶川地震灾后重建完成|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/70731/16840668.html|accessdate=2012-01-10|newspaper=人民网|date=2012-01-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113042941/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/70731/16840668.html|archivedate=2012-01-13}}</ref>
== 纪念活动 ==
=== 全国哀悼日 ===
2008年5月19日下午2时10分,[[天安门广场]][[下半旗 (中华人民共和国)|下半旗]]向地震遇难者致哀。数以万计的民众在广场上聚集,默哀3分钟后,许多人自发开始高喊“中国加油”、“四川加油”等口号。
{{Wikisourceshas|国务院公告/2008年5月18日|文化部办公厅关于执行国务院“全国哀悼日”公告的通知}}
地震后,中国民间要求全国哀悼的声音高涨,2008年5月18日[[中华人民共和国国务院|中国国务院]]宣布5月19日至21日三天为[[全国哀悼日]],全国[[下半旗]]致哀,停止公共娱乐活动<ref name="closenational" />。在5月19日14时28分,全国人民[[默哀]]3分钟,汽车、火车、舰船鸣笛,[[防空警报]]鸣响,成为[[中华人民共和国]]近60年历史上,首次对普通民众死难者[[降半旗]]<ref name="gwygg">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =中央政府网| title =国务院公告| url =http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-05/18/content_981560.htm| author =国务院办公厅| date =2008-05-18| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150620/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-05/18/content_981560.htm| archivedate =2010-08-16}}</ref>。期间,奥运圣火在中国境内的传递活动暂停三天,体育赛事推迟三天<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易| title =哀悼日体育比赛停三天 亚泰亚冠生死战面临延期| url =http://sports.163.com/08/0519/10/4CA3SF1500051C89.html| author =雷森| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044718/http://sports.163.com/08/0519/10/4CA3SF1500051C89.html| archivedate =2014-02-22}}</ref>,[[香港赛马会]]亦取消原定21日举行的赛马并把活动延期至6月5日<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hant| publisher =香港赛马会| title =马会取消本周三夜赛 悼念四川地震死难者| url =http://www.hkjc.com/chinese/news/news_2008051919052.htm| author =| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090118025432/http://www.hkjc.com/chinese/news/news_2008051919052.htm| archivedate =2009-01-18}}</ref>。各地亦举行烛光晚会,部分地区飞放[[孔明灯]],同时多间[[电影院]]也停止放映活动<ref name="closenational">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网(转自《京华时报》)| title =全国哀悼日:各部委及北京做出反应 记者现场探访| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8203592.htm| author =| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213725/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8203592.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>;[[电视台]]均停播娱乐节目,并在22日恢复时播企业特别讯息,亦把台徽改为黑白<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =各地报纸头版沉痛哀悼汶川大地震中遇难同胞| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2008-05/19/content_8206621.htm| author =高海英、朱希琳| date =2008-05-19| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090211013939/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2008-05/19/content_8206621.htm| archivedate =2009-02-11}}</ref>;国内游戏网站停运三日<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 硅谷动力(转自搜狐IT) | title = 页面标黑游戏停运 互联网企业集体哀悼受难者 | url = http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2008/0519/A20080519268622.shtml | author = 林丰蕾 | date = 2008-05-19 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110101144708/http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2008/0519/A20080519268622.shtml | archivedate = 2011-01-01 }}</ref>。根据[[谷歌中国]]的数据分析,在5月19日默哀的三分钟内,谷歌的使用量出现巨大的下降<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 千家网 | title = Google技术统计汶川地震默哀时刻“零”搜索流量 | url = http://www.qianjia.com/html/2008-05/46688.html | author = | date = 2008-05-23 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115233943/http://www.qianjia.com/html/2008-05/46688.html | archivedate = 2010-01-15 }}</ref>。
哀悼日期间,[[法国总统]][[尼古拉·萨科齐]]、[[美国总统]][[乔治·沃克·布什]]、[[英国首相]][[戈登·布朗]]、[[日本首相]][[福田康夫]]等多名[[国家元首]]到中国大使馆吊唁,[[联合国]]于5月20日亦在[[安理会]]会议上集体默哀<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =联合国安理会哀悼四川汶川大地震遇难者| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/21/content_8217370.htm| author =柳奇| date =2008-05-21| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080523000507/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2008-05/21/content_8217370.htm| archivedate =2008-05-23}}</ref>。同时,部分国家亦颁布全国哀悼日,其中[[秘鲁]]政府5月16日颁布最高政令,将5月19日设为为全国哀悼日,所有政府机构下半旗致哀,这是秘鲁首次为外国的死难者设立全国哀悼日,且其颁布政令时间早于中国决定的时间<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant |publisher=香港《明报》 |title=秘鲁为四川地震下半旗哀悼 |url=http://www.sinchew-i.com/node/22688?tid=1 |author= |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223224042/http://news.sinchew.com.my/topic/node/22688?tid=1 |archivedate=2014-02-23 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。5月21日,[[孟加拉国]]政府办公楼和其它重要建筑的国旗降半旗,悼念中国和缅甸自然灾害的死难者。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2008-05/21/content_8218148.htm|title=孟加拉国宣布全国哀悼日为中国地震罹难者致哀|publisher=新华网|date=2008-05-21|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170852/http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2008-05/21/content_8218148.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>[[科摩罗]]和[[佛得角]]两国政府还分别宣布5月22日和5月23日为“全国哀悼日”,所有政府机关降半旗致哀。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://km.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/201612/20161202018965.shtml|title=科摩罗副总统到中航鼎衡参观考察|publisher=中华人民共和国驻科摩罗联盟大使馆经济商务参赞处|date=2016-12-02|accessdate=2017-02-24|language=zh-hans|quote=2008年中国四川汶川大地震发生后,科摩罗政府宣布2008年5月22日为科摩罗全国哀悼日,全国下半旗悼念中国四川地震遇难者。}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web//ziliao_674904/zt_674979/ywzt_675099/2008zt_675545/kzjz_675575/t458292.shtml|title=佛得角宣布全国哀悼日悼念中国汶川地震罹难者|publisher=中华人民共和国外交部|date=2008-05-26|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204175920/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web//ziliao_674904/zt_674979/ywzt_675099/2008zt_675545/kzjz_675575/t458292.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>
=== 北京奥运会 ===
{{See also|2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会}}
汶川大地震发生时,正值[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会|北京奥运会]]圣火在中国境内传递,为了向汶川大地震中遇难同胞表示深切哀悼,[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会火炬接力|北京奥运会火炬接力活动]]5月19日至21日暂停了3天<ref>{{cite web | language = zh-hans | publisher = 第29届奥林匹克运动会组织委员会 | title = 北京奥组委决定:奥运圣火19日起停传三天 | url = http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/news/headlines/n214368031.shtml | date = 2008-05-18 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907102829/http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/news/headlines/n214368031.shtml | archivedate = 2008-09-07 }}</ref>。此后的火炬传递活动缩减规模,简化程序,传递前默哀,传递路线上设立募捐箱等,将火炬传递与抗震救灾紧密结合。因受灾严重,原计划在[[绵阳]]、[[广汉]]和[[都江堰]]的火炬传递取消,在四川传递时间也由原来的6月15日至6月18日调整为8月3日至8月5日,火炬在四川[[广安]]、[[乐山]]、[[成都]]传递结束后返回北京<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =西部网(转自新华网)| title =绵阳、广汉和都江堰重灾区圣火传递活动取消| url =http://news.cnwest.com/content/2008-05/31/content_1258184.htm| author =史春东| date =2008-05-31| accessdate =2010-05-30| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222718/http://news.cnwest.com/content/2008-05/31/content_1258184.htm| archivedate =2014-02-21}}</ref>,并在绵阳和广汉进行展示。2008年8月8日,在[[2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会开幕式|北京奥运会开幕式]]上,[[国际奥林匹克委员会|国际奥委会]]主席[[罗格]]亦在开幕式致辞上对汶川地震致哀<ref>{{cite web | language = en | publisher = World Records Academy | title = Most spectacular opening ceremony-Beijing sets world record | url = http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/sports/most_spectacular_opening_ceremony-Beijing_sets_world_record_80347.htm | author = | date = 2008-08-08 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613081920/http://worldrecordsacademy.org/sports/most_spectacular_opening_ceremony-Beijing_sets_world_record_80347.htm | archivedate = 2010-06-13 }}</ref>。
=== 纪念馆与文艺作品 ===
汶川大地震后,各地的纪念活动持续进行,而四川等地也在灾区废墟基础上建造各类纪念馆,以纪念在灾难中死去的人以及相关事迹。2009年5月11日,四川成都修建的[[汶川大地震博物馆]]正式对外开放<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =网易(转自新华网)| title =汶川地震博物馆即将开馆| url =http://news.163.com/09/0509/07/58RUM01O0001125G.html| author =江宏景、贾国荣| date =2009-05-09| accessdate =2010-06-09| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090515104455/http://news.163.com/09/0509/07/58RUM01O0001125G.html| archivedate =2009-05-15}}</ref>,其中陈列着从废墟中挖出的学生日记、书包与鞋等物品,以及“[[猪坚强]]”等地震中发生的事迹<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =金羊网| title =走进汶川地震博物馆| url =http://www.ycwb.com/news/2009-05/13/content_2133706.htm| author =丹丹| date =2009-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-05| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101015202859/http://www.ycwb.com/news/2009-05/13/content_2133706.htm| archivedate =2010-10-15}}</ref>。2009年5月12日[[汉旺地震工业遗址纪念中心]]开幕,中心坐落在东汽厂区外,面积500平方米,与东汽厂正门、汉旺钟楼隔街相望。在中心外的广场上,是一座大手牵小手的“[[大爱永生]]”雕像。<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川在线-华西都市报| title =数字纪念馆内 电子笔写下“汉旺不倒”| url =http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-05-13/062015615134s.shtml| author =廖兴友丁伟余行| date =2009-05-13| accessdate =2010-06-05| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208023715/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-05-13/062015615134s.shtml| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>。位于-{}-震中[[映秀镇]]的[[汶川地震震中纪念馆|汶川地震震-{}-中纪念馆]]于2010年底修建完成<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =新华网| title =汶川地震震中纪念馆年底完工| url =http://society.people.com.cn/GB/11455057.html| author =侯大伟| date =2010-04-26| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20111208161829/http://society.people.com.cn/GB/11455057.html| archivedate =2011-12-08}}</ref>,重灾区[[北川县]]也建成了[[“5·12”汶川特大地震纪念馆]],于2013年开放<ref>{{cite news|url=http://local.newssc.org/system/20130510/001042753.htm|title=“5·12”汶川特大地震纪念馆在北川隆重开馆|publisher=四川日报|date=2013-05-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171856/http://local.newssc.org/system/20130510/001042753.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。此外,纪念地震普通罹难者的[[胡慧姗纪念馆]]等也相继建成<ref>{{cite web| language =zh-hans| publisher =四川新闻网(转自《长江日报》)| title =建筑师为汶川地震罹难女孩建纪念馆| url =http://zhcj.newssc.org/system/2009/10/21/012384747.shtml| author =| date =2009-10-21| accessdate =2010-06-06| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101115063117/http://zhcj.newssc.org/system/2009/10/21/012384747.shtml| archivedate =2010-11-15}}</ref>。
汶川大地震后亦有大量的文艺作品产生。其中有反映对灾区受难者与救灾活动的,包括《[[大爱永生]]》雕塑;<ref name="autogenerated1"/>。《[[生死不离]]》、《[[承诺 (歌曲)|承诺]]》、《风雨操场》等歌曲;《[[震撼世界的七日]]》等电视剧;《[[四川大地震 (图书)|四川大地震]]》等书籍。其中[[李西闽]]的《幸存者》获第七届“[[华语文学传媒大奖]]年度散文家奖”<ref name=东南>{{cite web|url=http://fjnews.fjsen.com/2015-12/08/content_17006212.htm|title=中国新概念恐怖小说领军人物李西闽:写作是自我救赎|publisher=东南网|date=2015-12-08}}</ref>。也有对地震后产生的校舍质量及维权纠纷等抗议的作品,包括曾获[[第82届奥斯卡金像奖|2009年奥斯卡金像奖]]“纪录短片”奖项提名的《[[劫后天府泪纵横]]》<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans |publisher=VOA |title=夏明谈《劫后天府泪纵横》(四川之泪)拍摄感受 |url=http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/osca-sichuan-20100204-83555637.html |author=燕青 |date=2010-02-04 |accessdate=2010-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209022333/http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/osca-sichuan-20100204-83555637.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,[[艾未未]]工作室拍摄的纪录片《[[花脸巴儿]]》以及[[艾晓明]]等作家制作的纪录片等。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160512-dailynews-sichuan-earthquake-8th-anniversary/|title=四川地震八周年:抗争者们的故事|publisher=端传媒|date=2016-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hant}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/05/110512_earthquake_aixiaoming.shtml|title=艾晓明:川震三週年 心情很沉重|publisher=BBC中文网|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hant|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170305/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/05/110512_earthquake_aixiaoming.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>
=== 后续纪念和教育活动 ===
2009年3月,中国国务院宣布将每年的5月12日定为[[防灾减灾日]],加强对民众的教育和对防灾减灾工作的关注。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-03/02/content_1248489.htm|title=经国务院批准 每年5月12日为全国“防灾减灾日”|publisher=中华人民共和国中央人民政府|date=2009-03-02|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173435/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-03/02/content_1248489.htm|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>之后中国多地政府和中小学在每年这一天举行防震演习<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scnews.newssc.org/system/20150509/000562320.html|title=2015年四川省级防震救灾综合演练现场直击|publisher=四川日报|date=2015-05-09|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013159/http://scnews.newssc.org/system/20150509/000562320.html|archivedate=2017-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/16/0513/03/BMTQNVAS00014Q4P.html|title=汶川地震8周年 成都举行防震减灾应急演练|publisher=网易新闻|date=2016-05-13|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171047/http://news.163.com/16/0513/03/BMTQNVAS00014Q4P.html|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jiaodong.net/news/system/2016/05/11/013196862.shtml|title=照旺庄初中防震演练纪念“5.12”汶川大地震|publisher=胶东在线|date=2016-05-11|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173207/http://www.jiaodong.net/news/system/2016/05/11/013196862.shtml|archivedate=2017-02-04}}</ref>。中小学也开始重视普及“防震”教育<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edu.gmw.cn/newspaper/2015-04/20/content_106047342.htm|title=防震减灾教育应成为常态|publisher=兰州日报|date=2015-04-20|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013212/http://edu.gmw.cn/newspaper/2015-04/20/content_106047342.htm|archivedate=2017-02-05}}</ref>。2009年5月12日,中国政府在映秀镇举行纪念汶川地震一周年活动,时任中共中央总书记[[胡锦涛]]和国务院副总理[[李克强]]等人到场出席活动。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/12/content_11360145.htm|title=纪念汶川地震一周年活动举行 胡锦涛发表讲话|publisher=新华网|date=2009-05-12|accessdate=2017-02-04|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112230329/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/12/content_11360145.htm|archivedate=2012-11-12}}</ref> 2018年,地震十周年,汶川县政府将5月12日确立为汶川“感恩日”。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/06/c_1122790543.htm|title=汶川确立“感恩日”,让爱的涌泉奔流不息|date=2018-05-06|accessdate=2018-05-08|website=新华网|language=zh-hans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507053056/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/06/c_1122790543.htm|archivedate=2018-05-07}}</ref>
== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== 外部链接 ==
{{Wikinews|中国四川省发生强烈有感地震}}
{{Wikisourcecat|汶川地震}}
{{Commonscat|2008 Sichuan earthquake}}
* [http://www.512.gov.cn/ 中国抗震救灾网(512.gov.cn)]([http://web.archive.org/web/20090120224840/http://www.512.gov.cn/ 2009年1月20日存档])
* [http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm 中国地震局关于四川汶川县地震的资料]([http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090201183724/http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm 2009年2月1日存档])
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008ryan.php 美国地质调查所关于汶川大地震的资料]([http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090122060605/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008ryan.php 2009年1月22日存档])
* [http://www.luxinzheng.net/publication3/Wenchuan_Summary.pdf 汶川地震建筑震害分析]
* 中国大陆专题:[http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/kzjz/ 中国政府网]、[http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/zt20080512/ 新华网]、[http://society.people.com.cn/GB/8217/122500/index.html 人民网]、[http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/wxdz/node_7044358.htm 中国网]、[http://news.cctv.com/special/C21344/01/index.shtml 中国中央电视台]、[http://www.chinanews.com.cn/special/2008/0513/3.html 中新网]、[http://www.cnr.cn/2008zt/scdz/ 中广网]、[http://www.81.cn/2018zt/101391.htm 中国军网]、[http://news.sohu.com/s2008/dizhen/ 搜狐]、[http://news.163.com/special/00012MS5/sichuan0512.html 网易]
* 香港专题:[http://news.ifeng.com/special/0512earthquake/ 凤凰卫视]、[http://cablenews.i-cable.com/feature/breaking_earthquake/ 香港有线]、[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517001040/http://breakingnews.tvb.com/chinaquake/ 香港无线]、[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626075700/http://www.hkatv.com/v3/special_events/08/sichuancharity/ 香港亚洲电视]、[http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/sichuan512 香港电台]、[http://www.stnn.cc/feature/200805/t20080512_777539.html 星岛环球网]、[http://sp.wenweipo.com/962DZ/ 文汇报]
* 其他媒体专题:[http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/china.earthquake/ CNN] {{en icon}}、[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2008/china_quake/default.stm BBC新闻网] {{en icon}}
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|中华人民共和国|四川|灾害|地球科学|死亡}}
* [[板块构造论]]
* [[地震列表]]:[[四川地震列表]]
* [[龙门山断层]]:部份专家认为是强馀震的[[2013年芦山地震|雅安地震]]
* [[唐山大地震]]
*[[海原大地震]]
*[[嘉靖大地震]]
* [[范美忠事件]]
* [[心系四川]]
* [[汶川大地震捐款列表]]
* [[汶川大地震死难学生调查活动]]
{{汶川大地震}}
{{2008年地震}}
{{中国地震}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:汶川大地震}}
[[Category:600 史地总论]]