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'''欧州落叶松'''

[[File:欧州落叶松1.jpg|缩略图|欧州落叶松[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=1835546654,3277921417&os=4240169030,525513169&simid=3275940135,211650345&pn=2&rn=1&di=660&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fx%2F%25E9%2594%25A5%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%25AC%25A7-%25E5%258F%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E5%25B1%259E-24958230.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接][https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=1835546654,3277921417&os=4240169030,525513169&simid=3275940135,211650345&pn=2&rn=1&di=660&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fx%2F%25E9%2594%25A5%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%25AC%25A7-%25E5%258F%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E5%25B1%259E-24958230.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 图片来源百度网]]]
本词条由“[[科普中国]]”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。

欧洲落叶松(学名:Larix decidua Mill.)是松科、落叶松属落叶乔木。在原产地高达35米。树皮暗灰褐色,裂万不规则块片脱落。枝平展,树冠呈不规则塔形;小枝平展,枝稍多少上升。叶倒披针状条形,长2-3厘米,宽约1毫米,上面平或圆,稀基部微隆起。球果大小,形状变异较大,常呈卵圆形或卵状圆柱形;苞鳞基部较宽,先端三裂,中脉延伸成尾状长尖,微露出;种子具与种鳞近等长之翅。

原产于[[欧洲]]([[奥地利]]、[[捷克]]、[[法国]]、[[德国]]、[[意大利]]、[[列支敦士登]]、[[波兰]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]、[[瑞士]]、[[乌克兰]])。[[中国江西庐山]]、[[辽宁沈阳]]及[[熊岳]]引种栽培。生长于海拔([[600-]])1000-2200([[2500]])米的[[阿尔卑斯山脉]]和[[喀尔巴阡]]山脉。喜光,对水分要求较高,适应性较强,在排水良好,土层肥厚的缓坡地长势最好。

欧洲落叶松为欧洲传统草药之一,以树脂和树内皮入药。木材常用作电杆、桩木、标桩,和坑木等。还以具有优美之树叶、端丽之树冠可供造园观赏。

列入《[[世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录]]》([[IUCN 2015年 ver 3.1]])——无危(LC)。

(概述图参考来源: <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6427867/f549Hvdmw-2tzcQr_BtqfaqxC7uIlLY6TSutyJ-oR0kizE3XQ5neGwJb9gHZOP4zWAJfG9aLepUa-fFU8obkm3jgMWWvF4ao0b-T-t5F8A_BJycnDJbEvuQP1fJF | naturamediterraneo,引用日期2020-02-20]] </ref> )

==形态特征==

落叶乔木,在原产地高达35米。树皮暗灰褐色,裂万不规则块片脱落。枝平展,树冠呈不规则塔形;小枝平展,枝稍多少上升;一年生枝较细,无毛,淡黄色或淡灰黄色,短枝顶端叶枕间有密生黄色柔毛。叶倒披针状条形,长2-3厘米,宽约1毫米,上面平或圆,稀基部微隆起,光绿色,无气孔线或两侧各有1条连续连续的气孔线,下面中脉隆起,两侧各有3-5条灰白色气孔线。

球果大小,形状变异较大,常呈卵圆形或卵状圆柱形,长2-4厘米,径1.5-2.5厘米,熟时淡褐色,通常具40-50枚种鳞;中部种鳞近圆形,长8-1.1毫米,背面平滑或有细小疣状突起和短粗毛;苞鳞基部较宽,先端三裂,中脉延伸成尾状长尖,微露出;种子具与种鳞近等长之翅。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6427867/15ddTjBwYxVD_gs5DqJ7aPIN2C2ynxtUz_-heb1dhWE38pzIDmYxJa_OdM5zp8o1uGmnREA6RGJtx-0ATC2qiveya_lVoEk2eXs | 植物智,引用日期2020-02-21]] </ref>
[[File:欧洲落叶松2.jpg|缩略图|欧洲落叶松[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=271758813,4094368241&os=1041048553,805793870&simid=23171826,755624304&pn=5&rn=1&di=36310&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=15&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E6%25AC%25A7%25E6%25B4%25B2%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E6%2588%2596larix-decidua%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%25A0%2591%25E6%259E%259D%25E4%25B8%258E%25E6%259D%2589%25E6%259C%25A8%25E9%2594%25A5%25E4%25BD%2593%25E5%259C%25A8%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BC%2584%25E8%2584%258F%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2583%258C%25E6%2599%25AF-130161562.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接][https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=271758813,4094368241&os=1041048553,805793870&simid=23171826,755624304&pn=5&rn=1&di=36310&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=15&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E6%25AC%25A7%25E6%25B4%25B2%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E6%2588%2596larix-decidua%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%25A0%2591%25E6%259E%259D%25E4%25B8%258E%25E6%259D%2589%25E6%259C%25A8%25E9%2594%25A5%25E4%25BD%2593%25E5%259C%25A8%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BC%2584%25E8%2584%258F%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2583%258C%25E6%2599%25AF-130161562.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 图片来源百度网]]]

==生长环境==

欧洲落叶松生长于海拔([[600-)1000-2200(2500]])米的阿尔卑斯山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉。在原产地土壤呈中性至酸性,主要生长在花岗岩上;夏季凉爽潮湿,冬季寒冷多雪,但年降水量很少超过1000毫米;纯林是不常见的,更常见的是与[[阿尔卑斯山]]的松柏混交,1800米以下还与云杉混交。喜光,对水分要求较高,适应性较强,在排水良好,土层肥厚的缓坡地长势最好。

==分布范围==

原产于[[欧洲]]([[奥地利]]、[[捷克]]、[[法国]]、[[德国]]、[[意大利]]、[[列支敦士登]]、[[波兰]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]、[[瑞士]]、[[乌克兰]])。[[中国江西庐山]]、[[辽宁沈阳]]及[[熊岳]]引种栽培,生长一般。 <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/6427867/2194w5a5uU2x7BD9oEzx5X1KQl5KsJiLBl-cIvV-Zzfql0rV62_LLj8BuFoobeDmuv2Iw_qtGmkoo5Y-MYya_x0-SjQAfkz4IRhJ6o5pgw | iucnredlist,引用日期2020-02-20]] </ref>
[[File:欧洲落叶松3.jpg|缩略图|欧洲落叶松[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=794981692,3913225753&os=677232548,3750769251&simid=0,0&pn=8&rn=1&di=5940&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E6%25AC%25A7-%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%25A0%2591%25E6%259E%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%2586%2599%25E9%2595%259C-54220849.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接][https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=794981692,3913225753&os=677232548,3750769251&simid=0,0&pn=8&rn=1&di=5940&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2F%25E6%25AC%25A7-%25E8%2590%25BD%25E5%258F%25B6%25E6%259D%25BE%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%25A0%2591%25E6%259E%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%2586%2599%25E9%2595%259C-54220849.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 图片来源百度网]]]

==育植技术==

播种繁殖。幼苗畏烈日,应予适当庇荫。如栽在庇荫之地易枯死,如栽植密度稍大,下枝易枯萎。 <ref>[袁昌齐,肖正春主编,世界植物药,东南大学出版社,2013.01,第221页]</ref>

==主要价值==

===药用===

欧洲落叶松为欧洲传统草药之一,以树脂和树内皮入药,含木脂素、树脂、挥发油([[主要有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和苎烯]])。具有收敛、利尿和防腐杀菌等作用。树皮用于治疗膀胱和尿路感染,如膀胱炎和尿道炎;也可治疗呼吸道疾病,包括咽炎、气管炎和支气管炎。树脂用于治疗伤口,可预防和阻止感染。树皮的水煎剂有时用于治疗湿疹和牛皮癣。

===材用===

欧洲落叶松可作为木材使用。心材淡红褐色,具树脂;边材狭,黄白色,木材干燥迅速,但有干裂和变形的情况。气干材的硬度较欧洲赤松大50%,抗弯强度和韧度略较欧洲赤松大些,其他强度性质与欧洲赤松相差不大。木材耐腐性中等。加工容易,切面光净。染色,油漆效果良好。原条和圆材常用作电杆、桩木、标桩,和坑木等。锯材多用于要求强度和耐腐的用途,如船板、平底船和室外用途。
[[File:欧洲落叶松4.jpg|缩略图|欧洲落叶松[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=3970650395,2045915545&os=2613480683,482920605&simid=3381231029,193172389&pn=10&rn=1&di=8470&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flora33.com%2Fimg%2Fconiferophyta%2Fpinaceae%2Flarix%2Flarix_decidua%2Ff2.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 原图链接][https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=undefined&tn=baiduimagedetail&ipn=d&word=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&step_word=&ie=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&cs=3970650395,2045915545&os=2613480683,482920605&simid=3381231029,193172389&pn=10&rn=1&di=8470&ln=756&fr=&fmq=1601541256812_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&is=0,0&istype=0&ist=&jit=&bdtype=0&spn=0&pi=0&gsm=0&hs=2&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flora33.com%2Fimg%2Fconiferophyta%2Fpinaceae%2Flarix%2Flarix_decidua%2Ff2.jpg&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&adpicid=0&force=undefined 图片来源百度网]]]


===观赏===

欧洲落叶松以具有优美之树叶、端丽之树冠可供造园观赏。可于日照充分、风害较少处栽植,孤植、群植均可。

==保护现状==

保护级别:列入《[[世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录]]》([[IUCN2015年 ver 3.1]])——无危([[LC]])。

种群现状:该物种存在全球多个保护区中,例如[[波兰南部的奥伊科夫国家]]公园。也有非原生境保护的,例如在[[波兰]]的Kostrzyca Forest Gene Bank([[ENSCO 2014]])中,据报道它在全球100多个植物园中有栽培。

==参考文献==
{{Reflist}}
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