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吳修銘
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! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''吳修銘 Timothy Shiou-Ming Wu''' </p>
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'''吳修銘'''（{{lang en|Timothy Shiou-Ming Wu}}）是一位美國學者，曾參加2014年紐約州副州長民主黨初選失敗。吳修銘現任[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]法學教授，為媒體改革組織[[Free Press]]的前主席，並定期為〈[[紐約客]]〉撰寫文章<ref name="Tim Wu">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecdministerialseoul2008.org/en/programmee/speaker_view.html?id=16 |title=Tim Wu |first= |last= |accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=[[OECD]] Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, June 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118043729/http://www.oecdministerialseoul2008.org/en/programmee/speaker_view.html?id=16 |archivedate=2009-01-18 }}</ref>。他曾在[[新美國基金會]]裡與伯納德·萊昂·施瓦茨共事過<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Should Govern the Internet?|url=http://newamerica.net/events/2012/who_should_govern_the_internet|publisher=New America Foundation|accessdate=2012-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129113713/http://newamerica.net/events/2012/who_should_govern_the_internet|archive-date=2012-11-29|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。吳修銘最為人所知的是，他在其論文《網路中立性、寬頻歧視》（Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination）中首次提及「[[網路中立性]]」一詞<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=388863|title=Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|author=Tim Wu|doi=10.2139/ssrn.388863}}</ref>，並推廣此一概念，進而導致2010年聯邦網路中立性規則的通過<ref name="WU">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freepress.net/docs/timwu.pdf |title=NETWORK NEUTRALITY, BROADBAND DISCRIMINATION by Tim Wu |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201135721/http://www.freepress.net/docs/timwu.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Columbia Law School">{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2008/april2008/Wu_FreePress |title=Tim Wu Elected Board Chair At Free Press |first= |last= |date=2008-04-14 |publisher=Columbia Law School |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001033958/http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2008/april2008/Wu_FreePress |archive-date=2014-10-01 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2010/12/fcc_passes_new.html | title = FCC passes New Neutrality Rule | date = 2010-12-21 | publisher = Boston Globe | first = Hiawatha | last = Bray | accessdate = 2015-08-25 | archive-date = 2014-02-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090712/http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2010/12/fcc_passes_new.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>。吳修銘也在行動通訊政策上作出許多重大貢獻，其中最知名的為其「卡特豐」（Carterfone）提議<ref name="Ante">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm |title=Tim Wu, Freedom Fighter |first=Spencer E. |last=Ante |date=2008-11-08 |publisher=[[BusinessWeek]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2011-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020141655/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
吳修銘是一位研究媒體與科技產業的學者，其學術專長包括[[反托拉斯法]]、[[版權及電信法]]。2013年，吳修銘被[[國家法律雜誌]]任定為「美國前百大最具影響力的律師」。此外，吳修銘於2006年被[[科學人]]任定為年度前50大風雲人物，於2007年被[[02138雜誌]]任定為[[哈佛大學]]前百大最具影響力的畢業生<ref name="Tim Wu"/>。其著作《總開關》（The Master Switch）於2010年被[[紐約客]]<ref name=NYer>{{cite web | url = http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/brieflynoted/2010/12/13/101213crbn_brieflynoted | title = Reviewer's Favorites | work = [[The New Yorker]] | accessdate = 2015-08-25 | archive-date = 2014-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210550/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/brieflynoted/2010/12/13/101213crbn_brieflynoted | dead-url = no }}</ref>、[[財富雜誌]]<ref name=Fortune>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2010/12/22/technology/bell_systems_master_switch.fortune/index.htm |title=America's Original Startup |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |first1=Tim |last1=Wu |date=2010-12-22 |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226044002/http://money.cnn.com/2010/12/22/technology/bell_systems_master_switch.fortune/index.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[出版者周刊]]<ref name=PW>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45070-best-books-of-2010.html?page=5 |title=Best Books of 2010 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111233438/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45070-best-books-of-2010.html?page=5 |dead-url=no }}</ref>等出版社評選為2010年最佳書籍之一。
從2011年到2012年，吳修銘擔任美國[[聯邦貿易委員會]]的高級顧問<ref>[http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2011/february2011/timwu-ftc "Professor Tim Wu Named Advisor to Federal Trade Commission on Consumer Protection, Competition"] , ''Columbia University Public Affairs'', New York, Feb. 8, 2011</ref>。
==早年==
吳修銘出生於[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/tim-wu/2938 |title=TIM WU |publisher=General Assembly |date= |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2014-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200217/https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/tim-wu/2938 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，生長於[[瑞士]][[巴塞爾]]及[[加拿大]][[多倫多]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/business/defending-the-open-internet.html?_r=0 |title=Defending the Open Internet |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2014-05-10 |first=Jeff |last=Sommer |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041134/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/business/defending-the-open-internet.html?_r=0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。他的父親吳明達是[[臺灣]]人，台灣獨立運動的啟蒙人物，母親吉蓮·吳（Gillian Wu）<ref name="nationalpost">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/06/toronto-superstar-academic-who-coined-net-neutrality-could-be-nominee-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor/ |title=Toronto superstar academic who coined ‘net-neutrality’ could be nominee for N.Y. lieutenant-governor |publisher=''National Post'' |date=2014-09-06 |first=Richard |last=Warnica |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2014-09-10 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140910121441/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/06/toronto-superstar-academic-who-coined-net-neutrality-could-be-nominee-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>則是英裔加拿大人<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/nyregion/inspired-by-his-fathers-activism-an-outsider-seeks-statewide-office.html |title=Inspired by His Father’s Activism, Tim Wu Is Running for Lieutenant Governor as an Outsider |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2014-08-31 |first=David W. |last=Chen |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2020-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125032446/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/nyregion/inspired-by-his-fathers-activism-an-outsider-seeks-statewide-office.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。他們都曾在[[多倫多大學]]學習作為[[免疫學家]]<ref name=BW>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/print/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm|title=Tim Wu, Freedom Fighter|last=Ante|first=Spencer E.|date=2007-11-08|publisher=[[BusinessWeek]]|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150030/http://www.businessweek.com/print/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>。吳修銘跟他的弟弟小時候被送去重視創造力的另類學校就讀。在學校裡，他結識了[[科利·多克托羅]]<ref name="nationalpost"/>。吳修銘的父親於1980年去世，而他的母親用部分保險金為他與其弟買了一臺[[Apple II]]電腦，使吳修銘開始為[[電腦]]著迷<ref name="Ante" />。吳修銘就讀於[[麥基爾大學]]，在那學習[[生物化學]]<ref name=BW/>，後來改以[[生物物理學]]作為其主修<ref name="nationalpost"/>。吳修銘於1995年畢業於[[麥基爾大學]]，並取得[[理學士]]學位。於1998年，吳修銘以優異成績於[[哈佛法學院]]獲得法律博士(JD)學位。於哈佛大學時，他在著作權學家[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]的指導下研究<ref name=BW/>。
==學術生涯==
吳修銘從法學院畢業之後，曾在[[美國司法部]]法律顧問辦公室裡工作，並於1998年至1999年在[[美國聯邦第七巡迴上訴法院]]作為[[理察·艾倫·波斯納]]法官的法官助理<ref name=CL>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |title=Tim Wu |publisher=[[Columbia University]] School of Law |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |archive-date=2008-12-17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。吳修銘亦曾於1999年至2000年間在[[美國最高法院]]擔任[[史蒂芬·布雷耶]]大法官助理<ref name=CL/>。之後，吳修銘搬到[[舊金山灣區]]，於2000年至2002年間任職於Riverstone Networks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Net-neutrality-guru-to-speak-at-USF-3231050.php |title=Net neutrality guru to speak at USF |publisher=''San Francisco Chronicle'' |date=2008-01-25 |first=Ryan |last=Kim |accessdate=2014-09-11 |archive-date=2014-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911143223/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Net-neutrality-guru-to-speak-at-USF-3231050.php |dead-url=no }}</ref>，然後進入[[維吉尼亞大學法學院]]任教<ref name=CL/>。
吳修銘於2002年至2004年間在[[維吉尼亞大學]]擔任法學副教授，於2004年在[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]擔任客座教授，於2005年在[[芝加哥大學法學院]]擔任客座教授，並於2005年年於[[斯坦福法學院]]擔任客座教授<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |title=Tim Wu |first= |last= |accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=Columbia Law School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |archive-date=2008-12-17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。於2006年，吳修銘成為[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]的正職教授<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2006/11/wuhoo-nutty-professor-is-voice-of-a-generation/ |title=Wu-Hoo! Nutty Professor Is Voice of a Generation |publisher=''New York Observer'' |date=2006-11-20 |first=Anna |last=Schneider-Mayerson |accessdate=2014-09-11 |archive-date=2014-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911070447/http://observer.com/2006/11/wuhoo-nutty-professor-is-voice-of-a-generation/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，並開始波斯納計畫（Project Posner），建立包含所有[[理察·艾倫·波斯納]]法官的法律意見書之免費資料庫<ref name="wsj">{{cite news| title = A Paean to the Opinions of the Prolific Judge Posner| publisher = ''The Wall Street Journal'' Law Blog| date = 2006-10-06| url = http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/| accessdate = 2008-10-17| first = Peter| last = Lattman| archive-date = 2020-08-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172330/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/| dead-url = no}}</ref>。吳修銘稱波斯納「可能為美國現存最偉大的法學家」<ref name="wsj"/>。
==影響==
吳修銘在其2003年論文《網路中立性、寬頻歧視》中推廣[[網路中立性]]的概念。該論文認為網路中立性為應用程式間的中立，亦為數據與對服務品質敏感之訊務間的中立，並就可能處理此一議題的法規提供一些建議<ref name="WU"/><ref name="Columbia Law School"/>。
2006年，吳修銘寫下《網際網路過濾的世界貿易法》（The World Trade Law of Internet Filtering），分析[[世界貿易組織]]（WTO）將[[審查]]視為[[貿易障礙]]之可能性<ref>{{cite web|last=Wu|first=Tim|title=The World Trade Law of Internet Filtering|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882459|date=2006-05-06|publisher=[[SSRN]]|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2020-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226205613/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882459|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2007年6月，當[[Google]]遊說[[美國貿易代表]]於WTO檢舉中國的審查制度時，吳修銘的論文被引用作為此一想法的「論證來源」<ref>{{cite news|title=Google Fights Internet Censorship|last=Rugaber|first=Christopher S.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/25/AR2007062500364_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=2007-06-25|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926092148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/25/AR2007062500364_pf.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2006年，吳修銘受[[美國聯邦通信委員會]]（FCC）邀請，協助草擬第一份跟[[AT&T]]與[[南方貝爾]]合併案有關之[[網路中立性]]規則。
2007年，吳修銘發表了一篇論文，提議為[[手機|行動通訊]]網路建立「行動卡特豐」規則<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wu|first=Tim|year=2007|title=Wireless Carterfone|journal=International Journal of Communication|pages=389–426|url=http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/152/96|accessdate=2007-11-09|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126001825/http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/152/96|archive-date=2007-11-26|dead-url=yes}}</ref>；該規則於2007年7月31日被FCC採用於700MHz頻譜競價上。FCC委員[[麥克·庫伯斯]]表示，「我非常高興能看到一篇學術論文（在這裡為哥倫比亞大學法學院吳修銘教授所著）能對政策有如此直接且有力之影響<ref>{{Cite pressrelease |title=Statement of FCC Commissioner Michael J. Copps on the 700 MHz Service Rules |url=http://www.freepress.net/news/25059 |work=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] Newsroom |publisher=''freepress.net'' ([[Free Press (organization)|Free Press]]) |date=2007-07-31 |accessdate=2008-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928171246/http://www.freepress.net/news/25059 |archivedate=2011-09-28 }}</ref>。」2007年11月，[[彭博商業周刊]]認為吳修銘提供了「鼓舞Google行動通訊策略的智慧架構」。<ref name="Ante"/>
吳修銘與其[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]的同事Scott Hemphill與Clarisa Long共同指導於2007年成立的[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]法律與科技計畫<ref name=CPLTDetails>{{cite web|title=Program on Law and Technology at Columbia University School of Law|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program?&main.ctrl=contentmgr.detail&&main2.view=static.null&main.view=programs.detail&main.id=10267|work=Programs & Centers|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2008-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610120502/http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program?&main.ctrl=contentmgr.detail&&main2.view=static.null&main.view=programs.detail&main.id=10267|archive-date=2007-06-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=CPLT>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbialawtech.org/|title=Program on Law and Technology at Columbia University School of Law|work=columbialawtech.org|publisher=[[Columbia Law School]], [[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2008-08-24|archive-date=2008-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905170429/http://columbialawtech.org/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2007年8月，與[[科羅拉多大學法學院]]合作，哥倫比亞大學法學院法律與科技計畫推出了[[AltLaw]]的[[軟體版本週期|測試版]]<ref name=AltLaw>{{cite web |title=About AltLaw |url=http://www.altlaw.org/v1/about |accessdate=2008-08-24 |quote=Written by Stuart Sierra and Paul Ohm, with help from Luis Villa and Dana Powers, and produced by Tim Wu. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713095322/http://www.altlaw.org/v1/about |archivedate=2008-07-13 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
==《總開關》==
吳修銘於2010年推出新書《總開關：資訊帝國的興衰》（The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires），描述一個很長的「循環」，其中開放資訊系統隨著時間變得僵化且封閉，僅在破壞性創新後才會重新開放。該書顯示此一循環興起於[[貝爾電話公司]]的壟斷，建立於好萊塢娛樂產業、廣播與有線電視產業，並終止於網際網路產業。吳修銘舉[[蘋果公司]]為例，該公司一開始為一致力於開放性的公司，並在[[史蒂夫·賈伯斯]]的領導下演變成一個更封閉的系統，證明網際網路產業將隨著歷史的循環誕生出一個資訊帝國（雖然吳修銘亦將Google視為一重要對比）。該書被[[紐約客]]<ref name="NYer"/>、[[財富雜誌]]<ref name="Fortune"/>、Amazon.com<ref name=Amazon>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&plgroup=1&docId=1000628041 |title=Best Books of 2010 |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114084242/http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&plgroup=1&docId=1000628041 |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[華盛頓郵報]]<ref name=WashPost>{{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/12/the_five_best_books_i_read_thi.html |title=The five best books I read this year |publisher=Washington Post |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2012-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009173433/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/12/the_five_best_books_i_read_thi.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[出版者周刊]]<ref name="PW"/>等公司評為2010年最佳書籍之一。
== ''Killswitch'' ==
{{Main|Killswitch (電影)}}
2014年10月，以吳修銘、[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]、[[亞倫·斯沃茨]]及[[愛德華·史諾登]]為主要角色的電影Killswitch於[[胡士托電影節]]首次公演，贏得了最佳編輯獎。在片中，吳修銘帶出兩位年輕駭客（斯沃茨與史諾登）的故事，象徵網際網路具有破壞與動態的性質。吳修銘警告當公司、媒體公司與政府過於緊密結合時，將為民主帶來危害<ref>{{cite news|last1=von Busack|first1=Richard|title=Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest|url=http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html|accessdate=2015-02-25|publisher=Metro Silicon Valley|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916122214/http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Swegles|first1=Fred|title=Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html/|accessdate=2015-04-16|publisher=Orange County Register|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404084902/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
國會議員[[艾倫·格雷森]]表示，他認為Killswitch是「對這場控制網際網路並獲取情報的戰爭最為誠實的報導之一<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grayson |first1=Alan |title=Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary |url=http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |accessdate=2015-02-23 |publisher=Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162553/http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |archivedate=2015-02-27 }}</ref>。」《[[Metro Silicon Valley]]》的Richard von Busack將Killswitch評為「與紀錄片《原子咖啡館》（Atomic Cafe）同等級，使用現成影片最為精雕細琢的數部影片之一<ref>{{cite news|last1=von Busack|first1=Richard|title=Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest|accessdate=2015-02-25|publisher=Metro Silicon Valley}}</ref>。」[[Orange County Register]]的Fred Swegles表示，「任何對能否自由接取線上資訊感到重視的人都會為Killswitch那扣心心弦且節奏明快的紀錄片所著迷<ref>{{cite news|last1=Swegles|first1=Fred|title=Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie|accessdate=2015-04-16|publisher=Orange County Register}}</ref>。」
==2014年副州長選舉==
吳修銘於2014年參加紐約州副州長民主黨初選<ref>[http://www.buzzfeed.com/jacobfischler/zephyr-teachout-challenges-andrew-cuomo "zephyr-teachout-challenges-andrew-cuomo"] {, ''buzzfeed.com''</ref>，與現任州長[[安德魯·庫默]]的競選夥伴[[凱西·胡楚兒]]競爭民主黨的提名。胡楚兒贏了，但吳修銘也得到了40%的選票<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://project.wnyc.org/election2014-ny-state/ |title=''project.wnyc.org'' |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2018-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312025638/https://project.wnyc.org/election2014-ny-state/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。吳修銘與法律教授暨社群人士{{link-en|Zephyr Teachout|Zephyr Teachout}}一起參選。Teachout參加紐約州州長民主黨初選。在華盛頓郵報的採訪中，談到其競價資格時，吳修銘描述他的作法是將競選視為對抗私有權力集中化的行動：「一百年前，反托拉斯與合併的執行會占據新聞頭版。而我們正活在另一個巨大私有權力集中化的時代裡。為了某些原因，我們將這一切稱為『靠不住的議題』。這不是真的。私有權力的集中化影響著人們，有著半打以上的議題。一日復一日，人們的生活一直受到集中化與基礎設施的影響……你可以期待我那漸進式、打擊壟斷的行動。而我極為想要彌平選舉政治的一般議題與涉及私有權力之問題間的差距<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/06/16/15-questions-for-tim-wu-the-net-neutrality-scholar-whos-running-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor ''washingtonpost.com''] , 2014/06/16.</ref>。」
2014年8月下旬，[[紐約時報]]編輯委員會認可吳修銘參加民主黨副州長初選。吳修銘是四位民主黨州長及副州長初選候選人中，唯一受到紐約時報認可的人<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/opinion/timothy-wu-for-lieutenant-governor.html "Timothy Wu for Lieutenant Governor"] , editorial, ''The New York Times'', August 27, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-28.</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/opinion/editorial-governor-cuomo-ethics-reform-hinders-endorsement-zephyr-teachout.html "The Governor’s Primary in New York: Governor Cuomo’s Failure on Ethics Reform Hinders an Endorsement"] , editorial, ''The New York Times'', August 26, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-30.</ref>。初選於9月9日舉行。在紐約時報認可那天之後，吳修銘亦受到[[Daily Kos]]的編輯委員會所認可<ref>"kos", [http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/28/1325410/-Daily-Kos-endorses-Tim-Wu-for-New-York-lieutenant-governor-to-torment-Andrew-Cuomo# "Daily Kos endorses Tim Wu for New York lieutenant governor, to torment Andrew Cuomo"], editorial, ''Daily Kos'', August 28, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-29.</ref>。
==個人生活==
吳修銘的妻子是Kate Judge，也是哥倫比亞大學法學院的教授，育有一女<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/ivy-league-power-propels-columbias-tim-wu-in-bid-to-be-new-yorks-lieutenant-governor-1406513014 |title=Ivy League Power Propels Columbia's Tim Wu in Bid to be New York's Lieutenant Governor |publisher=''The Wall Street Journal'' |date= |first=Mike |last=Vilensky |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029005232/http://online.wsj.com/articles/ivy-league-power-propels-columbias-tim-wu-in-bid-to-be-new-yorks-lieutenant-governor-1406513014 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
==個人著作==
書籍：
* Wu, Tim (2018) [http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-9997454-6-5 The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age] (巨頭的詛咒). Columbia Global Reports ({{ISBN|978-0-9997454-6-5}})
* Wu, Tim (2016) [http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-35201-7 The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads] . New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] ({{ISBN|978-0-385-35201-7}})
* Tim Wu (2010). [http://books.google.com/books?id=nlnpJl7lNKUC&printsec=frontcover ''The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires''] . New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] (ISBN 0307269930, ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5)
* Goldsmith, Jack L., and Tim Wu (2006). ''[[Who Controls the Internet|Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World]]''. New York: [[Oxford University Press|Oxford UP]] (ISBN 0195152662, ISBN 978-0-19-515266-1)
文章：
* (2013) [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/everyone-interesting-is-a-felon.html "How the Legal System] Failed [[Aaron Swartz]]—And Us", ''The New Yorker'' News Desk blog, January 14, 2013.
* (2007) [http://www.newamerica.net/files/WorkingPaper17_WirelessNetNeutrality_Wu.pdf "Wireless Net Neutrality: Cellular Carterfone and Consumer Choice in Mobile Broadband"] , ''[[New America Foundation]]: Wireless Future Program''. Working Paper No. 17, ''Newamerica.net''
* (2005) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=532882 "Copyright's Communications Policy"] , ''[[Michigan Law Review]]''
*(2004) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=557330 "The Broadband Debate: A User's Guide"] , ''Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law'' 3.69
* (2003) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=388863 "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination"] , Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 2.2
== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist|2}}
==外部連結==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu Tim Wu] – Faculty biography, [[哥倫比亞法學院|Columbia Law School]], [[Columbia University]].
*[http://www.timwu.org/ Tim Wu] – Personal/Lieutenant Governor 2014 campaign website.
*[http://ssrn.com/author=159088 Tim Wu] – Publications and papers by Tim Wu in the [[Social Science Research Network|Social Science Research Network (SSRN)]] (abstracts; full texts).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100119174145/http://www.iiea.com/events/the-innovation-cycle-how-convergence-affects-global-media-and-broadcasting Tim Wu on The Innovation Cycle] at IIEA, 25 May 2009
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''吳修銘 Timothy Shiou-Ming Wu''' </p>
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|<center><img src="https://image-resizer.cwg.tw/resize/uri/https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fwww-cw-com-tw%2Farticle%2F201902%2Farticle-5c74e9580e9a6.jpg/?w=1600&format=webp" width="280"></center><small>[https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5094126 圖片來自天下雜誌]
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'''吳修銘'''（{{lang en|Timothy Shiou-Ming Wu}}）是一位美國學者，曾參加2014年紐約州副州長民主黨初選失敗。吳修銘現任[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]法學教授，為媒體改革組織[[Free Press]]的前主席，並定期為〈[[紐約客]]〉撰寫文章<ref name="Tim Wu">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecdministerialseoul2008.org/en/programmee/speaker_view.html?id=16 |title=Tim Wu |first= |last= |accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=[[OECD]] Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, June 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118043729/http://www.oecdministerialseoul2008.org/en/programmee/speaker_view.html?id=16 |archivedate=2009-01-18 }}</ref>。他曾在[[新美國基金會]]裡與伯納德·萊昂·施瓦茨共事過<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Should Govern the Internet?|url=http://newamerica.net/events/2012/who_should_govern_the_internet|publisher=New America Foundation|accessdate=2012-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129113713/http://newamerica.net/events/2012/who_should_govern_the_internet|archive-date=2012-11-29|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。吳修銘最為人所知的是，他在其論文《網路中立性、寬頻歧視》（Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination）中首次提及「[[網路中立性]]」一詞<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=388863|title=Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|author=Tim Wu|doi=10.2139/ssrn.388863}}</ref>，並推廣此一概念，進而導致2010年聯邦網路中立性規則的通過<ref name="WU">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freepress.net/docs/timwu.pdf |title=NETWORK NEUTRALITY, BROADBAND DISCRIMINATION by Tim Wu |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201135721/http://www.freepress.net/docs/timwu.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Columbia Law School">{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2008/april2008/Wu_FreePress |title=Tim Wu Elected Board Chair At Free Press |first= |last= |date=2008-04-14 |publisher=Columbia Law School |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001033958/http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2008/april2008/Wu_FreePress |archive-date=2014-10-01 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2010/12/fcc_passes_new.html | title = FCC passes New Neutrality Rule | date = 2010-12-21 | publisher = Boston Globe | first = Hiawatha | last = Bray | accessdate = 2015-08-25 | archive-date = 2014-02-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090712/http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2010/12/fcc_passes_new.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>。吳修銘也在行動通訊政策上作出許多重大貢獻，其中最知名的為其「卡特豐」（Carterfone）提議<ref name="Ante">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm |title=Tim Wu, Freedom Fighter |first=Spencer E. |last=Ante |date=2008-11-08 |publisher=[[BusinessWeek]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2011-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020141655/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
吳修銘是一位研究媒體與科技產業的學者，其學術專長包括[[反托拉斯法]]、[[版權及電信法]]。2013年，吳修銘被[[國家法律雜誌]]任定為「美國前百大最具影響力的律師」。此外，吳修銘於2006年被[[科學人]]任定為年度前50大風雲人物，於2007年被[[02138雜誌]]任定為[[哈佛大學]]前百大最具影響力的畢業生<ref name="Tim Wu"/>。其著作《總開關》（The Master Switch）於2010年被[[紐約客]]<ref name=NYer>{{cite web | url = http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/brieflynoted/2010/12/13/101213crbn_brieflynoted | title = Reviewer's Favorites | work = [[The New Yorker]] | accessdate = 2015-08-25 | archive-date = 2014-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210550/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/brieflynoted/2010/12/13/101213crbn_brieflynoted | dead-url = no }}</ref>、[[財富雜誌]]<ref name=Fortune>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2010/12/22/technology/bell_systems_master_switch.fortune/index.htm |title=America's Original Startup |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |first1=Tim |last1=Wu |date=2010-12-22 |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226044002/http://money.cnn.com/2010/12/22/technology/bell_systems_master_switch.fortune/index.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[出版者周刊]]<ref name=PW>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45070-best-books-of-2010.html?page=5 |title=Best Books of 2010 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111233438/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45070-best-books-of-2010.html?page=5 |dead-url=no }}</ref>等出版社評選為2010年最佳書籍之一。
從2011年到2012年，吳修銘擔任美國[[聯邦貿易委員會]]的高級顧問<ref>[http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2011/february2011/timwu-ftc "Professor Tim Wu Named Advisor to Federal Trade Commission on Consumer Protection, Competition"] , ''Columbia University Public Affairs'', New York, Feb. 8, 2011</ref>。
==早年==
吳修銘出生於[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/tim-wu/2938 |title=TIM WU |publisher=General Assembly |date= |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2014-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200217/https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/tim-wu/2938 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，生長於[[瑞士]][[巴塞爾]]及[[加拿大]][[多倫多]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/business/defending-the-open-internet.html?_r=0 |title=Defending the Open Internet |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2014-05-10 |first=Jeff |last=Sommer |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041134/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/business/defending-the-open-internet.html?_r=0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。他的父親吳明達是[[臺灣]]人，台灣獨立運動的啟蒙人物，母親吉蓮·吳（Gillian Wu）<ref name="nationalpost">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/06/toronto-superstar-academic-who-coined-net-neutrality-could-be-nominee-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor/ |title=Toronto superstar academic who coined ‘net-neutrality’ could be nominee for N.Y. lieutenant-governor |publisher=''National Post'' |date=2014-09-06 |first=Richard |last=Warnica |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2014-09-10 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140910121441/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/06/toronto-superstar-academic-who-coined-net-neutrality-could-be-nominee-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>則是英裔加拿大人<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/nyregion/inspired-by-his-fathers-activism-an-outsider-seeks-statewide-office.html |title=Inspired by His Father’s Activism, Tim Wu Is Running for Lieutenant Governor as an Outsider |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2014-08-31 |first=David W. |last=Chen |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2020-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125032446/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/nyregion/inspired-by-his-fathers-activism-an-outsider-seeks-statewide-office.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。他們都曾在[[多倫多大學]]學習作為[[免疫學家]]<ref name=BW>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/print/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm|title=Tim Wu, Freedom Fighter|last=Ante|first=Spencer E.|date=2007-11-08|publisher=[[BusinessWeek]]|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150030/http://www.businessweek.com/print/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db2007117_264711.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>。吳修銘跟他的弟弟小時候被送去重視創造力的另類學校就讀。在學校裡，他結識了[[科利·多克托羅]]<ref name="nationalpost"/>。吳修銘的父親於1980年去世，而他的母親用部分保險金為他與其弟買了一臺[[Apple II]]電腦，使吳修銘開始為[[電腦]]著迷<ref name="Ante" />。吳修銘就讀於[[麥基爾大學]]，在那學習[[生物化學]]<ref name=BW/>，後來改以[[生物物理學]]作為其主修<ref name="nationalpost"/>。吳修銘於1995年畢業於[[麥基爾大學]]，並取得[[理學士]]學位。於1998年，吳修銘以優異成績於[[哈佛法學院]]獲得法律博士(JD)學位。於哈佛大學時，他在著作權學家[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]的指導下研究<ref name=BW/>。
==學術生涯==
吳修銘從法學院畢業之後，曾在[[美國司法部]]法律顧問辦公室裡工作，並於1998年至1999年在[[美國聯邦第七巡迴上訴法院]]作為[[理察·艾倫·波斯納]]法官的法官助理<ref name=CL>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |title=Tim Wu |publisher=[[Columbia University]] School of Law |access-date=2015-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |archive-date=2008-12-17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。吳修銘亦曾於1999年至2000年間在[[美國最高法院]]擔任[[史蒂芬·布雷耶]]大法官助理<ref name=CL/>。之後，吳修銘搬到[[舊金山灣區]]，於2000年至2002年間任職於Riverstone Networks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Net-neutrality-guru-to-speak-at-USF-3231050.php |title=Net neutrality guru to speak at USF |publisher=''San Francisco Chronicle'' |date=2008-01-25 |first=Ryan |last=Kim |accessdate=2014-09-11 |archive-date=2014-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911143223/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Net-neutrality-guru-to-speak-at-USF-3231050.php |dead-url=no }}</ref>，然後進入[[維吉尼亞大學法學院]]任教<ref name=CL/>。
吳修銘於2002年至2004年間在[[維吉尼亞大學]]擔任法學副教授，於2004年在[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]擔任客座教授，於2005年在[[芝加哥大學法學院]]擔任客座教授，並於2005年年於[[斯坦福法學院]]擔任客座教授<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |title=Tim Wu |first= |last= |accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=Columbia Law School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu |archive-date=2008-12-17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。於2006年，吳修銘成為[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]的正職教授<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2006/11/wuhoo-nutty-professor-is-voice-of-a-generation/ |title=Wu-Hoo! Nutty Professor Is Voice of a Generation |publisher=''New York Observer'' |date=2006-11-20 |first=Anna |last=Schneider-Mayerson |accessdate=2014-09-11 |archive-date=2014-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911070447/http://observer.com/2006/11/wuhoo-nutty-professor-is-voice-of-a-generation/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，並開始波斯納計畫（Project Posner），建立包含所有[[理察·艾倫·波斯納]]法官的法律意見書之免費資料庫<ref name="wsj">{{cite news| title = A Paean to the Opinions of the Prolific Judge Posner| publisher = ''The Wall Street Journal'' Law Blog| date = 2006-10-06| url = http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/| accessdate = 2008-10-17| first = Peter| last = Lattman| archive-date = 2020-08-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172330/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/10/10/a-paean-to-the-opinions-of-the-prolific-judge-posner/| dead-url = no}}</ref>。吳修銘稱波斯納「可能為美國現存最偉大的法學家」<ref name="wsj"/>。
==影響==
吳修銘在其2003年論文《網路中立性、寬頻歧視》中推廣[[網路中立性]]的概念。該論文認為網路中立性為應用程式間的中立，亦為數據與對服務品質敏感之訊務間的中立，並就可能處理此一議題的法規提供一些建議<ref name="WU"/><ref name="Columbia Law School"/>。
2006年，吳修銘寫下《網際網路過濾的世界貿易法》（The World Trade Law of Internet Filtering），分析[[世界貿易組織]]（WTO）將[[審查]]視為[[貿易障礙]]之可能性<ref>{{cite web|last=Wu|first=Tim|title=The World Trade Law of Internet Filtering|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882459|date=2006-05-06|publisher=[[SSRN]]|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2020-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226205613/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882459|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2007年6月，當[[Google]]遊說[[美國貿易代表]]於WTO檢舉中國的審查制度時，吳修銘的論文被引用作為此一想法的「論證來源」<ref>{{cite news|title=Google Fights Internet Censorship|last=Rugaber|first=Christopher S.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/25/AR2007062500364_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=2007-06-25|accessdate=2015-08-25|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926092148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/25/AR2007062500364_pf.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2006年，吳修銘受[[美國聯邦通信委員會]]（FCC）邀請，協助草擬第一份跟[[AT&T]]與[[南方貝爾]]合併案有關之[[網路中立性]]規則。
2007年，吳修銘發表了一篇論文，提議為[[手機|行動通訊]]網路建立「行動卡特豐」規則<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wu|first=Tim|year=2007|title=Wireless Carterfone|journal=International Journal of Communication|pages=389–426|url=http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/152/96|accessdate=2007-11-09|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126001825/http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/152/96|archive-date=2007-11-26|dead-url=yes}}</ref>；該規則於2007年7月31日被FCC採用於700MHz頻譜競價上。FCC委員[[麥克·庫伯斯]]表示，「我非常高興能看到一篇學術論文（在這裡為哥倫比亞大學法學院吳修銘教授所著）能對政策有如此直接且有力之影響<ref>{{Cite pressrelease |title=Statement of FCC Commissioner Michael J. Copps on the 700 MHz Service Rules |url=http://www.freepress.net/news/25059 |work=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] Newsroom |publisher=''freepress.net'' ([[Free Press (organization)|Free Press]]) |date=2007-07-31 |accessdate=2008-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928171246/http://www.freepress.net/news/25059 |archivedate=2011-09-28 }}</ref>。」2007年11月，[[彭博商業周刊]]認為吳修銘提供了「鼓舞Google行動通訊策略的智慧架構」。<ref name="Ante"/>
吳修銘與其[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]的同事Scott Hemphill與Clarisa Long共同指導於2007年成立的[[哥倫比亞大學法學院]]法律與科技計畫<ref name=CPLTDetails>{{cite web|title=Program on Law and Technology at Columbia University School of Law|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program?&main.ctrl=contentmgr.detail&&main2.view=static.null&main.view=programs.detail&main.id=10267|work=Programs & Centers|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2008-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610120502/http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program?&main.ctrl=contentmgr.detail&&main2.view=static.null&main.view=programs.detail&main.id=10267|archive-date=2007-06-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=CPLT>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbialawtech.org/|title=Program on Law and Technology at Columbia University School of Law|work=columbialawtech.org|publisher=[[Columbia Law School]], [[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2008-08-24|archive-date=2008-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905170429/http://columbialawtech.org/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2007年8月，與[[科羅拉多大學法學院]]合作，哥倫比亞大學法學院法律與科技計畫推出了[[AltLaw]]的[[軟體版本週期|測試版]]<ref name=AltLaw>{{cite web |title=About AltLaw |url=http://www.altlaw.org/v1/about |accessdate=2008-08-24 |quote=Written by Stuart Sierra and Paul Ohm, with help from Luis Villa and Dana Powers, and produced by Tim Wu. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713095322/http://www.altlaw.org/v1/about |archivedate=2008-07-13 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
==《總開關》==
吳修銘於2010年推出新書《總開關：資訊帝國的興衰》（The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires），描述一個很長的「循環」，其中開放資訊系統隨著時間變得僵化且封閉，僅在破壞性創新後才會重新開放。該書顯示此一循環興起於[[貝爾電話公司]]的壟斷，建立於好萊塢娛樂產業、廣播與有線電視產業，並終止於網際網路產業。吳修銘舉[[蘋果公司]]為例，該公司一開始為一致力於開放性的公司，並在[[史蒂夫·賈伯斯]]的領導下演變成一個更封閉的系統，證明網際網路產業將隨著歷史的循環誕生出一個資訊帝國（雖然吳修銘亦將Google視為一重要對比）。該書被[[紐約客]]<ref name="NYer"/>、[[財富雜誌]]<ref name="Fortune"/>、Amazon.com<ref name=Amazon>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&plgroup=1&docId=1000628041 |title=Best Books of 2010 |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2010-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114084242/http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&plgroup=1&docId=1000628041 |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[華盛頓郵報]]<ref name=WashPost>{{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/12/the_five_best_books_i_read_thi.html |title=The five best books I read this year |publisher=Washington Post |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2012-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009173433/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/12/the_five_best_books_i_read_thi.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[出版者周刊]]<ref name="PW"/>等公司評為2010年最佳書籍之一。
== ''Killswitch'' ==
{{Main|Killswitch (電影)}}
2014年10月，以吳修銘、[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]、[[亞倫·斯沃茨]]及[[愛德華·史諾登]]為主要角色的電影Killswitch於[[胡士托電影節]]首次公演，贏得了最佳編輯獎。在片中，吳修銘帶出兩位年輕駭客（斯沃茨與史諾登）的故事，象徵網際網路具有破壞與動態的性質。吳修銘警告當公司、媒體公司與政府過於緊密結合時，將為民主帶來危害<ref>{{cite news|last1=von Busack|first1=Richard|title=Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest|url=http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html|accessdate=2015-02-25|publisher=Metro Silicon Valley|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916122214/http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Swegles|first1=Fred|title=Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html/|accessdate=2015-04-16|publisher=Orange County Register|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404084902/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
國會議員[[艾倫·格雷森]]表示，他認為Killswitch是「對這場控制網際網路並獲取情報的戰爭最為誠實的報導之一<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grayson |first1=Alan |title=Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary |url=http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |accessdate=2015-02-23 |publisher=Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162553/http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |archivedate=2015-02-27 }}</ref>。」《[[Metro Silicon Valley]]》的Richard von Busack將Killswitch評為「與紀錄片《原子咖啡館》（Atomic Cafe）同等級，使用現成影片最為精雕細琢的數部影片之一<ref>{{cite news|last1=von Busack|first1=Richard|title=Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest|accessdate=2015-02-25|publisher=Metro Silicon Valley}}</ref>。」[[Orange County Register]]的Fred Swegles表示，「任何對能否自由接取線上資訊感到重視的人都會為Killswitch那扣心心弦且節奏明快的紀錄片所著迷<ref>{{cite news|last1=Swegles|first1=Fred|title=Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie|accessdate=2015-04-16|publisher=Orange County Register}}</ref>。」
==2014年副州長選舉==
吳修銘於2014年參加紐約州副州長民主黨初選<ref>[http://www.buzzfeed.com/jacobfischler/zephyr-teachout-challenges-andrew-cuomo "zephyr-teachout-challenges-andrew-cuomo"] {, ''buzzfeed.com''</ref>，與現任州長[[安德魯·庫默]]的競選夥伴[[凱西·胡楚兒]]競爭民主黨的提名。胡楚兒贏了，但吳修銘也得到了40%的選票<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://project.wnyc.org/election2014-ny-state/ |title=''project.wnyc.org'' |accessdate=2015-08-25 |archive-date=2018-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312025638/https://project.wnyc.org/election2014-ny-state/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。吳修銘與法律教授暨社群人士{{link-en|Zephyr Teachout|Zephyr Teachout}}一起參選。Teachout參加紐約州州長民主黨初選。在華盛頓郵報的採訪中，談到其競價資格時，吳修銘描述他的作法是將競選視為對抗私有權力集中化的行動：「一百年前，反托拉斯與合併的執行會占據新聞頭版。而我們正活在另一個巨大私有權力集中化的時代裡。為了某些原因，我們將這一切稱為『靠不住的議題』。這不是真的。私有權力的集中化影響著人們，有著半打以上的議題。一日復一日，人們的生活一直受到集中化與基礎設施的影響……你可以期待我那漸進式、打擊壟斷的行動。而我極為想要彌平選舉政治的一般議題與涉及私有權力之問題間的差距<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/06/16/15-questions-for-tim-wu-the-net-neutrality-scholar-whos-running-for-n-y-lieutenant-governor ''washingtonpost.com''] , 2014/06/16.</ref>。」
2014年8月下旬，[[紐約時報]]編輯委員會認可吳修銘參加民主黨副州長初選。吳修銘是四位民主黨州長及副州長初選候選人中，唯一受到紐約時報認可的人<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/opinion/timothy-wu-for-lieutenant-governor.html "Timothy Wu for Lieutenant Governor"] , editorial, ''The New York Times'', August 27, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-28.</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/opinion/editorial-governor-cuomo-ethics-reform-hinders-endorsement-zephyr-teachout.html "The Governor’s Primary in New York: Governor Cuomo’s Failure on Ethics Reform Hinders an Endorsement"] , editorial, ''The New York Times'', August 26, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-30.</ref>。初選於9月9日舉行。在紐約時報認可那天之後，吳修銘亦受到[[Daily Kos]]的編輯委員會所認可<ref>"kos", [http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/28/1325410/-Daily-Kos-endorses-Tim-Wu-for-New-York-lieutenant-governor-to-torment-Andrew-Cuomo# "Daily Kos endorses Tim Wu for New York lieutenant governor, to torment Andrew Cuomo"], editorial, ''Daily Kos'', August 28, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-29.</ref>。
==個人生活==
吳修銘的妻子是Kate Judge，也是哥倫比亞大學法學院的教授，育有一女<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/ivy-league-power-propels-columbias-tim-wu-in-bid-to-be-new-yorks-lieutenant-governor-1406513014 |title=Ivy League Power Propels Columbia's Tim Wu in Bid to be New York's Lieutenant Governor |publisher=''The Wall Street Journal'' |date= |first=Mike |last=Vilensky |accessdate=2014-09-10 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029005232/http://online.wsj.com/articles/ivy-league-power-propels-columbias-tim-wu-in-bid-to-be-new-yorks-lieutenant-governor-1406513014 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
==個人著作==
書籍：
* Wu, Tim (2018) [http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-9997454-6-5 The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age] (巨頭的詛咒). Columbia Global Reports ({{ISBN|978-0-9997454-6-5}})
* Wu, Tim (2016) [http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-35201-7 The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads] . New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] ({{ISBN|978-0-385-35201-7}})
* Tim Wu (2010). [http://books.google.com/books?id=nlnpJl7lNKUC&printsec=frontcover ''The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires''] . New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] (ISBN 0307269930, ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5)
* Goldsmith, Jack L., and Tim Wu (2006). ''[[Who Controls the Internet|Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World]]''. New York: [[Oxford University Press|Oxford UP]] (ISBN 0195152662, ISBN 978-0-19-515266-1)
文章：
* (2013) [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/everyone-interesting-is-a-felon.html "How the Legal System] Failed [[Aaron Swartz]]—And Us", ''The New Yorker'' News Desk blog, January 14, 2013.
* (2007) [http://www.newamerica.net/files/WorkingPaper17_WirelessNetNeutrality_Wu.pdf "Wireless Net Neutrality: Cellular Carterfone and Consumer Choice in Mobile Broadband"] , ''[[New America Foundation]]: Wireless Future Program''. Working Paper No. 17, ''Newamerica.net''
* (2005) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=532882 "Copyright's Communications Policy"] , ''[[Michigan Law Review]]''
*(2004) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=557330 "The Broadband Debate: A User's Guide"] , ''Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law'' 3.69
* (2003) [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=388863 "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination"] , Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 2.2
== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist|2}}
==外部連結==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217091820/http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Timothy_Wu Tim Wu] – Faculty biography, [[哥倫比亞法學院|Columbia Law School]], [[Columbia University]].
*[http://www.timwu.org/ Tim Wu] – Personal/Lieutenant Governor 2014 campaign website.
*[http://ssrn.com/author=159088 Tim Wu] – Publications and papers by Tim Wu in the [[Social Science Research Network|Social Science Research Network (SSRN)]] (abstracts; full texts).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100119174145/http://www.iiea.com/events/the-innovation-cycle-how-convergence-affects-global-media-and-broadcasting Tim Wu on The Innovation Cycle] at IIEA, 25 May 2009