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皮質醇
,{{medical}}
'''皮質醇''',由[[腎上腺]]分泌的[[荷爾蒙]],在應付[[壓力]]中扮演重要角色,故又被稱為「壓力荷爾蒙」。皮質醇會提高[[血壓]]、[[血糖]]水平和產生[[免疫抑制]]作用。在[[藥理學]],人工合成的皮質醇稱作氫羥腎上腺皮質素(hydrocortisone),除了補充皮質醇不足外,也會用作治療[[過敏症]]和[[發炎]]。最初被用作治療[[類風濕性關節炎]]時,皮質醇被稱作'''Compound E'''(合成物E)。
==生理反應==
[[血液]]中皮質醇含量在日中會變化,早上的水平最高,下降至午夜時最低。剛出生嬰孩的皮質醇日中含量變化並非跟隨上述規律;相關規律成形於兩周至九個月大。<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Weerth C, Zijl R, Buitelaar J |title=Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy |journal=Early Hum Dev |volume=73 |issue=1-2 |pages=39–52 |year=2003 |pmid=12932892}}</ref> 有關[[晝夜節律]]的訊息,相信由[[視網膜]]傳送至[[下丘腦]]的[[視交叉上核]]([[:en:suprachiasmatic nuclei|suprachiasmatic nuclei]])。
研究發現,特定的皮質醇水平變化與失常的[[促腎上腺皮質素]]水平、[[憂鬱症]]、[[壓力]]有關,也與[[血糖過低]]、[[疾病]]、[[發熱]]、創傷、[[敬畏]]、[[痛楚]]和極端[[溫度]]等會引起因壓力而來之生理反應的事件有關。
===作用===
正常含量的皮質醇(如其他[[糖皮质激素]])有助身體在壓力下回復[[體內平衡]]。長期壓力會導致長時間分泌皮質醇。
;胰島素:皮質醇提高[[糖原分解]]和[[脂類]]、[[蛋白質]]的分解,促進製造肝外[[胺基酸]]和[[酮類]],變相中和胰島素作用。這會間接增加血液中的[[葡萄糖]]含量,[[肝臟]]也會增加分解[[糖原]]。<ref>Freeman, Scott (2002). ''Biological Science''. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0-13-218746-9.</ref> 長期分泌皮質醇會導致[[多糖症]]。
;胺基酸:皮質醇通過抑制[[膠原質]]形成、減低肌肉吸收胺基酸和抑制蛋百質合成,提升血清中的胺基酸含量。<ref>Manchester, K.L., “Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism. p. 229”, Mammalian Protein [Munro, H.N., Ed.]. Academic Press, New York. On p273.</ref>
;消化系統分泌:皮質醇會刺激胃酸分泌<ref>Soffer, L.J.; Dorfman, R.I.; Gabrilove, J.L,. “The Human Adrenal Gland”. Febiger, Phil.</ref>,從而增加腹瀉時鉀和酸的流失。
;鈉:皮質醇有助[[哺乳類動物]]抑制鈉從腸流失。<ref>Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.</ref> 但鈉的流失不影響皮質醇分泌<ref>Mason, P.A.; Fraser, R.; Morton, J.J. (1977) “The Effect of Sodium Deprivation and of Angiotensin II Infusion on the Peripheral Plasma Concentration of 18 Hydroxycorticosterone, Aldosterone, and Other Corticosteoids in Man”. Steroid Biochemistry 8: 799,</ref>。
;鉀:皮質醇會導致[[鉀]]從細胞流失,主要通過補回同等數目的[[鈉]]來實現。<ref>Knight, R.P., Jr.; Kornfield, D.S.; Glaser, G.H. & Bondy, P.K. (1955) “Effects of Intravenous Hydrocortisone on Electrolytes in Serum and Urine in Man”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 15: 176-181,.</ref> 這較不會影響身體[[pH]]值,因為正常來說每3個鉀離子流失只會有2個鈉離子補回。
;水:皮質醇是[[利尿劑]]荷爾蒙,腸部一半的利尿作用由它控制。<ref>Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.</ref>
;銅:皮質醇可增加免疫作用中銅的含量,從而刺激含銅的酵素<ref>Weber, C.E (1984). “Copper Response to Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Medical Hypotheses 15: 333-348, on p337,.</ref>,包括[[超氧化物歧化酶]](superoxide dismutase)<ref>Flohe, L.; Beckman, R.; Giertz, H.; Loschen, G. “Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation. p. 405”, Oxidative Stress (Sies H, ed) Academic Press, New York.</ref>,該種酶用作抵抗細菌。
;免疫系統:皮質醇可削弱[[免疫系統]]的活動,妨礙[[T細胞]]的繁殖<ref>{{cite journal |author=Palacios R., Sugawara I. |title=Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor |journal=Scand J Immunol |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=1982 |pmid=6461917 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x}}</ref>
== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist}}
'''皮質醇''',由[[腎上腺]]分泌的[[荷爾蒙]],在應付[[壓力]]中扮演重要角色,故又被稱為「壓力荷爾蒙」。皮質醇會提高[[血壓]]、[[血糖]]水平和產生[[免疫抑制]]作用。在[[藥理學]],人工合成的皮質醇稱作氫羥腎上腺皮質素(hydrocortisone),除了補充皮質醇不足外,也會用作治療[[過敏症]]和[[發炎]]。最初被用作治療[[類風濕性關節炎]]時,皮質醇被稱作'''Compound E'''(合成物E)。
==生理反應==
[[血液]]中皮質醇含量在日中會變化,早上的水平最高,下降至午夜時最低。剛出生嬰孩的皮質醇日中含量變化並非跟隨上述規律;相關規律成形於兩周至九個月大。<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Weerth C, Zijl R, Buitelaar J |title=Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy |journal=Early Hum Dev |volume=73 |issue=1-2 |pages=39–52 |year=2003 |pmid=12932892}}</ref> 有關[[晝夜節律]]的訊息,相信由[[視網膜]]傳送至[[下丘腦]]的[[視交叉上核]]([[:en:suprachiasmatic nuclei|suprachiasmatic nuclei]])。
研究發現,特定的皮質醇水平變化與失常的[[促腎上腺皮質素]]水平、[[憂鬱症]]、[[壓力]]有關,也與[[血糖過低]]、[[疾病]]、[[發熱]]、創傷、[[敬畏]]、[[痛楚]]和極端[[溫度]]等會引起因壓力而來之生理反應的事件有關。
===作用===
正常含量的皮質醇(如其他[[糖皮质激素]])有助身體在壓力下回復[[體內平衡]]。長期壓力會導致長時間分泌皮質醇。
;胰島素:皮質醇提高[[糖原分解]]和[[脂類]]、[[蛋白質]]的分解,促進製造肝外[[胺基酸]]和[[酮類]],變相中和胰島素作用。這會間接增加血液中的[[葡萄糖]]含量,[[肝臟]]也會增加分解[[糖原]]。<ref>Freeman, Scott (2002). ''Biological Science''. Prentice Hall; 2nd Pkg edition (December 30, 2004). ISBN 0-13-218746-9.</ref> 長期分泌皮質醇會導致[[多糖症]]。
;胺基酸:皮質醇通過抑制[[膠原質]]形成、減低肌肉吸收胺基酸和抑制蛋百質合成,提升血清中的胺基酸含量。<ref>Manchester, K.L., “Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism. p. 229”, Mammalian Protein [Munro, H.N., Ed.]. Academic Press, New York. On p273.</ref>
;消化系統分泌:皮質醇會刺激胃酸分泌<ref>Soffer, L.J.; Dorfman, R.I.; Gabrilove, J.L,. “The Human Adrenal Gland”. Febiger, Phil.</ref>,從而增加腹瀉時鉀和酸的流失。
;鈉:皮質醇有助[[哺乳類動物]]抑制鈉從腸流失。<ref>Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.</ref> 但鈉的流失不影響皮質醇分泌<ref>Mason, P.A.; Fraser, R.; Morton, J.J. (1977) “The Effect of Sodium Deprivation and of Angiotensin II Infusion on the Peripheral Plasma Concentration of 18 Hydroxycorticosterone, Aldosterone, and Other Corticosteoids in Man”. Steroid Biochemistry 8: 799,</ref>。
;鉀:皮質醇會導致[[鉀]]從細胞流失,主要通過補回同等數目的[[鈉]]來實現。<ref>Knight, R.P., Jr.; Kornfield, D.S.; Glaser, G.H. & Bondy, P.K. (1955) “Effects of Intravenous Hydrocortisone on Electrolytes in Serum and Urine in Man”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 15: 176-181,.</ref> 這較不會影響身體[[pH]]值,因為正常來說每3個鉀離子流失只會有2個鈉離子補回。
;水:皮質醇是[[利尿劑]]荷爾蒙,腸部一半的利尿作用由它控制。<ref>Sandle, G.I.; Keir, M.G.; Record, CO. (1981) “The Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Transport of Water, Sodium, and Glucose in the Jejunum”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterol. 16: 667,.</ref>
;銅:皮質醇可增加免疫作用中銅的含量,從而刺激含銅的酵素<ref>Weber, C.E (1984). “Copper Response to Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Medical Hypotheses 15: 333-348, on p337,.</ref>,包括[[超氧化物歧化酶]](superoxide dismutase)<ref>Flohe, L.; Beckman, R.; Giertz, H.; Loschen, G. “Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation. p. 405”, Oxidative Stress (Sies H, ed) Academic Press, New York.</ref>,該種酶用作抵抗細菌。
;免疫系統:皮質醇可削弱[[免疫系統]]的活動,妨礙[[T細胞]]的繁殖<ref>{{cite journal |author=Palacios R., Sugawara I. |title=Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor |journal=Scand J Immunol |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=1982 |pmid=6461917 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x}}</ref>
== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist}}