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{{Infobox Person
| name = 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯<br />Frederick Douglass
| image = [[File:道格拉斯1.jpg|缩略图|居中|[http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20170904/904371fdf9ba4864bb45517e348ee8d6.jpeg 原图链接] [https://www.sohu.com/a/169386697_220024 来自搜狐]]]
Frederick Douglass (circa 1879).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的肖像，约1879拍摄
| birth_date = 1818年2月（日期不明）
| birth_place = {{USA}}[[马里兰州]][[塔尔博特县_(马里兰州)|塔尔博特郡]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|2|20|1818|2|14}}
| death_place = {{USA}}[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]|death_cause = 心脏病或中风
| occupation = [[废奴主义|废奴主义者]]、外交家
|party = [[美国共和党]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Anna Murray-Douglass|Anna Murray]]<br>|1838|1882|end=安娜去世}}<br />{{marriage|[[Helen Pitts Douglass|Helen Pitts]]<br>|1884|1895|end=道格拉斯去世}}
|children = 5
|parents = Harriet Bailey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families, Freedom's Story, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center |publisher=National Humanities Center |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref>和Anthony Aaron（存疑）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frederick-douglass-heritage.org/biography-early-life/|title=Biography – Early Life|accessdate=December 22, 2016|publisher=Frederick Douglass Heritage}}</ref>
|signature = Frederickdouglasssignature.png
}}
'''弗雷德里克·道格拉斯'''（'''Frederick Douglass'''，全名'''Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey'''，{{bd|1818年|2月|1895年|2月20日}}<ref name="Birthdate">{{cite web
| url = http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324
| title = Frederick Douglass Biography
| accessdate = September 4, 2012
}}</ref>），男，十九世纪[[美国]]废奴运动领袖，革命家、[[政治家]]、演说家、[[作家]]。
==简介==
1817年2月，道格拉斯诞生于美国[[马里兰州]][[塔尔波特县]]吐卡霍地方的一个种植场。母亲是一个黑人奴隶，父亲是一个白人。是一名杰出的演说家、作家、人道主义者和政治活动家。在废奴运动中他是一个巨人般的人物。
在[[马里兰州]]从奴隶生活中逃脱后，他成为废除奴隶制度与社会改革的领袖，影响力涵盖全美，毕生争取黑人权益，是[[废奴运动]]的代表人物之一，也是反驳「奴隶智商低下，不应该成为[[美国]]公民」这类蓄奴言论的佐证案例。
当时的[[自由州]]人们几乎不敢相信，这样一位伟大的演说家曾经是一位[[奴隶]]。此外，弗雷德里克·道格拉斯亦是第一位在[[美国联邦政府|美国政府]]担任美国外交使节的黑人。
==早年==
1818年2月，道格拉斯生于美国马里兰州[[塔尔博特县 (马里兰州)|塔尔博特县]][[切萨皮克湾]]东岸地区的农地。具体出生时间不详，后来他自己定为2月14日<ref name="Birthdate" />，不过他后来也曾说：“我并不确定自己有多大了，也从未见过正式的出生记录”<ref name="Narrative">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k5c1THo4xpUC&pg=PA16&dq=autobiography+frederick+douglass#v=onepage&q=autobiography%20frederick%20douglass&f=false
| title = Narrative of the Life of an American Slave
| author = Frederick Douglass
| year = 1845
| accessdate = January 8, 2012
}}</ref>。其母哈莉特·贝利（Harriet Bailey）是[[黑奴]]，父亲则是白人，可能即其母的主人阿伦·安东尼（Aaron Anthony）。他的名字由母亲所取<ref name=pbs-WGBH>{{cite web|title=Who is Black? One Nation's Definition|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html|work=Frontline |publisher=WGBH |accessdate=November 27, 2015|ref=pbs-WGBH}}</ref>，然而他很早就与母亲分离，在马里兰州的农地裡由外祖母贝蒂·贝利（Betty Bailey）抚养长大，六岁与外祖母分开，被送往塔尔博特县的瓦伊种植园（Wye House），阿伦·安东尼在此担任监工<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|title="Frederick Douglass", The Historical Society of Talbot County, Maryland|access-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223221/http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|archive-date=2016-12-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
安东尼的健康状况下滑后，他被安东尼的女儿、托马斯·奥尔德（Thomas Auld）的妻子庐克雷西亚·奥尔德（Lucretia Auld）派给其夫在[[巴尔的摩]]的兄弟休·奥尔德（Hugh Auld）。道格拉斯十二岁的时候，休的妻子索菲亚教他认识字母，后来道格拉斯回忆说索菲亚是一个好心肠的人，“把他当作人看”<ref>{{Citation | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | chapter = Chapter VII}}</ref>。但休最终阻止了索菲亚的行为，因为他相信这会促使道格拉斯滋生反叛心理<ref>Douglass, Frederick. ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History'', p. 50. Dover Value Editions, Courier Dover Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|0-486-43170-3}}.</ref>。最终索菲亚被休说服，相信黑奴确实不应读书，一日还从道格拉斯手中夺走了他正在阅读的报纸<ref>{{Cite book | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | publisher = H.G. Collins | edition = 6 | year = 1851 | location = London | page = 39 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U69bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>。后来他偷偷从邻居的小孩和一起工作的白人那里又学到了一些阅读的方法，坚信这是“奴隶通往自由的途径”<ref>Jacobs, H. and Appiah, K. (2004). ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave & Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.'' Paperback, pp. xiii, 4.</ref>。安东尼和庐克雷西亚去世后，1833年托马斯从休手中要回道格拉斯，把他租给有“虐奴者”（slave-breaker）之称的爱德华·科威（Edward Covey），道格拉斯常常遭其鞭笞，但最终奋起反抗，使得科威不再敢打他了。<ref>Bowers, Jerome. [http://teachinghistory.org/best-practices/examples-of-historical-thinking/23495 Frederick Douglass], [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org]. Accessed June 3, 2010.</ref>
==获得自由==
[[File:Anna Murray-Douglass.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[安娜·莫瑞-道格拉斯]]，约1860年]]
他曾多次试图逃跑，但均以失败告终。1837年与自由女黑人[[安娜·莫瑞-道格拉斯|安娜·莫瑞]]相爱，使得他获得自由的决心更加坚定起来<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124">{{Cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA124|accessdate=February 27, 2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-31988-4|page=124}}</ref><ref name=blackpast>{{cite web | url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/douglass-anna-murray-c-1813-1882 | title=Anna Murray Douglass | work=[[BlackPast.org]] | accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin1986">{{Cite book|author=Waldo E. Martin|title=The mind of Frederick Douglass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZaZbr2xox8C&pg=PA15|accessdate=March 7, 2011|date=March 1, 1986|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4148-8|page=15}}</ref>。1838年9月3日，他登上[[费城、威尔明顿和巴尔的摩铁路]]的列车，与安娜一起逃到麻省的[[新贝德福德 (马萨诸塞州)|新贝德福德]]，在此地结识南希和玛丽·约翰逊，约翰逊夫妇中的一人当时在读[[沃尔特·司各特]]的《湖边夫人》，道格拉斯向其询问改名之事，于是约翰逊就地取材为其改名为道格拉斯（原名贝利）<ref name="DouglassClassics2015">{{cite book|author1=Frederick|author2= Douglass |title=Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave (Civil War Classics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHInBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=Diversion Books|isbn=978-1-62681-687-9|page=115}}</ref>。
[[File:Johnson Properties, New Bedford, MA.jpg|thumb|约翰逊夫妇故居，道格拉斯曾在此借住]]
道格拉斯曾想加入一个白人[[卫理公会]]，但发现存在种族隔离，因此转而加入非洲裔循道宗主教制锡安教会（African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church），入会者还包括[[索杰纳·特鲁思]]和[[哈莉特·塔布曼]]<ref>Maurice S. Lee (2009), ''The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass''. Cambridge University Press, p. 63.</ref>。1839年成为正式的传教士<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/frederick_douglass.html|title=This Far by Faith. Frederick Douglass |publisher=PBS|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>，由此演讲技术得到了提高。1840年他曾在[[埃尔迈拉 (纽约州)|埃尔迈拉]]和[[地下铁路 (秘密结社)|地下铁路]]的一个据点发表演说<ref name="religionnews.com">[http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/ "Religious Facts You Might Not Know about Frederick Douglass"], ''Religion News'', June 19, 2013.</ref>。他阅读到著名的废奴运动领袖[[威廉·劳埃德·加里森]]主办的《解放者》周刊，十分感动，曾说：“（加里森的报纸）在我心中地位仅次于圣经”<ref>Frederick Douglass (2008). ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass''. Cosimo, Inc. p. 149 {{ISBN|9781605203997}} (first published in 1881).</ref>。
1843年他和其他人一起参加了[[美国反奴隶制学会]]组织的、为期六个月的巡讲，前往美国东部和中西部其他地区宣传废奴，但其间屡次遭到反对者袭击。在印第安纳州[[彭德尔顿 (印第安娜州)|彭德尔顿]]，他被一名暴徒追打，虽后为贵格会信徒哈迪一家所救，但手部受到严重创伤，加上治疗不当，留下终生之患。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |pages=287–88 |accessdate=March 15, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Unidentified Artist - Frederick Douglass - Google Art Project-restore.png|thumb|1847年29岁的道格拉斯]]
1845年他写的《一个美国黑奴的自传》出版，并成为畅销书，还在欧洲一些国家出版。随后前往爱尔兰和英国各地进行演讲，结识了爱尔兰爱国主义者[[丹尼尔·奥康奈尔]]和英国废奴主义者[[托马斯·克拉克森]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=205#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=205 |accessdate=December 8, 2010}}</ref>，得到鼓励<ref>{{cite news |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/ |title=Frederick Douglass' Irish Liberty |last=Chaffin |first=Tom |date=February 25, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=February 26, 2011}}</ref>。据道格拉斯所说，在英格兰人们“不把我当作有色人，而是一个人”来看待<ref name="Ruuth">Marianne Ruuth (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&pg=PA118&dq=Douglass+-+england+-+not+%22as+a+color,+but+as+a+man&hl=en&ei=DkicTsr7H4yz8QOFrIDMBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Douglass%20-%20england%20-%20not%20%22as%20a%20color%2C%20but%20as%20a%20man&f=false Frederick Douglass], pp. 117–18. Holloway House Publishing, 1996.</ref>。英国废奴者安娜·理查德森和她的妯娌艾伦更为道格拉斯赎身，使得他真正地从托马斯·奥尔德那里获得自由<ref name="Ruuth"/><ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59&dq=Frederick+douglass+buys+freedom#v=onepage&q&f=false
| title = Frederick Douglass: Rising Up from Slavery
| author = Frances E. Ruffin
| page = 59
| year = 2008
| accessdate =April 28, 2011
| isbn = 978-1-4027-4118-0
}}</ref>。有很多他的支持者希望他留在英格兰，但考虑到他尚在美国的妻子和同胞们，1847年仍启程回美。<ref name="Ruuth"/>
==返回美国==
返回美国后，道格拉斯开始在纽约州[[罗彻斯特 (纽约州)|罗彻斯特]]非洲裔循道宗教会的教堂地下室里出版废奴报纸《北方之星》（North Star）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass|title=5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass|work=Religion News Service|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>，资金则来自他的英格兰支持者赠予的500英镑<ref name="Ruuth"/>。期间他的思想开始和加里森发生冲突。道格拉斯认为加里森的思想太过激进。如加里森觉得既然[[美国宪法]]中规定的国会席位实际是靠各州奴隶人口来决定的，那么美国宪法应已不合时宜。加里森为此烧掉了数百份美国宪法的复印件以示抗议。但道格拉斯在1845年发表《奴隶制违宪》（The Unconstitutionality of Slavery）一文为美国宪法辩护，认为美国宪法仍不失为一个反抗奴隶制的好工具<ref>Robert Fanuzzi, "Frederick Douglass' 'Colored Newspaper': Identity Politics in Black and White," in ''The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays'', edited by Todd Vogel (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), pp. 65–69.</ref>。
1848年道格拉斯出席[[塞内卡福尔斯会议]]，是与会的唯一一位非裔美国人<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |title=Seneca Falls Convention |publisher=Virginia Memory |date=August 18, 1920 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>Stanton, 1997, p. 85.</ref>。会上他表示支持[[伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿]]寻求[[女性投票权]]<ref>USConstitution.net. [http://www.usconstitution.net/sentiments.html Text of the "Declaration of Sentiments", and the Resolutions]. Retrieved on April 24, 2009.</ref>，他说如果女性不能获得投票权，那么他也不能接受黑人独自获得投票权<ref name=McMillen93>McMillen, 2008, pp. 93–94.</ref><ref>National Park Service. Women's Rights. [http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848]. Retrieved April 24, 2009.</ref>。但[[美国宪法第十五条修正案]]发布后，他又和斯坦顿分道扬镳，宣布支持仅给予了美国黑人投票权的这一修正案，以防过度激进的斯坦顿派导致黑人和妇女都无法获得权利。<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |title=The Frederick Douglass Encyclopedia |last=Watkins |first=Valetha |editor=Julius E. Thompson |editor2=James L. Conyers Jr. |editor3=Nancy Dawson |publisher=Greenwood/ABC_CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=9780313385599}}</ref>
==内战时期==
[[File:Men of Color Civil War Recruitment Broadside 1863.png|thumb|1863年道格拉斯号召有色人种参军的宣传页]]
道格拉斯认为[[南北战争]]既是因解放黑奴而起，那么黑人就应该参战出力。1861年8月他在一篇记述[[第一次马纳沙斯之役]]的文章中提到当时已经有黑人参军了<ref name="Black Confederates">{{cite web|url= http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/09/black-confederates/|title= Black Confederates}}</ref>。他本人也曾帮助[[马萨诸塞州第54步兵军团]]征兵，他的儿子查理和路易都曾参军<ref>William S. McFeely, ''Frederick Douglass'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), p. 226.</ref>。为了黑人参军一事，他还专门去和总统[[林肯]]进行商议<ref>McFeely 1991, p. 229.</ref>。林肯的《[[解放奴隶宣言]]》发表后，他对此表示赞赏<ref name="thecivilwaryears-thefightforemancipation">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|title=The Fight For Emancipation|accessdate=April 19, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708000612/http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|archivedate=2009年7月8日}}</ref>。但因林肯未曾公开表示对黑人参政权的支持，[[1864年美国大选]]时他转而支持了激进民主党的候选人[[约翰·查理·弗里蒙特]]<ref>Stauffer (2008), ''Giants'', p. 280.</ref>。1876年4月14日，道格拉斯在[[解放纪念碑]]揭幕典礼上发表演讲，对林肯作了较为公正的评价，认为林肯虽然最初并没有坚持废奴，但后来仍然为黑奴的解放做出了巨大贡献<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |title=Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln by Frederick Douglass |publisher=Teaching American History |date= |accessdate=September 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427050628/http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
==重建时期==
[[File:2000-2008 17th Street, NW.JPG|thumb|道格拉斯在华盛顿特区[[U街]]的居所]]
战后，他除了继续争取黑人和女性权益，还成为了自由人储蓄银行（Freedman's Savings Bank）的行长<ref>McFeely 1991, p. 283.</ref><ref>Atkins, G. Pope. The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism, University of Georgia Press, January 1, 1998, p. 31.</ref>。面对战后白人至上主义者的反弹，他于[[1868年美国大选|1868年]]宣布支持[[尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特]]。格兰特上任后派遣他和其他些人去西印度群岛考察[[兼并圣多明哥]]事宜，格兰特和道格拉斯都看好此事，但最终兼并一案被国会驳回<ref name="Brands 2012a">Brands (2012), ''The Man Who Saved the Union Ulysses S Grant In War and Peace, p. 462.</ref>。1872年他成为首位被提名美国副总统的黑人，但这事道格拉斯事前并不知晓，后来他也没进行拉票<ref name=VP>{{cite book
|last=Trotman |first=C. James |title=Frederick Douglass: A Biography|publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35036-8|pages=118–119}}</ref>。此外，当年他还是纽约州的总统选举人<ref name="electoral">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae06ripluoft#page/228/mode/2up |title=Douglass, Frederick |page=228 |encyclopedia=[[American Cyclopedia]] |volume=6 |year=1879 |publisher=[[D. Appleton and Company]] |location=New York |accessdate=February 9, 2015}}</ref>。
==晚年==
[[File:Frederick Douglass House.jpg|thumb|道格拉斯在华盛顿特区阿纳卡斯蒂亚历史区的居所“Cedar Hill”]]
[[File:Frederick Douglass gravestone.jpg|thumb|道格拉斯在罗切斯特希望山公墓的墓碑]]
自由人储蓄银行在他担任行长之后数月就破产了，同时他发行的报纸《新时代》（The New Era）也以失败告终，这导致道格拉斯面临经济危机。[[拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯]]当选总统后，任命道格拉斯为华盛顿特区法警以缓解其经济拮据。<ref name="pbs.org"/>
1877年他去探望垂死的托马斯·奥尔德，二人和解<ref name="Finkelman2006-105">{{cite book|author=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=February 2, 2011|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=104–05|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1}}</ref>。同年，他买下[[阿纳卡斯蒂亚河]]河畔的房子作为最后的居所，与安娜共同将其命名为“Cedar Hill”。1881年发表最后一部自传《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的一生》（The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass），担任华盛顿特区契据登记官。次年安娜逝世，1884年道格拉斯再婚。晚年他仍四处参加政治活动。1889年美国总统[[本杰明·哈里森]]任其为美国驻[[海地共和国]]公使和[[多米尼加共和国]]代办<ref name=sears>
{{cite journal | jstor = 2507394
|title = Frederick Douglass and the Mission to Haiti, 1889-1891
|volume = 21
|number = 2
| author = Louis Martin Sears
| pages = 222–238
| date = May 1941
| journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review
| publisher = Duke University Press
}}
</ref>，但道格拉斯在1891年7月辞职<ref name=Chesebrough>
{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BHZKP9jEd2EC&pg=PA78&dq=haiti+douglass+columbian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiywZvS-anMAhVMlR4KHfeuBCYQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=haiti%20douglass%20columbian&f=false
|title = Frederick Douglass: Oratory from Slavery
| author = David B. Chesebrough
| page = 78
| date = 1998
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| accessdate = April 25, 2016}}
</ref>。1895年2月30日在参加完一场集会后，他于家中逝世，死因可能是急性心脏病或中风。他的葬礼在大都会非裔卫理公会教堂（Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church）举行，棺椁则迁回罗彻斯特安葬。
==参考文献==
{{reflist|30em}}
==外部连接==
{{Sister project links|Frederick Douglass|author=yes}}
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927t.html Fourth of July Speech], "What to the slave is the 4th of July?," July 5, 1852
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091124061924/http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1121.htm Letter to Thomas Auld (September 3, 1848)]
*[http://www.iupui.edu/~douglass/ ''The Frederick Douglass Papers Edition''] : A Critical Edition of Douglass' Complete Works, including speeches, autobiographies, letters, and other writings.
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Douglass,+Frederick | name=Frederick Douglass}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Douglass}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4407}}
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Douglass%2c%20Frederick%2c%201818%2d1895 Works by Frederick Douglass] at [[Online Books Page]]
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/menu.html ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.'' Written by Himself.] Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass1853/menu.html ''The Heroic Slave. From Autographs for Freedom'', Ed. Julia Griffiths.] Boston: John P. Jewett and Company. Cleveland, Ohio: Jewett, Proctor, and Worthington. London: Low and Company., 1853.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass55/menu.html ''My Bondage and My Freedom. Part I. Life as a Slave. Part II. Life as a Freeman.''] New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglasslife/menu.html ''Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time''.] Hartford, Conn.: Park Publishing Co., 1881.
*[http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_lecture_on_Haiti_%281893%29 Frederick Douglass lecture on Haiti]{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Given at the World's Fair in Chicago, January 1893.
*[http://frederickdouglassdiary.wikispaces.com/ ''The Frederick Douglass Diary'' (1886–87)]
*[http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/category/douglass-frederick/'' The Liberator Files''], Items concerning Frederick Douglass from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's ''The Liberator'', original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
*Video. {{YouTube|ALXPUYWFbGI|In the Words of Frederick Douglass}} January 27, 2012.
*[http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/frederick-douglass-frequently-spoke-in-bloomington/article_2a09168e-6f74-11e3-9a05-001a4bcf887a.html Frederick Douglass frequently spoke in Bloomington - Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
'''指南'''
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/douglass/ Frederick Douglass: Online Resources] from the Library of Congress
'''生平'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060912220247/http://www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=2494 ''Frederick Douglass Project''], University of Rochester.
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html "Frederick Douglass"], (American Memory, [[Library of Congress]]) Includes timeline.
*[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-douglass-family.html Timeline of Frederick Douglass and family]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120093702/http://www.fdrccf.com/douglass.htm Timeline of "The Life of Frederick Douglass"] – Features key political events
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211125917/http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html Read more about Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo/fdlife.htm Frederick Douglass NHS – Douglass' Life]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo/cedar.htm Frederick Douglass NHS – Cedar Hill], [[National Park Service]] website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211042543/http://winningthevote.org/FDouglass.html Frederick Douglass] Western New York Suffragists
*[http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=69&subjectID=4 Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=38&subjectID=2 Mr. Lincoln's White House: Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?164394-1/writings-frederick-douglass "Writings of Frederick Douglass"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
'''纪念'''
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo Frederick Douglass National Historic Site], Washington, DC home of Frederick Douglass
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090123101217/http://tkffdn.org/what/location/fdg.php Frederick Douglass Gardens at Cedar Hill], Frederick Douglass Gardens
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064229/http://www.43places.com/places/view/3017188/frederick-douglass-circle-central-harlem-harlem Frederick Douglass Circle], in Harlem overlooking [[Central Park]] has a [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064238/http://www.43places.com/places/view/3017189/frederick-douglass-statue-frederick-douglass-circle-central-harlem statue of Frederick Douglass.] North of this point, 8th Avenue is referred to as Frederick Douglass Boulevard
*[http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historians/fellowship2.html The Frederick Douglass Prize], a national book prize
*[http://battleofolustee.org/douglass.html Lewis N. Douglass] as a [[Sergeant Major]] in the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.ntis.ava16378vnb1|name=Fighter for Freedom: The Frederick Douglass Story (1984)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglass, Frederick}}
[[Category:外交官]]
[[Category:美国人]]
[[Category:作家]]
[[Category:美国军政人物]]
[[Category:共和党人]]
[[Category:社会运动者]]
[[Category:民权活动家]]
[[Category:编辑]]
[[Category:记者]]
[[Category:废奴主义者]]
[[Category:女性主义者]]
[[Category:非洲裔美国人]]
| name = 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯<br />Frederick Douglass
| image = [[File:道格拉斯1.jpg|缩略图|居中|[http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20170904/904371fdf9ba4864bb45517e348ee8d6.jpeg 原图链接] [https://www.sohu.com/a/169386697_220024 来自搜狐]]]
Frederick Douglass (circa 1879).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的肖像，约1879拍摄
| birth_date = 1818年2月（日期不明）
| birth_place = {{USA}}[[马里兰州]][[塔尔博特县_(马里兰州)|塔尔博特郡]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|2|20|1818|2|14}}
| death_place = {{USA}}[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]|death_cause = 心脏病或中风
| occupation = [[废奴主义|废奴主义者]]、外交家
|party = [[美国共和党]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Anna Murray-Douglass|Anna Murray]]<br>|1838|1882|end=安娜去世}}<br />{{marriage|[[Helen Pitts Douglass|Helen Pitts]]<br>|1884|1895|end=道格拉斯去世}}
|children = 5
|parents = Harriet Bailey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families, Freedom's Story, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center |publisher=National Humanities Center |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref>和Anthony Aaron（存疑）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frederick-douglass-heritage.org/biography-early-life/|title=Biography – Early Life|accessdate=December 22, 2016|publisher=Frederick Douglass Heritage}}</ref>
|signature = Frederickdouglasssignature.png
}}
'''弗雷德里克·道格拉斯'''（'''Frederick Douglass'''，全名'''Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey'''，{{bd|1818年|2月|1895年|2月20日}}<ref name="Birthdate">{{cite web
| url = http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324
| title = Frederick Douglass Biography
| accessdate = September 4, 2012
}}</ref>），男，十九世纪[[美国]]废奴运动领袖，革命家、[[政治家]]、演说家、[[作家]]。
==简介==
1817年2月，道格拉斯诞生于美国[[马里兰州]][[塔尔波特县]]吐卡霍地方的一个种植场。母亲是一个黑人奴隶，父亲是一个白人。是一名杰出的演说家、作家、人道主义者和政治活动家。在废奴运动中他是一个巨人般的人物。
在[[马里兰州]]从奴隶生活中逃脱后，他成为废除奴隶制度与社会改革的领袖，影响力涵盖全美，毕生争取黑人权益，是[[废奴运动]]的代表人物之一，也是反驳「奴隶智商低下，不应该成为[[美国]]公民」这类蓄奴言论的佐证案例。
当时的[[自由州]]人们几乎不敢相信，这样一位伟大的演说家曾经是一位[[奴隶]]。此外，弗雷德里克·道格拉斯亦是第一位在[[美国联邦政府|美国政府]]担任美国外交使节的黑人。
==早年==
1818年2月，道格拉斯生于美国马里兰州[[塔尔博特县 (马里兰州)|塔尔博特县]][[切萨皮克湾]]东岸地区的农地。具体出生时间不详，后来他自己定为2月14日<ref name="Birthdate" />，不过他后来也曾说：“我并不确定自己有多大了，也从未见过正式的出生记录”<ref name="Narrative">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k5c1THo4xpUC&pg=PA16&dq=autobiography+frederick+douglass#v=onepage&q=autobiography%20frederick%20douglass&f=false
| title = Narrative of the Life of an American Slave
| author = Frederick Douglass
| year = 1845
| accessdate = January 8, 2012
}}</ref>。其母哈莉特·贝利（Harriet Bailey）是[[黑奴]]，父亲则是白人，可能即其母的主人阿伦·安东尼（Aaron Anthony）。他的名字由母亲所取<ref name=pbs-WGBH>{{cite web|title=Who is Black? One Nation's Definition|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html|work=Frontline |publisher=WGBH |accessdate=November 27, 2015|ref=pbs-WGBH}}</ref>，然而他很早就与母亲分离，在马里兰州的农地裡由外祖母贝蒂·贝利（Betty Bailey）抚养长大，六岁与外祖母分开，被送往塔尔博特县的瓦伊种植园（Wye House），阿伦·安东尼在此担任监工<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|title="Frederick Douglass", The Historical Society of Talbot County, Maryland|access-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223221/http://www.hstc.org/museum-gardens/frederick-douglass|archive-date=2016-12-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
安东尼的健康状况下滑后，他被安东尼的女儿、托马斯·奥尔德（Thomas Auld）的妻子庐克雷西亚·奥尔德（Lucretia Auld）派给其夫在[[巴尔的摩]]的兄弟休·奥尔德（Hugh Auld）。道格拉斯十二岁的时候，休的妻子索菲亚教他认识字母，后来道格拉斯回忆说索菲亚是一个好心肠的人，“把他当作人看”<ref>{{Citation | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | chapter = Chapter VII}}</ref>。但休最终阻止了索菲亚的行为，因为他相信这会促使道格拉斯滋生反叛心理<ref>Douglass, Frederick. ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History'', p. 50. Dover Value Editions, Courier Dover Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|0-486-43170-3}}.</ref>。最终索菲亚被休说服，相信黑奴确实不应读书，一日还从道格拉斯手中夺走了他正在阅读的报纸<ref>{{Cite book | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | publisher = H.G. Collins | edition = 6 | year = 1851 | location = London | page = 39 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U69bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>。后来他偷偷从邻居的小孩和一起工作的白人那里又学到了一些阅读的方法，坚信这是“奴隶通往自由的途径”<ref>Jacobs, H. and Appiah, K. (2004). ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave & Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.'' Paperback, pp. xiii, 4.</ref>。安东尼和庐克雷西亚去世后，1833年托马斯从休手中要回道格拉斯，把他租给有“虐奴者”（slave-breaker）之称的爱德华·科威（Edward Covey），道格拉斯常常遭其鞭笞，但最终奋起反抗，使得科威不再敢打他了。<ref>Bowers, Jerome. [http://teachinghistory.org/best-practices/examples-of-historical-thinking/23495 Frederick Douglass], [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org]. Accessed June 3, 2010.</ref>
==获得自由==
[[File:Anna Murray-Douglass.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[安娜·莫瑞-道格拉斯]]，约1860年]]
他曾多次试图逃跑，但均以失败告终。1837年与自由女黑人[[安娜·莫瑞-道格拉斯|安娜·莫瑞]]相爱，使得他获得自由的决心更加坚定起来<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124">{{Cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA124|accessdate=February 27, 2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-31988-4|page=124}}</ref><ref name=blackpast>{{cite web | url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/douglass-anna-murray-c-1813-1882 | title=Anna Murray Douglass | work=[[BlackPast.org]] | accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin1986">{{Cite book|author=Waldo E. Martin|title=The mind of Frederick Douglass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZaZbr2xox8C&pg=PA15|accessdate=March 7, 2011|date=March 1, 1986|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4148-8|page=15}}</ref>。1838年9月3日，他登上[[费城、威尔明顿和巴尔的摩铁路]]的列车，与安娜一起逃到麻省的[[新贝德福德 (马萨诸塞州)|新贝德福德]]，在此地结识南希和玛丽·约翰逊，约翰逊夫妇中的一人当时在读[[沃尔特·司各特]]的《湖边夫人》，道格拉斯向其询问改名之事，于是约翰逊就地取材为其改名为道格拉斯（原名贝利）<ref name="DouglassClassics2015">{{cite book|author1=Frederick|author2= Douglass |title=Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave (Civil War Classics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHInBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=Diversion Books|isbn=978-1-62681-687-9|page=115}}</ref>。
[[File:Johnson Properties, New Bedford, MA.jpg|thumb|约翰逊夫妇故居，道格拉斯曾在此借住]]
道格拉斯曾想加入一个白人[[卫理公会]]，但发现存在种族隔离，因此转而加入非洲裔循道宗主教制锡安教会（African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church），入会者还包括[[索杰纳·特鲁思]]和[[哈莉特·塔布曼]]<ref>Maurice S. Lee (2009), ''The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass''. Cambridge University Press, p. 63.</ref>。1839年成为正式的传教士<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/frederick_douglass.html|title=This Far by Faith. Frederick Douglass |publisher=PBS|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>，由此演讲技术得到了提高。1840年他曾在[[埃尔迈拉 (纽约州)|埃尔迈拉]]和[[地下铁路 (秘密结社)|地下铁路]]的一个据点发表演说<ref name="religionnews.com">[http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass/ "Religious Facts You Might Not Know about Frederick Douglass"], ''Religion News'', June 19, 2013.</ref>。他阅读到著名的废奴运动领袖[[威廉·劳埃德·加里森]]主办的《解放者》周刊，十分感动，曾说：“（加里森的报纸）在我心中地位仅次于圣经”<ref>Frederick Douglass (2008). ''The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass''. Cosimo, Inc. p. 149 {{ISBN|9781605203997}} (first published in 1881).</ref>。
1843年他和其他人一起参加了[[美国反奴隶制学会]]组织的、为期六个月的巡讲，前往美国东部和中西部其他地区宣传废奴，但其间屡次遭到反对者袭击。在印第安纳州[[彭德尔顿 (印第安娜州)|彭德尔顿]]，他被一名暴徒追打，虽后为贵格会信徒哈迪一家所救，但手部受到严重创伤，加上治疗不当，留下终生之患。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |pages=287–88 |accessdate=March 15, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Unidentified Artist - Frederick Douglass - Google Art Project-restore.png|thumb|1847年29岁的道格拉斯]]
1845年他写的《一个美国黑奴的自传》出版，并成为畅销书，还在欧洲一些国家出版。随后前往爱尔兰和英国各地进行演讲，结识了爱尔兰爱国主义者[[丹尼尔·奥康奈尔]]和英国废奴主义者[[托马斯·克拉克森]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=205#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=205 |accessdate=December 8, 2010}}</ref>，得到鼓励<ref>{{cite news |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/ |title=Frederick Douglass' Irish Liberty |last=Chaffin |first=Tom |date=February 25, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=February 26, 2011}}</ref>。据道格拉斯所说，在英格兰人们“不把我当作有色人，而是一个人”来看待<ref name="Ruuth">Marianne Ruuth (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lx8nXxmAlcC&pg=PA118&dq=Douglass+-+england+-+not+%22as+a+color,+but+as+a+man&hl=en&ei=DkicTsr7H4yz8QOFrIDMBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Douglass%20-%20england%20-%20not%20%22as%20a%20color%2C%20but%20as%20a%20man&f=false Frederick Douglass], pp. 117–18. Holloway House Publishing, 1996.</ref>。英国废奴者安娜·理查德森和她的妯娌艾伦更为道格拉斯赎身，使得他真正地从托马斯·奥尔德那里获得自由<ref name="Ruuth"/><ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59&dq=Frederick+douglass+buys+freedom#v=onepage&q&f=false
| title = Frederick Douglass: Rising Up from Slavery
| author = Frances E. Ruffin
| page = 59
| year = 2008
| accessdate =April 28, 2011
| isbn = 978-1-4027-4118-0
}}</ref>。有很多他的支持者希望他留在英格兰，但考虑到他尚在美国的妻子和同胞们，1847年仍启程回美。<ref name="Ruuth"/>
==返回美国==
返回美国后，道格拉斯开始在纽约州[[罗彻斯特 (纽约州)|罗彻斯特]]非洲裔循道宗教会的教堂地下室里出版废奴报纸《北方之星》（North Star）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2013/06/19/5-religious-facts-you-might-not-know-about-frederick-douglass|title=5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass|work=Religion News Service|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>，资金则来自他的英格兰支持者赠予的500英镑<ref name="Ruuth"/>。期间他的思想开始和加里森发生冲突。道格拉斯认为加里森的思想太过激进。如加里森觉得既然[[美国宪法]]中规定的国会席位实际是靠各州奴隶人口来决定的，那么美国宪法应已不合时宜。加里森为此烧掉了数百份美国宪法的复印件以示抗议。但道格拉斯在1845年发表《奴隶制违宪》（The Unconstitutionality of Slavery）一文为美国宪法辩护，认为美国宪法仍不失为一个反抗奴隶制的好工具<ref>Robert Fanuzzi, "Frederick Douglass' 'Colored Newspaper': Identity Politics in Black and White," in ''The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays'', edited by Todd Vogel (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), pp. 65–69.</ref>。
1848年道格拉斯出席[[塞内卡福尔斯会议]]，是与会的唯一一位非裔美国人<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |title=Seneca Falls Convention |publisher=Virginia Memory |date=August 18, 1920 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>Stanton, 1997, p. 85.</ref>。会上他表示支持[[伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿]]寻求[[女性投票权]]<ref>USConstitution.net. [http://www.usconstitution.net/sentiments.html Text of the "Declaration of Sentiments", and the Resolutions]. Retrieved on April 24, 2009.</ref>，他说如果女性不能获得投票权，那么他也不能接受黑人独自获得投票权<ref name=McMillen93>McMillen, 2008, pp. 93–94.</ref><ref>National Park Service. Women's Rights. [http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848]. Retrieved April 24, 2009.</ref>。但[[美国宪法第十五条修正案]]发布后，他又和斯坦顿分道扬镳，宣布支持仅给予了美国黑人投票权的这一修正案，以防过度激进的斯坦顿派导致黑人和妇女都无法获得权利。<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |title=The Frederick Douglass Encyclopedia |last=Watkins |first=Valetha |editor=Julius E. Thompson |editor2=James L. Conyers Jr. |editor3=Nancy Dawson |publisher=Greenwood/ABC_CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=9780313385599}}</ref>
==内战时期==
[[File:Men of Color Civil War Recruitment Broadside 1863.png|thumb|1863年道格拉斯号召有色人种参军的宣传页]]
道格拉斯认为[[南北战争]]既是因解放黑奴而起，那么黑人就应该参战出力。1861年8月他在一篇记述[[第一次马纳沙斯之役]]的文章中提到当时已经有黑人参军了<ref name="Black Confederates">{{cite web|url= http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/09/black-confederates/|title= Black Confederates}}</ref>。他本人也曾帮助[[马萨诸塞州第54步兵军团]]征兵，他的儿子查理和路易都曾参军<ref>William S. McFeely, ''Frederick Douglass'' (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), p. 226.</ref>。为了黑人参军一事，他还专门去和总统[[林肯]]进行商议<ref>McFeely 1991, p. 229.</ref>。林肯的《[[解放奴隶宣言]]》发表后，他对此表示赞赏<ref name="thecivilwaryears-thefightforemancipation">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|title=The Fight For Emancipation|accessdate=April 19, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708000612/http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|archivedate=2009年7月8日}}</ref>。但因林肯未曾公开表示对黑人参政权的支持，[[1864年美国大选]]时他转而支持了激进民主党的候选人[[约翰·查理·弗里蒙特]]<ref>Stauffer (2008), ''Giants'', p. 280.</ref>。1876年4月14日，道格拉斯在[[解放纪念碑]]揭幕典礼上发表演讲，对林肯作了较为公正的评价，认为林肯虽然最初并没有坚持废奴，但后来仍然为黑奴的解放做出了巨大贡献<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |title=Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln by Frederick Douglass |publisher=Teaching American History |date= |accessdate=September 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427050628/http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
==重建时期==
[[File:2000-2008 17th Street, NW.JPG|thumb|道格拉斯在华盛顿特区[[U街]]的居所]]
战后，他除了继续争取黑人和女性权益，还成为了自由人储蓄银行（Freedman's Savings Bank）的行长<ref>McFeely 1991, p. 283.</ref><ref>Atkins, G. Pope. The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism, University of Georgia Press, January 1, 1998, p. 31.</ref>。面对战后白人至上主义者的反弹，他于[[1868年美国大选|1868年]]宣布支持[[尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特]]。格兰特上任后派遣他和其他些人去西印度群岛考察[[兼并圣多明哥]]事宜，格兰特和道格拉斯都看好此事，但最终兼并一案被国会驳回<ref name="Brands 2012a">Brands (2012), ''The Man Who Saved the Union Ulysses S Grant In War and Peace, p. 462.</ref>。1872年他成为首位被提名美国副总统的黑人，但这事道格拉斯事前并不知晓，后来他也没进行拉票<ref name=VP>{{cite book
|last=Trotman |first=C. James |title=Frederick Douglass: A Biography|publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35036-8|pages=118–119}}</ref>。此外，当年他还是纽约州的总统选举人<ref name="electoral">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae06ripluoft#page/228/mode/2up |title=Douglass, Frederick |page=228 |encyclopedia=[[American Cyclopedia]] |volume=6 |year=1879 |publisher=[[D. Appleton and Company]] |location=New York |accessdate=February 9, 2015}}</ref>。
==晚年==
[[File:Frederick Douglass House.jpg|thumb|道格拉斯在华盛顿特区阿纳卡斯蒂亚历史区的居所“Cedar Hill”]]
[[File:Frederick Douglass gravestone.jpg|thumb|道格拉斯在罗切斯特希望山公墓的墓碑]]
自由人储蓄银行在他担任行长之后数月就破产了，同时他发行的报纸《新时代》（The New Era）也以失败告终，这导致道格拉斯面临经济危机。[[拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯]]当选总统后，任命道格拉斯为华盛顿特区法警以缓解其经济拮据。<ref name="pbs.org"/>
1877年他去探望垂死的托马斯·奥尔德，二人和解<ref name="Finkelman2006-105">{{cite book|author=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=February 2, 2011|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=104–05|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1}}</ref>。同年，他买下[[阿纳卡斯蒂亚河]]河畔的房子作为最后的居所，与安娜共同将其命名为“Cedar Hill”。1881年发表最后一部自传《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的一生》（The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass），担任华盛顿特区契据登记官。次年安娜逝世，1884年道格拉斯再婚。晚年他仍四处参加政治活动。1889年美国总统[[本杰明·哈里森]]任其为美国驻[[海地共和国]]公使和[[多米尼加共和国]]代办<ref name=sears>
{{cite journal | jstor = 2507394
|title = Frederick Douglass and the Mission to Haiti, 1889-1891
|volume = 21
|number = 2
| author = Louis Martin Sears
| pages = 222–238
| date = May 1941
| journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review
| publisher = Duke University Press
}}
</ref>，但道格拉斯在1891年7月辞职<ref name=Chesebrough>
{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BHZKP9jEd2EC&pg=PA78&dq=haiti+douglass+columbian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiywZvS-anMAhVMlR4KHfeuBCYQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=haiti%20douglass%20columbian&f=false
|title = Frederick Douglass: Oratory from Slavery
| author = David B. Chesebrough
| page = 78
| date = 1998
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| accessdate = April 25, 2016}}
</ref>。1895年2月30日在参加完一场集会后，他于家中逝世，死因可能是急性心脏病或中风。他的葬礼在大都会非裔卫理公会教堂（Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church）举行，棺椁则迁回罗彻斯特安葬。
==参考文献==
{{reflist|30em}}
==外部连接==
{{Sister project links|Frederick Douglass|author=yes}}
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927t.html Fourth of July Speech], "What to the slave is the 4th of July?," July 5, 1852
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091124061924/http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1121.htm Letter to Thomas Auld (September 3, 1848)]
*[http://www.iupui.edu/~douglass/ ''The Frederick Douglass Papers Edition''] : A Critical Edition of Douglass' Complete Works, including speeches, autobiographies, letters, and other writings.
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Douglass,+Frederick | name=Frederick Douglass}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Douglass}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4407}}
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Douglass%2c%20Frederick%2c%201818%2d1895 Works by Frederick Douglass] at [[Online Books Page]]
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/menu.html ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.'' Written by Himself.] Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass1853/menu.html ''The Heroic Slave. From Autographs for Freedom'', Ed. Julia Griffiths.] Boston: John P. Jewett and Company. Cleveland, Ohio: Jewett, Proctor, and Worthington. London: Low and Company., 1853.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass55/menu.html ''My Bondage and My Freedom. Part I. Life as a Slave. Part II. Life as a Freeman.''] New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglasslife/menu.html ''Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time''.] Hartford, Conn.: Park Publishing Co., 1881.
*[http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_lecture_on_Haiti_%281893%29 Frederick Douglass lecture on Haiti]{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Given at the World's Fair in Chicago, January 1893.
*[http://frederickdouglassdiary.wikispaces.com/ ''The Frederick Douglass Diary'' (1886–87)]
*[http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/category/douglass-frederick/'' The Liberator Files''], Items concerning Frederick Douglass from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's ''The Liberator'', original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
*Video. {{YouTube|ALXPUYWFbGI|In the Words of Frederick Douglass}} January 27, 2012.
*[http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/frederick-douglass-frequently-spoke-in-bloomington/article_2a09168e-6f74-11e3-9a05-001a4bcf887a.html Frederick Douglass frequently spoke in Bloomington - Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
'''指南'''
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/douglass/ Frederick Douglass: Online Resources] from the Library of Congress
'''生平'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060912220247/http://www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=2494 ''Frederick Douglass Project''], University of Rochester.
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html "Frederick Douglass"], (American Memory, [[Library of Congress]]) Includes timeline.
*[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-douglass-family.html Timeline of Frederick Douglass and family]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120093702/http://www.fdrccf.com/douglass.htm Timeline of "The Life of Frederick Douglass"] – Features key political events
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211125917/http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html Read more about Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo/fdlife.htm Frederick Douglass NHS – Douglass' Life]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo/cedar.htm Frederick Douglass NHS – Cedar Hill], [[National Park Service]] website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211042543/http://winningthevote.org/FDouglass.html Frederick Douglass] Western New York Suffragists
*[http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=69&subjectID=4 Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=38&subjectID=2 Mr. Lincoln's White House: Frederick Douglass]
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?164394-1/writings-frederick-douglass "Writings of Frederick Douglass"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
'''纪念'''
*[http://www.nps.gov/frdo Frederick Douglass National Historic Site], Washington, DC home of Frederick Douglass
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090123101217/http://tkffdn.org/what/location/fdg.php Frederick Douglass Gardens at Cedar Hill], Frederick Douglass Gardens
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064229/http://www.43places.com/places/view/3017188/frederick-douglass-circle-central-harlem-harlem Frederick Douglass Circle], in Harlem overlooking [[Central Park]] has a [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064238/http://www.43places.com/places/view/3017189/frederick-douglass-statue-frederick-douglass-circle-central-harlem statue of Frederick Douglass.] North of this point, 8th Avenue is referred to as Frederick Douglass Boulevard
*[http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historians/fellowship2.html The Frederick Douglass Prize], a national book prize
*[http://battleofolustee.org/douglass.html Lewis N. Douglass] as a [[Sergeant Major]] in the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.ntis.ava16378vnb1|name=Fighter for Freedom: The Frederick Douglass Story (1984)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglass, Frederick}}
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[[Category:女性主义者]]
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