過去分詞
基本信息
構成規則
規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同。四點變化規則:
(1)一般動詞,在詞尾直接加"-ed "。(然而要注意的是,過去分詞並不是過去式)
work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited
(2)以不發音的"e"結尾的動詞,只在詞尾加"d "。
live---lived---lived
(3)以"輔音字母 + y "結尾的動詞,將 "y" 變為 "i" ,再加"-ed"。
study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried,try-tried-tried,fry-fried-fried.
(4)重讀閉音節結尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加"-ed"。
stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped
特例:有兩類動詞本身應該直接加"ed",但由於歷史習慣,依舊要雙寫最後一個字母,再加"ed"。以"元音字母+l"非重讀結尾的規則動詞變過去分詞也要雙寫"l",再加"ed"。例如cancel→cancelled,dial→dialled。另外還有一些以非重讀閉音節結尾的規則動詞變過去分詞也要雙寫最後一個輔音字母,再加"ed"。例如:kidnap→kidnapped,worship→worshipped。而上述兩種情況在美國一般卻直接加"ed"。 注:這樣做主要是為了避免變化後其原型尾音/k/變成/s/。根據英文的拼寫規則,c在字母e、i、y之前均發/s/,其他情況下均發/k/。如果直接加"ed"的話,trafficed將會讀成/'træfɪsɪd/,而不讀/'træfɪkt/。
不規則動詞
AAA型
即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。(共10個)
cast--cast--cast cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut hit-hit-hit hurt(損傷)-hurt-hurt let(讓)-let-let put-put-put read-read-read(read的原形和過去式、過去分詞 讀音不同 ) set-set-set shut-shut-shut
BB型
過去式、過去分詞相同。(共42個)
過去式和過去分詞都含有 -ought。(4個) bring-brought-brought buy-bought-bought think-thought-thought fight-fought-fought 詞尾有-ild,-end時,只需把d變為t。(4個) build-built-built lend-lent- lent send-sent-sent spend-spent- spent 過去式、過去分詞都含有 -aught。(2個) catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught 把-eep、-eel變為-ept、-elt。(4個) keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep- swept-swept feel-felt- felt 把-ell變為-old。(2個) tell-told-told sell-sold-sold 把-ell、-ill變為-elt或-ilt。(3個) smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt-spelt spill-spilt-spilt 把-eed、-ead、-eet變為-ed或-et。(4個) feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met 過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。(6個) learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant spoil-spoilt-spoilt burn-burnt-burnt dream-dreamt-dreamt deal-dealt-dealt 過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id(3個) say-said-said pay-paid-paid lay-laid-laid 改變元音字母。(12個) get-got-got sit-sat-sat find-found-found hold-held-held spit-spat-spat shine-shone-shone win-won-won hang-hung-hung dig- dug-dug lose-lost-lost 改變輔音字母。(4個) make-made-made 改變元、輔音字母。(4個) leave-left-left stand-stood-stood have/has-had-had understand-understood-understood 摺疊ABC型 原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。(共39個)
i-a-u變化。(7個) begin-began-begun drink-drank-drunk sing- sang-sung ring-rang-rung swim-swam-swum sink- sank-sunk spring-sprang-sprung 詞尾為-ow,-aw時,過去式將其變為-ew,過去分詞在其原形後加n。(5個) blow-blew-blown draw-drew-drawn grow- grew-grown know-knew-known throw-threw-thrown(show除外) 詞尾為"i+輔(1個)+e",過去式將i變為o,過去分詞多在原形後加n,若那個輔音字母為d或t,須雙寫d或t後加n。(4個)(give,hide除外) drive-drove-driven write-wrote-written ride- rode-ridden rise-rose-risen 過去分詞在過去式後加n。(3個) wake-woke-woken speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen 過去分詞由過去式加-ten構成。(2個) get-got-gotten/got forget-forgot-forgotten 過去分詞由原形加(e)n構成。(7個) be-was(were)-been eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen give-gave-given see-saw-seen hide-hid-hidden(hid) take-took-taken 詞尾為-ake時,過去式將其變為-ook,過去分詞在原形詞後加-n。(2個) take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken 原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。(6個) do-did-done fly-flew-flown go-went-gone lie-lay-lain show-showed-shown wear-wore-worn 詞尾為-eak時,過去式將其變為-oke,過去分詞在過去式後加-n。(2個) break-broke-broken speak-spoke-spoken 詞中間為"oo+輔(1個)+e"或"ee+輔(1個)+e",過去式將oo、ee變為o,過去分詞在過去式後加-n。(2個) choose-chose-chosen freeze-froze-frozen
AAB型
過去式和原形相同。(1個)
beat-beat-beaten
ABA型
過去分詞和原形相同。(共3個)
(單個元音字母改變)
come-came-come
become-became-become
run-ran-run