喜馬拉雅雲杉
喜馬拉雅雲杉 |
中文學名::喜馬拉雅雲杉 二名法::Picea spinulosa (Griff.) Henry 界 ::植物界 門 ::裸子植物門(Gymnospermae) 綱 ::松杉綱(Coniferopsida) 或松柏綱(Pinopsida) 目 ::松柏目(Pinales)或松杉目(Pinales) 科 ::松科(Pinaceae) 屬 ::雲杉屬(Picea,spruce ) 種 ::喜馬拉雅雲杉 |
喜馬拉雅雲杉(xǐ mǎ lā yǎ yún shān)又稱西藏雲杉(xī zàng yún shān,學名 Picea spinulosa (Griff.) Henry,俗名:喜馬拉雅杉,異名:Picea morindoides Abies spinulosa Picea spinulosa var. yatungensis Picea spinulosa subsp. pseudobrachytyla Picea spinulosa var. pseudobrachytyla Picea spinulosa subsp. yatungensis Pinus spinulosa )是松科,雲杉屬的一種植物。產於西藏南部(亞東、吉隆等地)海拔2900-3600米地帶。不丹、錫金、尼泊爾也有分布。 [1]
目錄
喜馬拉雅雲杉形態特徵
喬木,高達60米;樹皮粗糙,裂成近方形的鱗狀裂片;小枝細長,下垂,一年生枝淡褐黃色,無毛,二年生枝灰色;冬芽卵圓形或圓錐狀卵圓形,褐色。
葉輻射伸展,在小枝上面向前覆疊排列,下面及兩側之葉列成不規則兩列,條形,兩面有棱脊,橫切面扁四棱形,稍彎或直,長1.5-3.5厘米,寬1.l-1.8毫米;
先端微鈍或微尖,上面有2條白粉帶,每帶有5-7條氣孔線,下面光綠色,無氣孔線,或極少的葉有1-3條不完整的氣孔線。球果矩圓狀圓柱形或圓柱形,成熟前背面露出部分綠色,邊緣紫色,成熟時褐色或深褐色,長9-11厘米,徑寬3-4.5厘米;
種鱗排列緊密,質地厚,蚌殼、狀,近、圓形,中上部圓,下部漸窄,長約2厘米,寬約1.8厘米,鱗背露出部分光滑,無縱槽紋;種子長約5毫米,暗褐色,種翅淡褐色,長1.1-1.5厘米,寬約5毫米,有光澤。
化石標本為球果、種鱗、枝條和針葉的痕跡。球果圓柱形,長 6.5 cm,寬 2.5 cm。種鱗倒 卵形,多數長 1.6 cm 左右,寬 1.2 cm(個別長 1.0 cm,寬 0.7 cm),頂端鈍圓,基部有種子痕 跡。腹面具明顯而清楚的條紋。葉條形,長 1.9~2.3 cm,寬 1.0~1.3 mm,頂部突尖,葉頂鈍 或微尖、有時在葉子中間可清楚見到一段脊(《中國新生代植物》編寫組,1978)。
分類文獻
Picea spinulosa (Griff.) Henry in Gard. Chron. ser. 3. 39. 219. 1906; Beissn. in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 15: 83. 1906, et Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2. 287. 1909, Beissn. u. Fitsch. ibidem ed. 3. 282. 1930; Clinton-Baker, Illustr. Conif. 2: 50. cum tab. 1909; Elwes and Henry, Trees Great Brit. and Irel. 6: 1366. 1912; Troup, Silv. Indian Trees 3: 1154. 1921; Rehd. Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs 50. 1927, ed. 2. 31. 1940, et Bibliogr. 28. 1949; Lacassagne in Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse II, 3(1): 238. 1934; 郝景盛, 中國裸子植物志 88. 1945, 再版75. 1951; Dallimore and Jackson, Handb. Conif. ed. 3. 439. 1948, rev. Harrison, Handb. Conif. and Ginkgo. ed. 4. 381. 1966; 鄭萬鈞等, 植物分類學報 13(4): 66. 1975. ——Abies spinulosa Griff. in Journ. Travels 259. 1847, et Icon. Pl. Asiat. 4: t. 363. 1854. ——Picea alcockiana Carr. var. morindoides Mott. Conif. Taxac. 273. 1902, nom nud. ——Picea morindoides Rehd. in Sarg. Trees and. Shrubs 2: 95. t. 48. 1903; Mast. in Gard. Chron. ser. 3. 39: 132. 218. 274. f. 84. 113. 1906, ibidem 41: 388. 1907; Stapf in Curtis's Bot. Mag. 133: t. 8168. 1907.
Abies spinulosa Griffith, J. Trav. 259. 1847; Picea morindoides Rehder; P. spinulosa var. yatungensis Silba.
Trees to 60 m tall; bark rough, flaking, scaly; branchlets pendulous, initially brownish yellow, turning gray in 2nd year, slender, glabrous; winter buds brown, ovoid or conical-ovoid. Leaves directed forward on upper side of branchlets, spreading on lower side, linear, flattened or subflattened, broadly rhombic in cross section, 1.5-3.5 cm × 1.1-1.8 mm, slightly keeled on both surfaces, stomatal lines 5-7 in each of 2 white bands adaxially, occasionally 1-3 incomplete stomatal lines abaxially, apex acute or acuminate.
Seed cones green, purple at margin of seed scales, maturing brown or dark brown, oblong-cylindric or cylindric, 9-11 × 3-4.5 cm. Seed scales closely arranged, obovate or obtrullate, thick, ca. 2 × 1.8 cm, exposed part smooth and glossy, not striate. Seeds dark brown, ca. 5 mm; wing pale brown, lustrous, obovate-oblong, 1.1-1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm.
Mountains; 2900-3600 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]
The timber is used for construction, and the species is cultivated for afforestation.[2]
喜馬拉雅雲杉生存環境
喜馬拉雅雲杉用途
木材供建築等用。西藏南部可用來造林。[4]
喜馬拉雅雲杉時代產地
西藏卓奧友峰加布拉,中更新世。
圖版信息:
(圖版 90,圖 16~25)
數據來源:
中國化石裸子植物(下冊)(2016),頁碼:97