加西亞
基本信息
中文名稱 | 國籍 | 別名 | 出生地 | 出生日期 | 逝世日期 | 職業 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
加西亞 | 美國 | John Garcia | 美國 | 1917年 | 1986年 | 美國生理心理學家 |
人物生平
美國生理心理學家,以研究大鼠在內臟性有害刺激的作用下,對食物的嗅覺或味覺刺激形成長延遲的厭惡條件反應而聞名。1979年獲美國心理學會頒發的傑出科學貢獻獎,1983年當選為國家科學院院士。
加西亞效應(Garcia effect)味覺厭惡(Taste aversion)
味覺厭惡(英文:Taste aversion),也稱加薩效應、加西亞效應(Garcia effect),為心理學的古典條件作用的一種典型現象,該經典反射行為通過味覺(應激源)和潛在結果一次匹配即可形成。
20世紀六七十年代,隨着認知心理學的興起,越來越多的人開始對行為主義的理念產生了懷疑,加西亞通過實驗證實了這種懷疑。在一系列的研究中,加西亞餵給老鼠食物,幾個小時之後通過一定劑量的輻射讓老鼠噁心。儘管老鼠在進食幾個小時之後才發生嘔吐反應,但一般來說,老鼠只需要一次試驗就學會了不再去吃剛才餵給它們的那種食物。它們似乎「意識」到是這種食物導致它們噁心。然而,當加西亞用蜂鳴器或閃光燈來和嘔吐反應配對時,他卻未能讓老鼠學會避開這些伴隨刺激。換句話說,老鼠似乎預先編制好了能學會某些事情(比如避開與嘔吐有關的食物),而學會另一些事情卻異常困難。 其最初的研究為約翰·加西亞(John Garcia)和羅伯特·庫林(Robert Koelling)通過老鼠試驗,和巴甫洛夫的狗試驗不同,加西亞證明老鼠存在一種先天的特定刺激和特定結果相聯結的偏好,其行為反射還依賴於遺傳預設的有機體對待環境刺激的方式[1]。加西亞還通過在飽受狼群襲擊的牧場四周放置引發狼生疾病的毒羊肉漢堡,這些狼群在吞食了漢堡後反映出強烈的嘔吐等疾病反應,此後這些狼對羊肉產生厭惡,並遠離羊群和牧場。 在人類行為中,也存在味覺厭惡現象。比如接受化療的癌症患者會對食物產生噁心,因為其化療往往在進食後進行,由此使癌症患者感到是食物導致其化療痛苦。 Conditioned Taste Aversion In the mid 1950′s, John Garcia and his colleagues at the Radiological Defense Laboratory at Hunters Point in San Francisco assessed the effects of ionizing radiation on a myriad of behaviors in the laboratory rat. One of their behavioral findings was that radiated rats avoided consumption of solutions that had been present during radiation, presumably due to the association of the taste of the solution with the aversive effects of the radiation. These results were published in Science and introduced to the literature the phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion learning (or the Garcia Effect). Subsequently, Garcia and his colleagues demonstrated that such learning appeared unique in a number of respects, including the fact that these aversions were acquired often in a single conditioning trial, selectively to gustatory stimuli and even when long delays were imposed between access to the solution and administration of the aversive agent. Together, these unique characteristics appeared to violate the basic tenets of traditional learning theory and along with a number of other behavioral phenomena (e.g., bird song learning, species-specific defense reactions, tonic immobility and schedule-induced polydipsia) introduced the concept of biological constraints on learning that forced a reconceptualization of the role evolution played in the acquisition of behavior (Garcia and Ervin, 1968; Revusky and Garcia, 1970; Rozin and Kalat, 1971).